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❑ 1. Introduction to Columns
ꟷ Concrete columns can be roughly divided into the following three categories:

1) Short compression blocks or pedestals —If the height of an upright compression member is
SHORT COLUMN – A COMPRESSION MEMBER less than three times its least lateral dimensions, it may be considered to be a pedestal. The ACI
CHMSC- COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING states that a pedestal may be designed with unreinforced or plain concrete with a maximum
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING design compressive stress equal to 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓∅𝒇𝒄′, where ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 .

2) Short reinforced concrete columns—reinforced concrete column fail due to initial material
failure, it is classified as a short column.

3) Long or slender reinforced concrete columns—As columns become more slender, bending
deformations will increase, as will the resulting secondary moments. If these moments are
of such magnitude as to significantly reduce the axial load capacities of columns, those
columns are referred to as being long or slender.

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❑ 2. Types of Columns ❑ 2. Types of Columns

ꟷ Reinforced concrete columns are referred to as tied or spiral columns, depending on the method used for
laterally bracing or holding the bars in place.

1) Tied Column 2) Spiral Column

ꟷ column has a series of closed ties
ꟷ ties are effective in increasing the column strength, prevent the
longitudinal bars from being displaced during construction, and
they resist the tendency of the same bars to buckle outward under
load, which would cause the outer concrete cover to break or
spall off
ꟷ continuous helical spiral made from bars or heavy wire is wrapped
around the longitudinal bars
ꟷ more effective than ties in increasing a column’s strength
ꟷ closely spaced spirals do a better job of holding the longitudinal bars in
place, and they also confine the concrete inside and greatly increase its
resistance to axial compression.

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❑ 2. Types of Columns ❑ 3. Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns

3) Composite columns

ꟷ are concrete columns that are reinforced longitudinally by

structural steel shapes, which may or may not be
surrounded by structural steel bars, or they may consist of
structural steel tubing filled with concrete (commonly called
lally columns).

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❑ 3. Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns ❑ 3. Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns
Failure in Tied Column
Failure in Tied Column
ꟷ Tied column be loaded until it fails, parts of the shell or covering concrete will spall off and, unless the
ties are quite closely spaced, the longitudinal bars will buckle almost immediately, as their lateral ꟷ When spiral columns are loaded to failure, the covering concrete or
support (the covering concrete) is gone shell will spall off, but the core will continue to stand
ꟷ And, failures may often be quite sudden, and apparently they have occurred rather frequently in ꟷ If the spiral is closely spaced, the core will be able to resist an
structures subjected to earthquake loadings appreciable amount of additional load beyond the load that causes
spalling
ꟷ The closely spaced loops of the spiral, together with the longitudinal
bars, form a cage that very effectively confines the concrete. As a
result, the spalling off of the shell of a spiral column provides a warning
that failure is going to occur if the load is further increased.

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❑ Example of Column Retrofitting ▪ 4. Axial Load Capacity of Columns

ꟷ At failure, the theoretical ultimate strength or nominal strength of a short axially loaded column is quite
accurately determined by the expression that follows;

𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

Ag is the gross concrete area

Ast is the total cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement

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▪ 5. Analysis of Spiral Columns ▪ 5. Analysis of Spiral Columns- Required percentage of spiral steel;

ꟷ The strength of the shell is given by the following expression, where Ac is the area of the core, which is ꟷ 𝝆𝒔 is written in terms of the volume of the steel in one loop:
considered to have a diameter that extends from out to out of the spiral:
𝑽𝒐𝒍. 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒑
𝝆𝒔 =
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒄 𝑽𝒐𝒍. 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉, 𝒔

𝑽𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝝆𝒔 =
𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆

𝒂𝒔𝝅(𝑫𝒄 − 𝒅𝒃 ) 𝟒𝒂𝒔 𝑫𝒄 − 𝒅𝒃
𝝆𝒔 = =
𝝅𝑫𝒄𝟐 𝒔𝑫𝒄𝟐
𝒔
𝟒

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒂𝒔 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑚²
𝑫𝒄 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙, 𝑚𝑚
𝒅𝒔 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑚

