PHASE 2

A PROJECT ON
“EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSIONS FOR DIFFERENT BIODIESELS FUELLED
DIESEL ENGINE”

CONDUCTED BY:

1)GURUPRASAD S

2)HARISH KUMAR G S

3)CHETHANA KUMARA D

4)ANOOP JAIN B P

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. ARAHANTH

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SRIDEVI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SIRA ROAD, TUMKUR-572106

 CONTENTS

I. ABSTRACT
II. INTRODUCTION
III. OBJECTIVES
IV. METHODOLOGY
V. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
VI. REFERENCE
 1.ABSTRACT

The rapid diminishing of fossil fuel resources, limited in nature and concerns of environment
were the reasons for exploring the biodiesel use as petroleum based fuel substitute. So many
substitute biodiesel fuels are there for IC engine, all the substitute fuels are likely produced
from different vegetable oils. To obtain vegetable oil there so many bio-seeds are there, in
that some bio seeds are popularly used to produced Biodiesel, they are like Pongamia
biodiesel, Simarouba biodiesel and Neem biodiesel. The present work is focused on
performance and emission tests by using Pongamia and Simarouba oil biodiesel. In line with
the framed objective, the effect of performance, and emission characteristics of selected fuels
is observed by engaging a direct injection (DI) single-cylinder four-stroke variable load
multi-fuel engine. And this particular work carried out with two variables, first one varying
the various blends(20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) of different biodiesel, another one by varying
the different load conditions(5, 10, 15 and 20 Nm) for 1500 rpm constant rated speed.
However slightly good performance was obtained with Pongamia and Simarouba biodiesels
as compared to petroleum diesel. Comparatively lower HC, CO, and CO2 emissions and
slightly near NOx emission were obtained with both Biodiesels when compared with
petroleum diesel.
 2.INTRODUCTION
In the recent past, intensive studies on internal combustion engines has emerged with a view
to obtaining higher rate of production of fuels from alternative sources. The increase in
alternative fuel investigations is caused by two main factors; a rapid decrease in world
petroleum reserves and important environmental concerns originating from exhaust
emissions. Fast depletion of the viable alternative fuels. Diesel fuel is largely consumed by
the transportation sector. Thermodynamic tests based on the engine performance evaluations
have established the feasibility of using vegetable oils. It has been found that vegetable oils
hold special promise in this regard, because they can be produced from the plants grown in
rural areas. Vegetable oils from crops such as soyabean, peanut, sunflower, rape, palm,
coconut, karanja, neem, cotton, mustard, jatropha, linseed and coster have been evaluated in
many parts of the world in comparison with other non-edible oils. To solve energy and
environmental concerns, the renewable energy with lower environmental pollution impact
should be necessary. Hence, it is imperative to look for alternative fuels, which can be
produced from the resources that are available within the country. Today, most of the energy
demand in India is met by fossil fuels. As India is an agricultural country, there is a wide
scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different sources.

2.1 Diesel Engine

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a
fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral
part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the
high temperature and high pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some
component of the engine. This force is transferred to crankshaft through connecting rod,
transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.

Diesel engines are the best for power plants today because of their high thermal efficiency,
good torque characteristics and ability to cater to a wide range of applications. In India,
majority of the power plants for heavy transportation, agriculture as well as industries use
diesel engines and hence the consumption of diesel is almost six times higher than that of
petrol. The cost of diesel is going up in an uncontrollable way and so is the cost of
transportation. Costs of transportation affect the price of all commodities and in turn the
economic progress of the country. A nation’s development is strongly dependant on the
availability of fuels for transportation, agriculture and power generation. Thus, India, like
many developing countries faces the major challenge of meeting the high demand for oil.
Only by using the renewable sources of fuel with clean combustion, we can reduce emissions
and also the dependence on conventional petroleum sources. Therefore, there is a need to
stimulate the use of renewable energy sources to increase the rate of economic growth and
national development. This is particularly significant for a country like India with plenty of
wastelands where plants to produce bio-fuels can be cultivated. This activity also will
generate employment for the poor. If the energy need of rural areas can be met by locally
available fuels, then the problem of large imports of crude oil can be eased out a little. Fuels
suitable for rural applications should have the capability to be used with little processing.
Several alternative fuels are being considered for use in engines. The potential alternatives
fuels are gaseous fuels and liquid fuels.

In the year 1892, compression ignition engine was introduced by RUDOLF DIESEL (1858-
1913) a German engineer born in Paris. Here, compression of air alone to sufficiently high
temperature ignited the fuel without the help of ignition systems. Today CI engine is a very
important prime mover, being used in buses, trucks, locomotives, tractors, pumping sets and
other stationary industrial applications, small and medium electric generation and marine
propulsion.

The importance of CI engine is due to:-

I. Its higher thermal efficiency than SI engines

II. CI engines fuels (diesel oils) being less expensive than SI engine fuels (petrol).

Furthermore, since CI engines fuels have a higher specific gravity than petrol, and since fuel
is sold on volume basis (litres) and not on mass basis (kg), more kg of fuel per litre are
obtained in purchasing CI engine fuels.

These factors make the running of the CI engines much less than SI engine and hence make
them attractive for all industrial, transport and other applications. However, in passenger cars
it has not found much favour because of the main drawbacks of a CI engine in relation to SI
engine i.e., heavier weight, noise and vibration, smoke and odour. Because of the utilization
of higher compression ratios (12:1 to 22:1 compared to 6:1 to 11:1 of SI engine) the forces
coming on the various parts of the engines are greater and therefore heavier parts are
necessary. Also because of heterogeneous mixture, lean mixture (large air-fuel ratio) is used.
Both result in a heavier engine.

