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598
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
Table 1 Current THD for textile mill machineries K-factor is the ratio of eddy current losses due to distorted
Sr. % Current current compared to the losses for the same rms fundamental
No Section THD frequency current.
1 Ring-Frames 40% The K factor is represented by,
h f
2 Winding/Autoconer 83% K ¦ I pu * h
2 2
h (3)
3 Loom Unit 38% h 1
4 Speed Frame 48% The K–factor determines the capability of a transformer to
5 Sizing 57% handle harmonics loads. By providing additional capacity (
large-size or multiple winding conductors), K- factor rated
6 Warping 61% transformers are capable of safely withstanding additional
7 Compressor 32% winding eddy current losses equal to K times the rated eddy
8 TFO 28% current loss.
Per unit losses:
9 Carding 13%
Since the greatest concern under harmonic load conditions
will be for over-heating of the windings, it is convenient to
III. Harmonic related (kWH) losses in transformer consider loss density in the windings on a per unit basis. (Base
Two main component areas to get maximum reduction in current is rated current & base loss density is the I2R loss
energy in a plant are density at rated current in watts per kg of conductor). Now the
A. The power transformer supporting transformer loss which is
harmonic loads
B. The cables carrying power to the
harmonic load PLL I 2 R PEC POSL can be written as,
where Rh is the winding resistance for the hth harmonic. I « ¦ I h » amps (7)
The winding eddy current loss in transformer increases «¬ h 1 »¼
proportional to the square of the product of harmonic current In per unit form this equation will be,
and its corresponding frequency. Given the winding eddy 1
2 2
current loss at the fundamental frequency PEC-1,the total eddy ªh max º
current losses including harmonic frequency component can I ( pu) « ¦ I h pu » amps (8)
be calculated by, «¬ h 1 »¼
hmax
The per unit loss density in the region of highest eddy-current
PEC PEC 1 ¦ I pu h
h 1
h
2 2
(2) loss can be calculated for the measured harmonic load current
by combining Equations 4, 6,and 8.
Where PEC-1 is the fundamental eddy current loss and Ih (pu) h max 2 h max
One of the factors called K factor is ideal to establish the where the first term on the RHS is the winding loss and the
increase in eddy current losses in a power transformer second term is eddy current loss.
supporting non-linear loads.
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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
Using equation (10), one can calculate max PEC-R PLL (pu )= 1.017+ 0.352 X 1.4831=1.539 pu
Max PEC-R= 2.8x 1221 / 1.5x6467 =0.352 pu, The transformer losses due to harmonic current will increase
by 54% approximately of the tested transformer load losses.
where 6467 watts is the L.V. copper loss as per manufacturers The no load loss increase due to harmonic load current is
test report on transformer. assumed less in comparison to the increase in load loss. Hence
The loss density produced by the harmonic current in the it is not taken in to consideration.
region of highest eddy-current loss using Equation (9) is,
600
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
The tested load loss given by the transformer manufacturer is 13.265 kW.
. the advent of new technology for improving the eddy current
Therefore the additional losses calculated due to harmonic losses for the transformer.
current flowing through transformer is (13.265 x 0.54) =7.16
kW. Acknowledgement
This additional loss can easily be mitigated by using a PQ The Authors are grateful to the EMCO Management for
solution gadget such as ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER. Here granting permission to publish this paper.
the loss of 7.16 kW is less than 0.5% of the full load capability
of the transformer. References
Hence a high accuracy (below 0.5% class accuracy) revenue [1] American National Standard- Recommended practice for establishing
grade meter, CT s and PTs are required to measure the decrease transformer capability when supplying non sinusoidal load currents.
in losses in transformer with Active harmonic filters in ANSI/IEEE C57.110-1986. Volume, Issue, 1 Apr 1988 Page(s): -
operation.
[2] Thomas Key and jih-Sheng Lai Industry Applications Conference, 1995.
V. Experimental details of field test Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting, IAS apos;95., Conference Record of the 1995
200 Amp (2x100) EMCOSINE Active Harmonic filter was IEEEVolume 2, Issue , 8-12 Oct 1995 Page(s):1101 - 1108 vol.2
installed in power distribution board, PDB 2 feeder of spinning
unit supplied by 1.5 MVA transformer- TX1. This transformer [3] Robert E. Fuhr “Save Energy and Improve Power Quality. A case study-
75 kVA Transformer.”, P.E. Power Systems Engineering,
also supports other linear loads in addition to the VFD loads
connected to PDB 2.
About The Authors
We could measure high current harmonics giving more than
30% of THD in PDB2.The readings were recorded to see the Mr. M. K. Pradhan, born in July 1954,completed his graduation in
improvement achieved by eliminating the harmonics in the Electronics and Communication Engineering from NIT, Kurukshetra in
feeder line leading 1976,followed by post graduation in 1978 in Microwave and Radar engineering
from Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur . He started his career in
Avionics Design Bureau, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited-Hyderabad and was
PDB 1
involved in design and development of Power amplifiers in Radar systems.
Since1990, Mr. Pradhan has been associated in R&D department of various
private sectors like Elcot Power Controls Ltd, TVS Electronics Ltd,& Numeric
PDB 3
IL Power System Ltd. Mr. Pradhan is presently the General Manager, EMCO’s
R&D unit and is responsible for research & technology development in the area
of Power quality
PDB4
Mr.Kamlesh Keharia obtained Master of Engineering in Electrical from M.S.
University Vadodara in November 2001 & B.E. in Power Electronics from L.E.
LT
IS ILh college, Morvi in May 2000. He has 6 years of experience in R&D of Power
Electronics & instrumentation. His area of interest is power electronic &
PDB 2 (NONLINEAR LOAD)
PANEL
Ih instrumentation. He has more than eight papers in
Mr. Rajesh Darapu: has done his B.Tech. In Electrical & Electronics from
EMCOSINE JNTU, Hyderabad in 2002. Also has done his M.Tech. In Electronics Design &
Utility 1.5 MVA AHF
x'mer TX1 Technology from CEDT (Centre for Electronics Design and Technology),
2 x 100 amps Dr.B.A.M.University, Aurangabad in 2006.He is with EMCO Ltd since
November ’06. He is working as Executive in Corporate R&D.
Figure 5.1 Experimental set-up Mr.B.Mariappan has graduated as Electrical Engineer from BIT Sathy, and
Table-3: Test results received M.Tech (Electrical) with second rank, from NIE Mysore in 2005.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Losses in Since 2006 he was a research Fellow of CSIO unit of CSIR Labs. Currently he
is working as Design Engineer (R&D), at EMCO LTD, Thane. His research
Losses Losses Losses percentage interests in include Power Quality, Power Electronics application to improve
(Before) (After) saved w r t rated Power Quality, Digital Signal processing etc.
in kW In kW (kW) capacity
12. 7 * 7.5 * 5.2 0.5 %
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