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▪ 6.1 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements ▪ 6.2 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements
410.4.6 Design axial load strength ∅𝑷𝒏 of compression members shall not be taken greater than the 410.10 Limits for Reinforcement of Compression Members
following:
ꟷ 410.10.1 Area of longitudinal reinforcement for nonc-omposite compression members
ꟷ 410.4.6.1 For non-prestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to Section
shall not be less than 0.01 or more than 0.08 times gross area Ag of section.
407.11.4 or composite members conforming to Section 410.17:

∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓∅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝑨𝒈 ≤ 𝑨𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝑨𝒈

𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑: 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝐸𝑞. 410 − 1
ꟷ The 1% minimum steel value will also lessen creep and shrinkage and provide some bending
ꟷ 410.4.6.2 For non-prestressed members with tie reinforcement conforming to Section strength for the column
407.11.5:

∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎∅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ꟷ maximum percentage of steel may not be greater than 8% of the gross cross-sectional area of the
column to prevent too much crowding of the bars
𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑: 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝐸𝑞. 410 − 2
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑨𝒈 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, 𝑚𝑚²
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 , 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 , 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

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▪ 6.2 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements ▪ 6.2 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements
410.10 Limits for Reinforcement of Compression Members 410.10.3 Ratio of spiral reinforcement 𝝆𝒔 shall not be less than the value given by

ꟷ 410.10.2 Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be; 𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝑪 ′

▪ four (4) for bars within rectangular or circular ties, 𝝆𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 −𝟏
𝑨𝑪 𝒇𝒚
▪ three (3) for bars within triangular ties,
▪ and six (6) for bars enclosed by spirals conforming to Section 410.10.3.
▪ Where: the value of fy used in Eq. (410-6) shall not exceed 700 MPa.
▪ For fy greater than 420 MPa, lap splices according to Section 407.11.4.5 (a) shall not be used
ꟷ 407.7.3 In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between
longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40 mm. See also Section 403.4.2.

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑨𝒈 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, 𝑚𝑚²

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▪ 6.3 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements ▪ 6.3 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements

410.9 Design Dimensions for Compression Members 410.9.4 Limits of Section

ꟷ 410.9.1 For a compression member with a cross section larger than required by
ꟷ 410.9.1 Isolated Compression Member with Multiple Spirals; Outer limits of the effective cross
considerations of loading, it shall be permitted to base the minimum reinforcement and
section of a compression member with two or more interlocking spirals shall be taken at a distance
design strength on a reduced effective area Ag not less than one half the total area. This
outside the extreme limits of the spirals equal to the minimum concrete cover required by Section
provision shall not apply to special moment frames or special structural walls in Seismic
407.8.
Zone 4 that are designed in accordance with Section 421.

ꟷ 410.9.2 Compression Member Built Monolithically with Wall. Outer limits of the effective cross
section of a spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression member built monolithically with a
concrete wall or pier shall be taken not greater than 40 mm outside the spiral or tie reinforcement.

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▪ 6.4 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Spiral Reinforcement ▪ 6.4 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Spiral Reinforcement

▪ 407.11.4 Spirals ▪ 407.11.4 Spirals

Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall conform to Section 410.10.3 (see Item 2) Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall conform to Section 410.10.3 (see Item 2)
and to the following: and to the following:

407.11.4.2 For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less 10 mm diameter. 407.11.4.8 In columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width
of capital is two times that of the column.
407.11.4.3 Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 mm or be less than 25 mm. See
also Section 403.4.2.

407.11.4.4 Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by one and one-half extra turns
of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit.

407.11.4.6 Spirals shall extend from top of footing or slab in any story to level of lowest
horizontal reinforcement in members supported above.

407.11.4.7 Where beams or brackets do not frame into all sides of a column, ties shall extend
above termination of spiral to bottom of slab or drop panel.