Performance tests are necessary to carry out for an engine to assess the fuel and thermal
efficiencies. Further, it is also required to study the effect of different parameter on the engine
performance, i.e. incomplete combustion of heterogeneous mixture, and droplet combustion.
Compression ignition engines, because of their varied applications, are manufactured in a
large range of sizes, speed and power inputs. The piston diameters vary from about 50mm to
900mm, speed range from 100 to 4400rpm and power output range from 2 to 40000 bhp.
Performance tests of internal combustion engines are conducted since the beginning of this
century and their actual design is a result of this extensive accumulation of practical
knowledge. However, the understanding of the physical phenomena and the precise
identification of the processes taking place inside the engine always lagged behind
experimental information. Various reasons exist for this lag between theory and practice, but
the main problems are due to fact that the processes are not in steady state and occur at high
temperatures, the working fluid consumption changes by chemical reaction and the
complexity of all geometries.
In this project we have conducted experiment in Diesel engine with diesel and different
Biodiesel blends. The different proposition for Biodiesels blends of B20%, B40%, B60, and
B80 Pongamia and Simarouba biodiesels were used to run the engine at nearly constant speed
of 1500 rpm at different loads from 5 to 20 Nm, the load were increased gradually with the
help of eddy current dynamometer, in which the engine load were increased by increasing the
power supply with the help of knob, time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption in different
load are noted. Further the readings were used to prepare the table and plot the graph for
different proposition of Pongamia and Simarouba Biodiesel blends.

2.2 Emissions
Automobile is a major contribution to air pollution in most of the industrialized nations
according to the survey conducted in the present atmosphere. The air we breathe is proven to
be unhealthy, the various emission from the automobile exhaust like CO, HC, NOX,
particulate matters, SOOT etc., are highly harmful for human health, apart from that, animals
and plants are also facing a negative impact by emission caused by automobiles. Automobile
exhaust emission has also actively participation in increasing global warming.

Internal combustion engines generate undesirable emissions during the combustion process.
In this, both SI and CI engines are equally responsible for the same. The emissions exhausted
into the surroundings pollute the atmosphere and causes the following problems

i. Global warming

ii. Acid rain

iii. Smog

iv. Odour

v. Respiratory and Health hazards.

Some alternate fuels are cleaner burning than gasoline and diesel and even produce less
tailpipe emission. For example, a light-duty natural gas vehicle can produce 80 present fewer
tailpipe emissions than a gasoline vehicle. A light-duty propane vehicle can produces 60 per
cent fewer harmful emissions than its gasoline counterpart. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are
classified as zero emission vehicles because they produce no tailpipe or evaporative emission:
however electricity generation usually creates emissions.

2.3 Alternative Fuels

Alternative fuel is any material or substance, other than petroleum, which is consumed to
provide energy to power an engine. Alternative fuels are bio-diesel, ethanol, chemically
stored electricity, hydrogen, methanol, Natural gas, wood and vegetable oil. The increase in
industrialization and materialization of the world led to step rise in the demand of petroleum
products. Petroleum based fuels are extracted from earth crust and hence their reserve is
limited and are irreplaceable. With our present known reserves and the growing rate of fuel
consumption, it is feared that they will be exhausted soon. These finite resources of
petroleum are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world and have given rise to
frequent disruption and uncertainties in its supply and price as well.

According to the estimate of the oil and gas journal, crude oil production is exited to reach a
peak somewhere between 2010 and 2015 and from then it is eventually going to decrease.
With this, crude oil will be expensive progressively until it becomes unaffordable while
enforcing pressure on the import bill and increasing the import. Thus we need to look at other
options as far as energy need is concerned.

Alternative propulsion can be categorized into:

2.3.1 Gasoline bio-fuels

1. Butane as a direct replacement for gasoline.
2. Ethanol or mixture with gasoline.
3. Methanol or mixture with gasoline.

2.3.2 Diesel bio-fuels

1. Straight vegetable oils.
2. Ethanol as mixture with diesel
3. Methanol as mixture with diesel.
4. Bio-diesel.

2.3.3 Gaseous fuels

1. Natural gas compressed
2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
3. Bio-gas

2.4 Alternative fuels for IC Engines

The fuel used in C.I. Engines primarily diesel, which is a petroleum fraction, which lies
between kerosene and lubricating oil. Cetane rating is very important factor diesel fuel as it is
the measure of auto ignition of the fuel that is supposed to auto ignites inside the combustion
chamber due to temperature rise with the compression of air in C.I. engine.

Some of the alternate fuels that can be used in C.I Engines are:

2.4.1 Hydrogen
It can be produced from water using non-fossil energy sources such as nuclear and solar
energy. It is referred as cleanest burning fuel. Hydrogen has an ignition temperature of
585oC, so duel fuel mode of hydrogen and diesel is suggested.
2.4.2 Biogas
The biogas can be used in CI engines as a duel fuel and improve engine performance. The
biogas can be introduced in the engine with air during induction smoke and small quantity of
diesel towards the end of compression to initiate the combustion of gas air mixture. The
reduction of diesel in the engine would reduce the smoke in the engine exhaust and power
would be brought up to full rating by the introduction of gaseous fuel into the intake air when
biogas in used, as fuel external means is required to initiate combustion. Biogas is produced
by the degradation of biological matter by the anaerobic bacteria’s in the absence of free
oxygen. Biogas is mainly used in rural areas to run small stationary engines in duel fuel
mode. Cow dung when subjected to the action of micro-organisms in closed tank under
anaerobic conditions, undergoes fermentations. As a result gobar gas is produced, this
mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and minute quantities of other gases.

