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Learning Objectives
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• Where, in SI units:
ρ – density of the substance, measured in kgm-3
m – mass of the substance, measured in kg
v – volume of the substance, measured in m3
LIQUIDS OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES
• When liquids that are different in density mixed
together, the liquids will separate on its own
whereby the lighter density liquid will rise while
the heavier density will sink at the bottom.
• Example: water and oil
• Although the volume of oil is the same as water,
the two liquids have different masses causing it to
have different densities.
• How about water and syrup?
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
• In any fluid that is in motion, it contains energy by virtue of its
pressure and density (pressure energy), velocity (kinetic energy)
and its position relative to a datum (potential energy).
• The qualitative behaviour that relates to this equation is that an
increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a
decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy.
• For an incompressible liquid in motion, these three forms of energy
may be interchange between them.
• These energies are often expressed in term of specific energy,
which means energy per unit mass of fluid.
• Bernoulli’s principle can be applied to different types of fluid flow,
resulting in what is loosely denoted as Bernoulli’s Equation.
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
• Bernoulli’s equation states that the total energy contained
in a given quantity of fluid is composed of
a. Potential energy, by virtue of its height
b. Pressure energy, by virtue of its pressure
c. Kinetic energy, by virtue of its velocity
• Bernoulli’s equation can be considered as the
conservation of energy principle appropriate for flowing
fluids.
• This states that the sum of all mechanical energy in a fluid
along a streamline is the same at all points on that
streamline.
• Therefore, this requires the sum of energies remains
constant.
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
• Consider a small amount of fluid, whose mass m, density ρ
with a velocity V, at a height of h above a horizontal datum
level, with a pressure of P.
• The three energies can be formulated as:
Pressure energy = pressure x volume = Pm / ρ
Kinetic energy = ½mv2
Potential energy = mgh
• The sum of energies are said to be constant, so
Pressure energy + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant
Pm / ρ + ½mv2 + mgh = constant
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
• Since mass of fluid flow in any flow is common
to all energy term,
P / ρ + ½v2 + gh = constant
Bernoulli Equation
• Equation for fluid flow
• Derived from the conservation of energy and
work energy ideas that come from Newton’s
Law of Motion
• Restrictions:
– Incompressible
– Non-viscous fluid (no friction)
– Follows a streamline motion (no turbulence)
Derive Bernoulli’s Equation
• Consider the case of water flowing though a
smooth pipe.
• We examine a fluid
section of
mass m traveling to
the right as shown in
the diagram.
The net work done in moving the fluid is
F= force ; x= displacement
-ve for F2x2 because the F and x are in opposite directions
Here, the the kinetic energy K = mv²/2 where m is the fluid mass
and v is the speed of the fluid. The potential energy U =
mgh where g is the acceleration of gravity, and h is average fluid
height.
Where Density,
Finally, note that Eq.(10) is true for any two positions. Therefore,
• Initial KE = 0
initial PE = mgh
Final KE = ½ mv2
Final PE = 0
Specific weight
FLOW FROM A RESERVOIR AND
DISCHARGE THROUGH SMALL ORIFICE
• We can use a very similar application of the energy conservation concept to determine the
velocity of flow along a pipe from a reservoir. Consider the 'idealised reservoir' in the figure.
• The level of the water in the reservoir is z1. Consider Energy situation (no movement of water
initially so KE is zero but Gravitational PE is mgz1.
• If a pipe is attached at the bottom water flows along this pipe out of the tank to a level z2. the
water flowing from the top of the reservoir to the nozzle gains velocity u2. So KE now is ½mu22
and PE is mgz2.
• We know KE+PE = constant