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▪ 6.5 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Ties Reinforcement
▪ 407.11.5 Ties.
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:
407.11.5.1 All non-prestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral ties, at least 10 mm diameter in
size for longitudinal bars 32 mm diameter or smaller, and at least 12 mm diameter in size for 36
diameter bars and bundled longitudinal bars. Deformed wire or welded wire fabric of
equivalent area shall be permitted.
407.11.5.1 Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar or
wire diameters, or least dimension of the compression member.
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▪6.5 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Ties Reinforcement
407.11.5 Ties.
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:
407.11.5.4 Ties shall be located vertically not more than one-half a tie spacing above the top of
footing or slab in any story, and shall be spaced as provided herein to not more than one-half a
tie spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in slab, drop panel, or shear cap above.
407.11.5.5 Where beams or brackets frame from four directions into a column, termination of
ties not more than 75 mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or
brackets shall be permitted.
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▪6.5 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Ties Reinforcement
407.11.5 Ties.
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:
407.11.5.3 Rectilinear ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more
than 135 degrees and a bar shall be not farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie
from such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of
a circle, a complete circular tie shall be permitted.
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▪6.5 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Ties Reinforcement
407.11.5 Ties.
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:
407.11.5.4 Ties shall be located vertically not more than one-half a tie spacing above the top of
footing or slab in any story, and shall be spaced as provided herein to not more than one-half a
tie spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in slab, drop panel, or shear cap above.
407.11.5.5 Where beams or brackets frame from four directions into a column, termination of
ties not more than 75 mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or
brackets shall be permitted.
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▪ 6.6 Typical tie arrangements ❖ Design Step for Axially Loaded Column
1) Selecting Column Dimensions
∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓∅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑: 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝐸𝑞. 410 − 1 − 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙

∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎∅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑: 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝐸𝑞. 410 − 2 − 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑠

2) Selecting Longitudinal Bars

3) Design of Ties
4) Sketch of the column cross section

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▪Example 6.1 ▪Example 6.2

A round spiral column having a diameter of 450 mm reinforced with six 6- 25 mm diameter bars Design an axially loaded short square tied column for Pu = 2600 kN if fc’ = 28 MPa and
having , fy= 345 MPa. If the service axial dead load is 900 kN, determine the safe axial live load fy = 350 MPa. Initially assume ρ = 0.02.
of the column. Use fc’=34 MPa.

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▪Example 6.3 ▪ 6.7 COMPRESSION PLUS BENDING OF RECTANGULAR COLUMNS

Design the square tied column to carry the following loads: ꟷ Those having relatively small e are generally characterized by compression over the entire concrete
section, and if overloaded, will fail by crushing of the concrete accompanied by yielding of the steel in
Axial Loads: compression on the more heavily loaded side.
PD= 800 kN
PL= 650 kN
ꟷ Columns with large eccentricity are subject to tension over at least a part of the section, and if
Shear Parallel to one side: overloaded, may fail due to tensile yielding of the steel on the side farthest from the load.
VD= 80 kN
VL=90 kN ꟷ Design of columns is therefore based on the factored load, which must not exceed the design strength,
as usual, that is,
Concrete strength fc’= 21 MPa. Use 25 mm diameter longitudinal bar (fy= 415 MPa). Use 275
MPa for ties, 30 mm clear cover and 2.5% of steel reinforcement ratio.

∅𝑴𝒏 ≥ 𝑴𝒖 ∅𝑷𝒏 ≥ 𝑷𝒖

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▪ 6.8 STRAIN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS AND INTERACTION DIAGRAMS ▪ 6.8 STRAIN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS AND INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍;

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍;

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▪ 6.8 STRAIN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS AND INTERACTION DIAGRAMS ▪ 6.8 STRAIN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS AND INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

ꟷ When eccentricity is gradually increasing the load will define a load path as shown, and when that
load path reaches the limit curve, failure will result

ꟷ Small eccentricities will produce failure governed by concrete compression, while large
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒏 : eccentricities give a failure triggered by yielding of the tension steel.

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒏:

Po is the capacity of the column if concentrically loaded

Mo is the pure bending at moment capacity

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▪ 6.9 BALANCED FAILURE ▪Example 6.4

ꟷ It is useful to define what is termed a balanced failure mode and corresponding eccentricity
𝑒𝑏 with the load 𝑃𝑏 and moment 𝑀𝑏 acting in combination to produce failure, with the A 300 mm × 500 mm column is reinforced with four of #29 bars of
concrete reaching its limiting strain 𝜀𝑢 at precisely the same instant that the tensile steel on area 645 mm² each, one in each corner as shown in Figure. The
the far side of the column reaches yield strain. concrete cylinder strength is f c’= 28 MPa and the steel yield 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
strength is 420 MPa. Determine;
𝜺𝒖 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝒄 = 𝒄𝒃 = 𝒅 𝒂 = 𝒂𝒃 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝒃
𝜺𝒖 − 𝜺𝒚
1) the load Pb , moment Mb , and corresponding eccentricity eb for
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