2.4.3 Vegetable Oil

Vegetable oils have a promising future as diesel substitute. The lot of work is going on in
different countries on different types of vegetable oils, which can be used in those countries
as per availabilities. Vegetable oils have better ignition qualities than light alcohols, their
cetane number over 30. Vegetable oil is mainly of two types edible and non-edible oils.
Edible oils are those, which are used for cooking purpose some of them are sunflower oils,
palm oils, peanut oil, linseed oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil etc. nonedible oils, which are used
for some specific purposes, like medicine, dyes etc. Some of these are neem oil, honge oil,
jatropha oil etc. The vegetable oils can be either blended directly with diesel or esterified oil
can be used.

2.4.4 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

CNG has distinct technical, economic and ecological advantage over conventional fuels,
which makes it an excellent automotive fuel. CNG has higher auto ignition temperature so a
duel fuel mode of operation could be used with the diesel as pilot fuel. The natural gas is
composed of methane, ethane, and propane. CNG is stored in specially designed cylinders
under pressure because CNG basically is a natural gas which compressed by a compressor so
that more energy can be packed in a cylinder for storage. Natural gas can be used in existing
diesel engine by mounting a diesel conversion kit. After this conversion engine can operate in
both modes that is 100% diesel mode and diesel + CNG mode. CNG brings down pollution
due to its cleaner combustion characteristics.
 3. OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
From the literature view it came to know that so many authors done so many researches on
different biodiesels. And they extracted individually and carried experiment for single
biodiesel blends, and thereafter they compare the results of different blends and gave the
conclusion. But here in this report the performance and emission characteristics on CI engine
comparison work carried out for different Biodiesels. For the comparison particularly choose
and familiar Biodiesels they are PONGAMIA Biodiesel and SIMAROUBA Biodiesel. This
work mainly carried with two things for study, Performance and Emission characteristics, for
different Biodiesels of their blends and Different loads conditions.

Some objectives behind the work:

 Optimization of process for maximum biodiesel production.

 Determine fuel properties of selected biodiesels.
 Determine the properties of different blends of biodiesel derived from different
sources.
 Test is conducted by varying load and maintaining constant speed.
 Performance analysis of a C.I engine using Pongamia and rice bran biodiesels and
diesel as fuel.
 Comparison of emission parameter of a C.I engine using both diesel and Pongamia
and rice bran biodiesel blends.

Why Pongamiapinnata?: Due to pressure on edible oils like groundnut, rapeseed, mustard
and soybean etc. non-edible oil of jatrophacurcas and karanja (PongamiaPinnata) are
evaluated as diesel fuel extender. Pongamiapinnata is a species of family Leguminasae,
native in tropical and temperate Asia including part of India, China, Japan, Malaysia,
Australia. Commonly it is called as karanja (in MS), pongam (in Gujarat), dalkaramch (in
Tamilnadu). Karanja is drought resistant, semi-deciduous, nitrogen fixing leguminous tree. It
grows about 15-20 meters in height with a large canopy which spreads equally wide. The
leaves are soft, shiny burgundy in early summer and mature to a glossy, deep green as the
season progresses. Flowering starts in general after 4-5 years. Cropping of pods and single
almond sized seeds can occur by 4-6 years and yields 9-90 kg’s of seed. The yield potential
per hectare is 900 to 9000 Kg/Hectare. As per statics available pongamia oil has got a
potential of 135000 million tones per annum and only 6% is being utilized. The tree is well
suited to intense heat and sunlight and its dense network of lateral roots and its thick long tap
roots make it drought tolerant. Production of biodiesel through Transesterification reaction.
The tranesterification process is the reaction of triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol in the
presence of acidic, alkaline or lipase as a catalyst to form mono alkyl ester that is biodiesel
and glycerol. However the presence of strong acid or base accelerates the conversion. It is
reported that alkaline catalyzed tranesterification is fastest and require simple set up
therefore, in current study the oil of pongamiapinnata were transesterified with methyl
alcohol in presence of strong alkaline catalyst like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
in a batch type transesterification reactor The transesterification reaction is given below this
process has been widely used to reduce the high viscosity of triglycerides. To prepare
biodiesel from pongamia crude oil first sodium hydroxide was added in to the methyl alcohol
to form sodium methoxide, simultaneously oil was heated in a separate vessel of
tranesterifaction reactor and subjected to heating and stirring. When temperature of oil
reached at 60oC then sodium methoxide was mixed in to the oil and reaction mixture was
stirred for one and half hour. After reaction completion, the reaction mixture was transferred
in separating funnel. The mixture of glycerol and methyl ester was allowed to settle for 8
hours. After settling for 8 hours glycerol and methyl esters was separated manually. The
methyl ester was the washed with hot water to remove traces of sodium hydroxide impurity.
The washed biodiesel then distilled to remove moisture and final good quality biodiesel was
subjected for chemical analysis.

