Mindanao State University

Fatima, General Santos City

FIL 153

MGA TEORYA SA PAG=AARAL NG WIKA

Ipinisa kay:

Prof. Love I. Batoon

Tagapag-ulat:

Angkay, Hanifah

Dop, Sahira

Iribal, Julieto

Rica, Izah Rio

Morphology – comes from the Greek word morph which means
shape or form, and ology which means the study of something

Morphology as a sub-discipline of linguistics was named for the first

time in 1859 by a German linguist August schleicher.

Morphology- is one major components of grammar that studies

words structures, especially regarding morphemes.

-Concerned with the internal structure of words and syntax, how

words are put together in a sentence.

Morphemes- which are the smallest units of language.

Bricks: different size and shapes= classes of morphemes

Walls of different types= sentences, paragraphs and text.

 Be identifiable from one word to another and contribute in

some way to the meaning of the whole word.

A synthetical process in which all morphemes are

monofunctional is called agglutination.

o –ed the past tense

o –un negation
A synthetical process in which morphemes are polyfucntional
is called inflection.
  –s the singular number + the third person of the
English verb.

A process in which morphemes are not combined into larger wprds

but stand as word by themselves is an analytical process and is
called isolation.

Tatlong dulog o approach ng Morpolohiya

1. Morpheme-based (item and arrangement)

-words are analyzed as arrangements of morphemes

- it’s refer to a grammar which presents the list of the morphs

and a set of rules for arranging the morphs.

- which makes use of approach

Example:

In a word like independently, we say that the morphemes are

-in, depend, -ent, and ly; depend is the root and the other
morphemes are, in this case derivational affixes.

Derivational affixes- concerns the construction of new base

words especially complex ones that comes from multiple
morphemes.
 In a word like dogs we say that dog is the root and that –s is
an inflectional morpheme.

Inflectional morpheme- is a suffix that’s added to a word (a

noun, verb, adjective or an adverb) to assign a particular
grammatical property to that word, such as its tense, number,
possession or comparison.

2. Lexeme-based ( Item and Process)

- words are not viewed as an arrangement of individual morphemes

(morpheme based)

- the word set or lexeme is the result that is left when a set of
process or rules are applied to the root of the word.

- a word-form is said to be the result of applying rules that alter a

word-form or stem in order to produce a new one.

 An inflectional rule takes a stem, changes it as is

required by the rule and out puts a word-form
 A derivational rule takes a stem, changes it as per its
own requirements, and outputs a derived stem.
 A compounding rule takes word-forms and similarly
outputs a compound stem.

The Item and Process model may be defined as a grammar which

spells out elements or items as a fundamental form which then
yields allomorphs through phonological operations (Bauer, 2004)
The lexeme-based approach treats computational morphology not
only as a parsing but also a database management and a knowledge
representation problem.

Example for lexeme-based

Exceptional Plural Forms;

 Foot-feet
 Tooth-teeth
 Goose-geese

Past tense forms:

See- Saw

Sell-sold

Lexeme and word-forms

.Ambiguity in the use of the word “word”

-boy and boys are the same word

-boy and boys are different words

. Notion of “Lexeme”

-boy and boys are different word-forms of the same lexeme

-boy and boyish are different lexemes

. Lexeme=lexical word; function words (and, in, the, etc.) are not
lexemes.

Derivation vs. Inflection

. Derivation creates new lexemes

. Inflection creates word forms of a given lexeme

Roots, stems and lexemes

. boy+ish+ness

-boy=root and stem and lexeme

-The suffix-ish is added to the stem boy giving the lexeme

boyish

-boyish can serve as a stem for further suffixation thougt it is

not a root

-The suffix-ness is added to the stem boyish giving the lexeme

boyishness

-“stem”=”base”

Rules of word (lexeme) formation

. Derivation: stem+affix
 -boyish+-ness

.Compounding: stem1+stem2

-black+berry

.Conversion(Zero-derivation):stem stem

-loveV loveN

3. Word based (word and paradigm)

It focuses on word-forms associated with their respective lexemes

and the word-forms function as the basic elements

This theory takes paradigm as a central notions . instead of stating

rules to combine morphemes into word-forms, or to generate word-
forms from stems , word-based morphology states generalizations
that hold between the forms of inflectional paradigms. This applies
to existing words and the new ones.

Application of a pattern different than the one that has been used
historically can give rise to a new word, such as older replacing
elder (where older follows the normal pattern of adjectival
superlatives)

Cows- replacing kine (where cows fits the regular pattern of plural
formation).

Derivationally related words are different words with a hared base.

In setting up word classes, several criteria, not one, are usually
applied.

In studying grammar, meaning will not be a primary but an

auxiliary criterion. The same holds for phonological make-up words.

The main grammatical criteria are paradigmatic and syntagmatic.

For example

Adverbs derived from adjectives

-ly
o Often, seldom, never, soon,

Nouns derived from nouns

 Small X: -let,-ette,ie (droplet, booklet, cigarette, doggie)

 Female X: -ess, -ine (waitress, heroine).