ꟷ in the region of compression failure the larger the
axial load Pn , the smaller the moment Mn that the
section is able to sustain before failing.
ꟷ in the region of tension failure, the larger the axial
load Pn, the larger the simultaneous moment
capacity Mn.
balanced failure;
2) the load and moment for a representative point in the tension
failure region of the interaction curve;
3) The load and moment for a representative point in the
compression failure region;
4) the axial load strength for zero eccentricity
5) sketch the strength interaction diagram for this column
6) design the transverse reinforcement, based on NSCP 2010

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▪Example 6.5 ▪ 6.10- UNSYMMETRICAL REINFORCEMENT

The column in Figure is reinforced with ten No. 11 (No. 36) bars distributed around the perimeter as
shown. Load Pn will be applied with eccentricity e about the strong axis. Material strengths are ꟷ For an unsymmetrically reinforced column to be loaded concentrically,
fc’= 42 MPa and fy = 525 MPa. Find the load and moment corresponding to a failure point with neutral the load must pass through a point known as the plastic centroid.
axis c = 450 mm, from the right face.
ꟷ The plastic centroid is defined as the point of application of the resultant
force for the column cross section (including concrete and steel forces)
𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 if the column is compressed uniformly to the failure strain 𝜀𝑢 = 0.003
over its entire cross section.
𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

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▪Example 6.6 ▪ 6.11- PROVISIONS FOR COLUMN DESIGN

For the column section shown, fc’= 21 MPa, fy= 275 MPa, the column is reinforced with 4-28 mm
diameter and 10 mm diameter tie wires.
1. Compute the nominal strength of column at zero eccentricity
2. Locate the location of plastic centroids
3. Compute the moment due to load Pu= 1,200 kN which is acting at ( 580, 0)
ꟷ The solid curve labeled “nominal strength” represents the actual carrying capacity of the column
ꟷ The smooth curve shown partially dashed, then solid, then dashed, represents the basic design strength
obtained by reducing the nominal strengths Pn and Mn , for each eccentricity, by ϕ = 0.65 for tied
columns and ϕ = 0.75 for spiral columns
ꟷ The horizontal cutoff at αϕPo represents the maximum
design load stipulated in the ACI Code for small
eccentricities, that is, large axial loads.

ꟷ For large eccentricities, that is, small axial loads, the ACI
Code permits a linear transition of ϕ from 0.65 or 0.75,
applicable for;

𝒇𝒚
𝜺𝒕 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑮𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝑬𝒔

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▪ 6.11- PROVISIONS FOR COLUMN DESIGN ▪ 6.11- PROVISIONS FOR COLUMN DESIGN

ꟷ Interaction Chart permit the direct design of eccentrically loaded columns throughout the
𝑷𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 common range of strength and geometric variables. They may be used in one of two ways
𝑴
as follows. For a given factored load 𝑷𝒖 and equivalent eccentricity 𝒆 = 𝒖
𝑷𝒖

𝑪𝑨𝑺𝑬 − 𝑰: 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏; 𝑴𝒖, 𝑷𝒖, 𝒃, 𝒉: 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 =?

𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑠:
∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 1) Select trial cross-sectional dimensions b and h
2) Calculate the ratio γ based on required cover distances to the bar centroids, and select the
𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑠: corresponding column design chart.
∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 3) Calculate;

𝑷𝒖 𝑷𝒖 𝒆
𝒌𝒏 = 𝑹𝒏 =
∅𝒇′𝒄𝑨𝒈 ∅𝒇′𝒄𝑨𝒈𝒉
𝑨𝒈 = 𝒃𝒉
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑠:
∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝟎. 𝟕𝟓) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 4) From the graph, for the values found in ( c ), read the required reinforcement ratio 𝝆𝒈 .
5) Calculate the total steel area 𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒃𝒉
𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑠:
6) Design the transverse reinforcement
∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎(𝟎. 𝟔𝟓) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕

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▪Example 6.7 ▪ 6.11- PROVISIONS FOR COLUMN DESIGN