Why rice bran oil? : Rice (oryza sativa linn) bran is a byproduct, obtained from the outer
layer of the brown (husked) rice kernel during milling to produce polished rice. Whole rice
grain comprises (dry weight basis): endosperm, 70-72; hull, 20; bran, 7.0-8.5; and embryo, 2-
3% . rice bran comprises pericarp, tegmen (layer covering endosperm), aleurone and sub-
aleurone. The rice bran contains oil(15-23%), which is one of the most nutritious oils because
of its favourable fatty acid composition those suggested by expert groups and a unique
combination of naturally occurring biologically active and antioxidant compounds such as
oryzanol, tocopherols and tocotrienols. Since 1930, the use of rice bran oil (RBO) as edible
oil has increased, particularly in japan, where it is popularly known as “heart oil” as it keeps
plasma cholesterol at low level and decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However,
crude RBO has been difficult to refine because of its high FFA content, unsaponifiable
matter and dark color. Based on the quality of acylglycerol and FFA occurs in most oils
extracted from various rice bran samples. RBO contains relatively lower content of
triacyglycerol compared to the other vegetable oils and high contents of partial glycerides,
glycolipids, wax esters and unsaponifiable constituents. The presence of these components
modifies the physic-chemical properties of RBO. For example, the viscosity of crude RBO is
twice that of common vegetable oils. Partial glycerides, waxes and polar lipids greatly
contribute to this effect. Wax in RBO is especially difficult to remove completely. The
presence of residual wax imparts haziness to the oil, especially in colder climates. This along
with the darker color of the oil, have been responsible for the poor acceptance of RBO by
consumers. Another major drawback in producing edible grade RBO from crude oil is its
high FFA by lipases, making it less economical to process into edible oil for human
consumption.

RBO FOR BD PRODUCTON :

RBO is not a common source of edible oil compared to other traditional cereal or seed
sources such as corn, cotton, sunflower, or soybean. The estimated potential yield of crude
RBO is about 8million metric tons if all rice bran produced in the world were to be harnessed
for oil extraction. Full realisation of this potential will help in reducing the cost of BD. Until
recently, rice bran was used mostly as animal feed and most of the oil produced is used for
industrial applications. One of the best ways for the potential utilization of RBO is the
production of FAME(BD). Among the non-conventional oils, RBO is one of the most
important in terms of availability. Prices of feedstock and by product meal cake were the two
most important factors in the cost of BD production. For example, soybean is a more
expensive feedstock for BD than canola, sunflower, rapeseed oils and animal fat because of
its low oil content. However, the by-product meal cake of soybean has the highest monetary
credit, such that its total cost of BD production is lower than the others. Due to its higher
market price than sunflower, rapeseed and canola meals. Crude RBO is a low-cost feedstock
for BD production as compared to traditional oils derived from cereal or seed sources . Like
soybean meal cake, defatted rice bran is a rich source of protein, carbohydrates and
phytochemicals such as phytic acid and myoinositol, which have high commercial value.
 4. METHODOLOGY
 Literature review
 Deciding project and Defining Problem
 Collection of different biodiesels
 Testing of collected biodiesels
 Engine test conduction for observations of Performance and Emissions
 Calculations
 Plotting of performance and emission characteristics graphs
 Conclusion

Methodology is the overview of way of accomplishment of the project. On that literature

review is the first and foremost step to get the exact idea about the project. In this step we
downloaded more and more journal papers related to our concept.

After going through all journal papers, concluded project theme and defined the problem.
And start to work out related to project. There after collected different Biodiesels, they are
Pongamia, Simarouba biodiesels and commercial diesel.

The collected biodiesels are given to LAB for testing of fuel properties related to project,
there the density, specific gravity and calorific values are tested. Before conduction of engine
tests the biodiesel blends are prepared with different percentages(20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%).
The prepared blends are shacked well and keep for 24 hours for better performance.

The engine tests are conducted for different blends and variable loads, and the engine runs
with constant speed 1500 rpm. Note down the observations. Along with that note down
emission readings from the EGA(Exhaust Gas Analyzer).

Calculate performance parameters like Brake power(BP), Fuel consumption(BP), Brake

specific fuel consumption(BSFC), and Brake specific energy consumption(BSEC) for taken
observations. And plot for the performance characteristics. Same plot graphs for the
emissions characteristics. After all conclude the project work with efficient results.

4.1 Literature Review

Swarup Kumar Nayak, et, al, [1] “Experimental Investigation on Performance and
Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Mahua Biodiesel Using
Additive”:The present paper investigates about the production of biodiesel from neat Mahua
oil via base catalyzed transesterification and mixing of the biodiesel with a suitable additive
(Dimethyl carbonate) in varying volume proportions in order to prepare a number of test fuels
for engine application. The prepared test fuels are used in single cylinder water cooled diesel
engine at various load conditions to evaluate the performance and emission parameters of the
engine. The results of investigation show increase in brake power and brake thermal
efficiency with load for all prepared test fuels. It is also noticed that brake thermal efficiency
increases with the percentage of additive in all the test fuels.
All the test results significantly improved with increase in the additive percentage in
biodiesel. Therefore the present paper provides a strong platform to continue further
investigation on using biodiesel fuel in a diesel engine with variety of fuel additives under
varying engine operating parameters. It is also seen from the results that both CO and HC
emissions tend to decrease with increase in additive percentage in biodiesel. The smoke and
NOx emissions also decrease with increase in additive percentage in the biodiesel fuel.

JayantArbune, et, at, [2] “Performance and emission analysis of biodiesel

(jatropha+chicken fat) on diesel engine”:Brake thermal efficiency of 10% blend and diesel
fuel is almost same at full load.
 The torque and brake power are almost same for diesel fuel and all the blends.
 We get BTE better at 30% than 0%, 10% & 20% and also carbon % is within limit at
30% blending.
 50% & 100% blends exceed carbon emission limits so they are not preferred.
 To obtain the better results for 50% and 100% blends certain engine modification are
necessary. Chicken fat oil had very high kinematic viscosity which can be reduced by
transesterification.
 So we can conclude that 30% blend gives satisfactory results as or better than, that of
conventional diesel fuel.
 Conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, diesel, petrol and others are adversely
affecting human life. These sources are scares and depleting fast, so it is necessary to
control their depletion.
The research is going on finding the alternative fuels for I.C. engine and how it can be
used in it to reduce the use of conventional energy sources as well as reduce the emissions
from engine as compared to conventional sources.