In a three-story structure, an exterior column is to be designed for a service dead load of 998 kN, ꟷ Interaction Chart permit the direct design of eccentrically loaded columns throughout the
maximum live load of 1320 kN, dead load moment of 180 kN-m, and live load moment of 260 kN-m. common range of strength and geometric variables. They may be used in one of two ways
𝑴
as follows. For a given factored load 𝑷𝒖 and equivalent eccentricity 𝒆 = 𝒖
𝑷𝒖
The minimum live load compatible with the full live load moment is 738 kN-m, obtained when no live
load is placed on the roof but a full live load is placed on the second floor.
𝑪𝑨𝑺𝑬 − 𝑰𝑰 ∶ 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏; 𝑴𝒖, 𝑷𝒖, 𝝆𝒈: 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅: 𝒃, 𝒉
Architectural considerations require that a rectangular column be used, with dimensions b = 500 mm
and h = 625 mm. Use 62.5 mm reinforcement cover from bar centroids.
1) Select the reinforcement 𝝆𝒈
Use fc’= 28 MPa, and fy= 420 MPa 2) Choose the trial value of “h” and calculate “e/h” and 𝜸
3) Calculate Ag using kn
1) Find the required column reinforcement for the condition that the full live load acts. 𝑷𝒖
2) Check to ensure that the column is adequate for the condition of no live load on the roof. 𝒌𝒏 =
∅𝒇′𝒄𝑨𝒈
4) Calculate “b”
5) Calculate the total steel reinforcement area 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝝆𝒈𝒃𝒉

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▪Example 6.8 ▪ 6.12- BIAXIAL BENDING

A column is to be designed to carry a factored load Pu= 2140 kN and factored moment Mu= 665 kN-m. ꟷ The situation with respect to strength of biaxially loaded columns is
Material strengths fy = 248 MPa, and fc’= 28 MPa are specified. shown in the figure:

Cost studies for the particular location indicate that a reinforcement ratio ρg of about 0.03 is optimum.
a) Uniaxial bending about Y axis;
Find the required dimensions b and h of the column. Bending will be about the strong axis, and an
arrangement of steel with bars concentrated in two layers, adjacent to the outer faces of the column and
parallel to the axis of bending, will be used.
b) Uniaxial bending about X axis;

d) interaction surface c) biaxial bending about diagonal axis

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▪ 6.12- BIAXIAL BENDING ▪ 6.12- BIAXIAL BENDING

ꟷ the orientation of the resultant eccentricity is defined by the angle λ : A. LOAD CONTOUR METHOD
𝜶𝟏 𝜶𝟐
𝑴𝒏𝒙 𝑴𝒏𝒀
+ = 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑴𝒏𝒙𝟎 𝑴𝒏𝒚𝟎

𝑴𝒏𝒙 = 𝑷𝒏 𝒆𝒚

𝑴𝒏𝒙𝒐 = 𝑴𝒏𝒙 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑴𝒏𝒚 = 𝟎

𝒆𝒙 𝑴𝒏𝒚 𝑴𝒏𝒚𝒐 = 𝑴𝒏𝒚 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑴𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜸 = =
𝒆𝒚 𝑴𝒏𝒙

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝜶𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜶𝟐
ꟷ are exponents depending on column dimension, amount and
distribution of steel reinforcement, stress –strain characteristics of
steel and concrete, amount of concrete cover, and size of lateral
ties or spirals.

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▪ 6.12- BIAXIAL BENDING ▪Example 6.09

B. Reciprocal Load Method The 325 x 500 mm column shown in Figure is reinforced with As= 5160 mm² arranged around the column
perimeter. A factored load Pu=1100 kN is to be applied with eccentricities ey = 75 mm and ex = 150 mm,
𝑩𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: as shown. Material strengths are fc’= 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Check the adequacy of the trial design
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + −
𝑷𝒏 𝑷𝒏𝒙𝒐 𝑷𝒏𝒚𝒐 𝑷𝒐
( a ) using the reciprocal load method and
( b ) using the load contour method, use conservative 𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + −
∅𝑷𝒏 ∅𝑷𝒏𝒙𝒐 ∅𝑷𝒏𝒚𝒐 ∅𝑷𝒐
𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝟑𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

𝑷𝒏 ꟷ Approx. value of ultimate load in bi-axial bending with eccentricities,

ex and ey 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝟑𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟗𝟓
𝑷𝒏𝒚𝒐 ꟷ Ultimate load when only eccentricity ex is present, ey=0
𝑷𝒏𝒙𝒐 ꟷ Ultimate load when only eccentricity ey is present, ex=0
𝟖 − 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑷𝒐 ꟷ Ultimate load for concentrically loaded column 𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

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