Prem Kumar, et, al, [3] “Impact of ternary blends of biodiesel on diesel engine
performance”: The aim of the present work is to evaluate the fuel properties and investigate
the impact on engine performance using Pongamia and waste cooking biodiesel and their
ternary blend with diesel. The investigation of the fuel properties shows that Pongamia
biodiesel and waste cooking biodiesel have poor cold flow property. This will lead to starting
problem in the engine operation. To overcome this problem the ternary blends of diesel,
waste cooking biodiesel and Pongamia biodiesel are prepared. The cloud and pour point for
ternary blend, (WCB20:PB20:D60) were found to be 7 ◦C and 6.5 ◦C which are comparable
to cloud and pour point of diesel 6 ◦C and 5 ◦C, respectively. The result of the test showed
that brake specific fuel consumption for Pongamia biodiesel and waste cooking biodiesel is
higher than ternary blend, (WCB20:PB20:D60) due to their lower energy content.

The brake thermal efficiency of ternary blend and diesel is comparable while the
Pongamia and waste cooking biodiesel have low efficiency. The result of investigation
showed that ternary blend can be developed as alternate fuel. The experiment investigation
shows that biodiesel from Pongamia and waste cooking oil can be developed as alternate fuel
for future.

Siddalingappa R Hotti, et, al, [4] “Biodiesel Production And Fuel Properties From Non
Edible Champaca (Michelia Champaca) Seed Oil For Use In Diesel Engine”: In the present
paper investigations were carried out to determine fatty acid composition and fuel properties
of non-edible, renewable, champaca seed oil (CSO), champaca seed oil biodiesel (CBD), for
its use in diesel engine. Methyl ester of seed oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) -
Mass Spectroscopy (MS) for the determination of fatty acid composition.

The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were determined as per the ASTM standard
test procedures and compared with diesel, ASTM D6751-09a, biodiesel standard
specifications and were found to meet the required standards. The physical and chemical
properties of biodiesel produced were found to be close to that of diesel fuel and also they
meet the ASTM standard specifications for biodiesel, hence it can be used for diesel engine in
place of conventional diesel fuel.

Jinlin Xue, et, al, [5] “Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions”: As a
renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engines, biodiesel instead
of diesel has been increasingly fueled to study its effects on engine performances and
emissions in the recent 10 years.. In this work, reports about biodiesel engine performances
and emissions, published by highly rated journals in scientific indexes, were cited
preferentially since 2000 year. From these reports, the effect of biodiesel on engine power,
economy, durability and emissions including regulated and non-regulated emissions, and the
corresponding effect factors are surveyed and analyzed in detail. The use of biodiesel leads to
the substantial reduction in PM, HC and CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible
power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on
conventional diesel engines with no or fewer modification.

Biodiesel, produced from renewable and often domestic sources, represents a more
sustainable source of energy and will therefore play an increasingly significant role in
providing the energy requirements for transportation. Although there have always been
inconsistent trends for biodiesel engine performances and its emissions due to the different
tested engines, the different operating conditions or driving cycles, the different used
biodiesel or reference diesel, the different measurement techniques or instruments, etc.

AR. Manickam, et, al, [6] “Reduction of exhaust emissions on a Biodiesel Engine with the
Effect of Oxygenated Additives ”: The engine performance, combustion and emission
characteristics of hundred percent fish-oil biodiesel B100 and its blends with diesel B25,
B50, B75 were investigated and the results were compared with diesel and reported in this
paper. It was evidently seen that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal
efficiency were respectively 10.54% and 1.5% higher for (B100) fish-oil biodiesel fuel than
that of diesel at full load condition. The combustion analysis shows that the peak cylinder
pressures of B25, B50, B75 and B100 are lower than that of the diesel and the starts of
combustion (SOC) timing of the B25, B50, B75 and B100 was taken place at 16° before
TDC, while the SOC timing in the case of diesel was occurring at 15° before TDC.
The exhaust gas temperatures of B100 were 2.2% to 9.7% lower than that of diesel at
the different loads. The use of hundred percent fish-oil biodiesel fuel, B100in the test engine
at full load produced 34.95%, 1.65%, 14.6%, and 1.8% higher smoke, NOx, CO and HC
emissions respectively when compared with diesel fuel.

Kantharaju T, et, al, [7] “Performance and emission characteristics of waste chicken fat
Biodiesel as an alternative Fuel” : Experiment was conducted on single cylinder four stroke
water cooled diesel engine by using diesel and different blends of chicken fat biodiesel with
diesel successfully.
The study led to the following conclusions:
 The production of biodiesel is one stage tranesterification process
 The time required to produce the biodiesel is 4.5 hrs that is 1.5 hrs for reaction, 1.5
hrs for settling and 1.5 hrs for water wash.
 The density of biodiesel is 885 kg/m3 which is more than the diesel that is 840 kg/m3
  It can also be concluded that the chicken fat bio-fuel blends with diesel have more
CO2 and O2 emission than pure diesel.

S. Ghosh, et, al, [8] “Performance and exhaust emission analysis of direct injection diesel
engine using Pongamia oil”: The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are
becoming popular due to their low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative
fuel for diesel engine. The aim of this study is to potential use of Pongamia oil methyl ester
as a substitute for diesel fuel in diesel engine. Various proportions of Pongamia and Diesel
(B25, B50, B75, and B100) are prepared by transesterification process on volume basis and
used as fuels in a four stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel engine to study the
performance and emission characteristics of these fuels and compared with neat diesel fuel.
The engine tests have been carried out with the aim of obtaining brake thermal efficiency,
BSFC, Emission levels and the behavior of the diesel engine running on Pongamia oil and its
blend. This blend B25 substantially reduces the CO emission and emission of NOx in exhaust
gases.

Pongamia oil, a biodiesel is renewable and biodegradable. Its B25 blend performance
and emission characteristics are closer to diesel. So it can be used as substitute of diesel
without modification of the engine hardware.

Somashetty S S, et, al, [9] “Production of Biodiesel from Simarouba Seeds and Performance
Test on Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine with Variable Injection Pressure”:
Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative for diesel needs. Biodiesel is a
biodegradable, clean-burning combustible fuel derived from new or used vegetable oils or
animal fats. Biodiesel meets American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
specifications D6751. Biodiesel can be used in any internal combustion diesel engine in
either its pure form, which is referred to as “neat” biodiesel or it can be mixed in any
concentration with regular petroleum diesel without any major modification of the engine.
The objective of this paper is production of from simarouba oil methyl ester by using
transesterification process and performance test conduct on the single cylinder compression
ignition engine with different blend of biodiesel(SOME) with diesel (B20,B40,B60,B80,and
B100) at constant speed of 1540 rpm and varying the injection pressure 80 bar,120 bar and
150 bar.
 The result are compared with diesel. Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel
consumption and mechanical efficiency are studied in comparison with conventional diesel.
The result shows a better performance at B60 and injection pressure of 80 bar.

D. K. Ramesha, et, al, [10] “Experimental Investigation on Combustion, Performance and

Emission characteristics of blends of Plastic oil and Biodiesel as a substitute fuels in Diesel
Engine”: In this context, waste plastic solid is currently receiving renewed interest. Waste
plastic oil is suitable for compression ignition engines and more attention is focused in India
because of its potential to generate large-scale employment and relatively lower scale
degradation. The present investigation was to study the effect of plastic oil blend with B20
rubber biodiesel and B20 honge biodiesel on four stroke, single cylinder direct Injection
diesel engine. Experimental results show that performance characteristics were found to be
comparable with diesel. The emission characteristics shows that NOx emission levels are
slightly higher and other emissions like CO, HC are compatible with diesel modes of
operation. Hence plastic oil can be used as substitute fuel in place of conventional diesel fuel.
The engine tests were conducted with pongamia oil, rubber oil and plastic oil blends
for no load to full condition and the corresponding performance and combustion
characteristics were studied in comparison with diesel fuel. All the tests were conducted
under the same conditions and repeated for three times to obtain consistent values. Pongamia
oil blended with waste plastic oil is determined for suitable replacement of conventional
diesel.

4.2 Literature review Summary

From the literature review comes to know that there are so many researches are going
on biodiesels. Researcher obtain biodiesels from different sources like Animal fats and
various seeds. They conducted their experiment on compression ignition engine with
different conditions.
Nowadays practical application of biodiesels on IC engines is increasing. The demand
for biodiesel in market its high but unfortunately the production and supply of bio-fuel is less,
because of lack of knowledge about substitute fuel. Here this study gives the information
about availability of bio-seeds which are chosen for the study, they are Pongamia and
Simarouba seeds. Particularly seeds chosen for this work are plenty available in nature with
less cost. And also carried the study on performance and emission characteristics of both
biodiesels on IC engine. This work will give the information about the performance and
emission qualities of those bio-fuels. This study help to promote the production and use of
biodiesel by referring the performance and emission characteristics.

4.3 Biodiesel

4.3.1 Definition
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or fossil diesel. It can be
produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. Biodiesel
is manufactured from plant oils, animal fats, and recycled cooking oils. It is a biodegradable
and nontoxic diesel fuel substitute that can be used in late model (after1992) diesel engines
without any need to modify the engines beforehand.

4.3.2 Biodiesel Production

As mentioned above biodiesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal
oil/fats, tallow and waste oils. Biodiesel extraction process from different bio seeds are
almost same as shown in the above flow chart Fig 4.3.1. Firstly collected seeds going to crush
in the mechanical expeller to extract the Biodiesel raw oil, at the same time cake is separated
as by product. The extracted oil will get filtered and fed to transesterification process.
Transesterification process is the main important step in the preparation of Biodiesel, that we
discussed in following topic. After transesterification process, we should wash with distilled
water to remove glycerin content afterwards dry it properly to get final Biodiesel product.

There are three basic routes to biodiesel production from oils and fats.
 Base catalysed tranesterification of the oil.
 Direct acid catalysed tranesterification of the oil.
 Conversion of the oil to its fatty acids and then to biodiesel.
 SEEDS

MECHANICAL EXPELLER CAKE

RAW OIL

FILTER

FILTERED OIL
METHANOL & CATALYST GLYCERIN

TRANSESTERIFICATION

CATALYST
BIODIESEL

WASHING

DRYING

FINAL BIODIESEL

Chart.4.3.1. Flow chart of Biodiesel Preparation

Almost all biodiesel is produced using base catalysed transesterification as it is the

most economical process requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing a 98%
conversion yield.

4.3.3 Biodiesel on Diesel Engines

Biodiesel is actually good for diesel engines. It lubricates better than petroleum based
diesel fuel and has excellent solvent properties. Conventional diesel fuel can leave deposits
inside fuel lines, storage tanks, and fuel delivery systems over time. Biodiesel dissolves this
sediment while adding no deposits of its own, resulting in cleaner, more trouble-free fuel
handling systems once fuel filters clogged with diesel sediments have been replaced after the
switch to biodiesel has been made. Use of 100% biodiesel fuel does reduce the fuel economy
and power of diesel engines by 10%. This means that 1.1 gallons of biodiesel are equivalent
to one gallon of conventional diesel fuel. Although both biodiesel and conventional diesel
fuel tend to gel or freeze in cold weather, biodiesel switches from the liquid state at higher
temperatures than petroleum based diesel fuel.
Biodiesel is not a type of vegetable oil. Although diesel engines will run on various
vegetable oils, prolonged use of these fuels can cause engine deposits that eventually lead to
engine failures. These problems can be avoided, however, by modifying the oil based
feedstock materials. A process called transesterification chemically alters organically derived
oils in forming biodiesel fuel Biodiesel is safe to handle and transport because it is as
biodegradable as sugar, ten times less toxic than table salt, and burns at a relatively high
temperature.
Biodiesel actually degrades about four times faster than petroleum-based diesel fuel
when accidentally released into the environment. Because it is physically similar to
petroleum-based diesel fuel, biodiesel can be blended with diesel fuel in any proportion.
Many federal and state fleet vehicles now use biodiesel blends in their diesel engines. The
most common blend is a mixture consisting of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel,
called B20. The motive for blending the fuels is to gain some of the advantages of biodiesel
while avoiding higher costs. Biodiesel is currently higher in price than conventional diesel
fuel.

4.3.4 Transesterification
The Transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an
alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A triglyceride has a glycerin molecule as its base with
three long chain fatty acids attached. The characteristics of the fat are determined by the
nature of the fatty acids attached to the glycerin. The nature of the fatty acids can in turn
affect the characteristics of the biodiesel. During the esterification process, the triglyceride is
reacted with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, usually a strong alkaline like sodium
hydroxide. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester, or biodiesel
and crude glycerol. In most production methanol or ethanol is the alcohol used (methanol
produces methyl esters, ethanol produces ethyl esters) and is base catalyst by either potassium
or sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide has been found to be more suitable for the ethyl
ester biodiesel production, either base can be used for the methyl ester. A common product of
the transesterification process methyl Ester produced from oil reacted with methanol. The
following Fig 4.3.2 explains the general steps involved in the Transesterification process.
 Chart.4.3.2. Flow chart of Transesterification

Reactions showing Transesterification process

CH2-O-COR catalyst R-COOCH3 CH2OH

CH-O-COR1 + 3 CH3OH R1-COOCH3 + CH OH
CH2-O-COR2 KOH R2-COOCH3 CH2OH

Oil or triglyceride + Methyl Alcohol Biodiesel + Glycerin

The engine combustion benefits of the transesterification of the oil are:

 Lowered viscosity
 Complete removal of the glycerin
 Lowered boiling point
 Lowered flash point
 Lowered pour point
4.4.1 Mixing of Alcohol and Catalyst
The catalyst is typically sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) or potassium hydroxide
(potash). It is dissolved in the alcohol using a standard agitator or mixer reaction. The
alcohol/catalyst mix is then charged into a closed reaction vessel and the oil or fat is added.
The system from here on is totally closed to the atmosphere to prevent the loss of alcohol.
The reaction mix is kept just above the boiling point of the alcohol (around 60oC) to speed up
the reaction and the reaction takes place. Recommended reaction time varies from 1 to 8
hours, and some systems recommend the reaction take place at room temperature. Excess
alcohol is normally used to ensure total conversion of the fat or oil to its esters. Care must be
taken to monitor the amount of water and free fatty acids in the incoming oil or fat. If the free
fatty acid level or water level is too high it may cause problems with soap formation and the
separation of the glycerin byproduct downstream.

4.4.2 Separation
Once the reaction is complete, two major products exist, glycerin and biodiesel. Each
has a substantial amount of the excess methanol that was used in the reaction. The reacted
mixture is sometimes neutralized at this step if needed. The glycerin phase is much denser
than biodiesel phase and the two can be gravity separated with glycerin simply drawn off the
bottom of the settling vessel. In some cases, a centrifuge is used to separate the two materials
faster.

4.4.3 Alcohol Removal

Once the glycerin and biodiesel phases have been separated, the excess alcohol in
each phase is removed with a flash evaporation process or by distillation. In others systems,
the alcohol is removed and the mixture neutralized before the glycerin and esters have been
separated. In either case, the alcohol is recovered using distillation equipment and is re-used.
Care must be taken to ensure no water accumulates in the recovered alcohol stream.
4.4.4 Glycerin Neutralization
The glycerin by-product contains unused catalyst and soaps that are neutralized with
an acid and sent to storage as crude glycerin. In some cases the salt formed during this phase
is recovered for use as fertilizer. In most cases the salt is left in the glycerin. Water and
alcohol are removed to produce 80-88% pure glycerin that is ready to be sold as crude
glycerin. In more sophisticated operations, the glycerin is distilled to 99% or higher purity
and sold into the cosmetic and pharmaceutical markets.

4.4.5 Methyl Ester Wash

Once separated from the glycerin, the biodiesel is sometimes purified by washing
gently with warm water to remove residual catalyst or soaps, dried, and sent to storage. In
some processes this step is unnecessary. This is normally the end of the production process
resulting in a clear amber yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petro diesel. In some
systems the biodiesel is distilled in an additional step to remove small amounts of colour
bodies to produce a colourless biodiesel. Methyl esters are a family of materials that are used
as a base for producing other products. Methyl esters can be produced from a variety of raw
materials such as fats and plant oils. Common resources for methyl ester manufacture are
coconut, palm, canola and rapeseed oils, recycled vegetable oils, and beef tallow. The methyl
esters are washed to purify the product prior to sale. The methyl ester material produced from
the oils mentioned above have a unique carbon chain distribution that is set by the oil and
process used. Some methyl ester production methods have the ability to process oils with
fatty acids (FFA) and convert the FFA to methyl esters, thus increasing the yield of oil fed to
product production. When a more specific carbon chain length methyl ester is required,
fractionalization of the broader product can and may be possible using specialty equipment.

4.4.6 Product Quality

Prior to use as a commercial fuel, the finished biodiesel must be analysed using
sophisticated analytical equipment to ensure it meets any required specifications. The most
important aspects of biodiesel production to ensure trouble free operation in diesel engines
are,
 Complete Reaction
 Removal of Glycerin
  Removal of Catalyst
 Removal of Alcohol
 Absence of Free Fatty Acids
The biodiesel manufacturing process converts oils and fats into chemicals called long-
chain mono alkyl esters, or biodiesel. These chemicals are also referred to as fatty acid
methyl esters (FAME) and the process is referred to as transesterification.

4.5 Blends of Biodiesel

Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most
commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a
system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix.
 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100,
While
 20% biodiesel, 80% Diesel is labelled B20.
 40% biodiesel, 60% Diesel is labelled B40.
 60% biodiesel, 40% Diesel is labelled B60.
 80% biodiesel, 20% Diesel is labelled B80.
 5.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
5.1 Testing procedures
5.1.1 Performance test on single cylinder diesel engine:

The procedure for conducting a performance test on the engine specified above is as
follows:

 Calculate the full load capacity of the engine.

 Clean the engine before start the experiment
 Fill the diesel in diesel tank. Fill the burette with diesel by opening of the valve and
close it after filling.
 Check up all the connections and check the fuel and water. Open continuous cold
water supply to the engine jacket.
 Supply the diesel to the engine by opening the valves provided in the fuel supply line.
Supply the main power.
 Press the decompression lever and crank the engine, when the specific speed is
reached, release the lever.
 Run the engine for 15 mins so that it can stabilize.
 Close the diesel supply valve and open the valve of burette.
 Firstly on load the following readings are taken.
a) Speed of the engine (constant)
b) Time taken to consume 10 cc of fuel using stop valve.
c) Mass flow rate of air
d) Exhaust temperature
Then load the engine by applying the opposite current to the dynamometer by rotating
the knob gradually. The time taken to consume l0cc of fuel and toque on the engine is noted.
 Repeat the experiment for different loads (5, 10, 15 & 20Nm) and note down the
corresponding readings.
 Reduce the load on engine and press the liver provided on the right hand side of the
engine to stop the engine.
 Then close the fuel and cooling water supply to the engine.
 The readings are tabulated in the tabular column.
 Repeat the same procedure for different blends(B0, B20, B40, B60, and B80) of the
Pongamia and Simarouba biodiesel.
5.2 Emission Test:

Instruments for determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of gas

mixtures. EGA may be hand operated or automatic. The most common analyzer of the former
type are based on the absorption principle: the components of a gas mixture are absorbed one
after another by different reagents. Automatic gas analysers continuously measure some
physical or physicochemical property of a gas mixture as whole or of its separate
components. This AVL DIGAS 444 Exhaust gas analyser is the instrument using physical
method of analysis, including auxiliary chemical reactions. These gas analyzers called
volumetric-manometric or chemical gas analysers. Measures the changes in volume pressure
of the gas mixture resulting from the chemical reactions of its separate components.

5.2.1 Procedure:
1. Switch on the AVL DIGAS 444 smoke meter.
2. Press the CAL button and wait till the reading display becomes zero.
3. Check the temperature if it is less than 75 degree Celsius. Then switch on the heater
till it becomes 75 degree Celsius.
4. Place the smoke tube inside the exhaust pipe of the engine at constant idling speed.
5. Note down the readings of emissions(HC, CO, NOx, CO2, and O2)
6. Repeat the experiment for different loads of diesel engine.
 6.REFERENCE

1. Swarup Kumar Nayak, et, al,“Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission

Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Mahua Biodiesel Using Additive”,
Elsevier,4th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research 2013, ICAER 2013
2. JayantArbune, et, at,“Performance and emission analysis of biodiesel (jatropha+chicken fat)
on diesel engine” ,ijret, vol. 2, issue 5, may 2014, 81-90
3. Prem Kumar, et, al, “Impact of ternary blends of biodiesel on diesel engine performance”,
Elevier, 11 June 2015
4. Siddalingappa R Hotti, et, al, “Biodiesel Production And Fuel Properties From Non Edible
Champaca (Michelia Champaca) Seed Oil For Use In Diesel Engine”, Journal of Thermal
Engineering Yildiz Technical University Press, Istanbul, Turkey,Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 330-336,
January, 2015.
5. Jinlin Xue, et, al, “Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions”, Science direct,
9 November 2010
6. AR. Manickam, et, al, “Reduction of exhaust emissions on a Biodiesel Engine with the Effect
of Oxygenated Additives ” ,IJET, Vol 6 No 5 Oct-Nov 2014.
7. Kantharaju T, et, al,“Performance and emission characteristics of waste chicken fat Biodiesel
as an alternative Fuel” ,IJETAE, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2015
8. S. Ghosh, et, al, “Performance and exhaust emission analysis of direct injection diesel engine
using Pongamia oil”, IJETAE, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012.
9. Somashetty S S, et, al, “Production of Biodiesel from Simarouba Seeds and Performance Test
on Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine with Variable Injection Pressure”, IRJET,
Volume-3, Issue-5, May 2015
10. D. K. Ramesha, et, al, “Experimental Investigation on Combustion, Performance and
Emission characteristics of blends of Plastic oil and Biodiesel as a substitute fuels in Diesel
Engine”,IRJET, Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | May-2015