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- Study of the methods used to distinguish correct reasoning from poor reasoning.
Statement/ Proposition – a sentence or mathematical expression that is either true or false, but
not both.
Propositional Variable – letters used to represent a proposition. E.g. p: Roses are red.
Identify if the following statements are propositions and if they are, identify their truth value.
5. 5 + 3 = 9.
Ex.
Simple Compound
P: June 12 is the Philippine independence day. S: Roses are red and violets are blue.
Q: 4 + 5 = 10 – 1 T: 1=3 and 4 is a real number.
R: A decade is 100 years. U: Cats are mammals or dogs are reptiles.
The fundamental property of a compound proposition is that its truth value is completely
determined by the truth value of its subpropositions, together with the way in which they are
connected to form the compound propositions.
Logical Operations
1. Conjunction – the conjunction of the proposition p and q is the compound proposition “p and q”
denoted by p ^ q.
The truth value for the conjunction of propositions p and q is given by:
P Q P^Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Note: P ^ Q is only true if both p and q are true.
Example: 1. p: 5 + 2 = 7
q: Manny Pacquiao is a Senator.
3. p: 10 – 4 = 5
q: 3 is less than -4
-the statement P vQ is true if at least one of the statements P and Q is true; otherwise
P v Q is false. The symbol “v” is read “or”.
P Q P˅Q
F F F
F T T
T F T
T T T
4. Conditional statements – Statements in the form of “If P, then Q.” P is called the antecedent or
hypothesis and Q is the consequence or conclusion.
P Q P→Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Converse – if q, then p.
Inverse – if not p, then not q.
Contrapositive – if not q, then not p.
P Q P↔Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Ex. X + 4 = 7 if and only if x = 3. (t)
x^2 = 36 if and only if x = 6. (f)
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to the movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.
1. ~p^r
2. ~s^~r
3. r↔q
4. p→~r
2. Write “If you do not complete the training, then you will not get a promotion and you will not
receive a bonus”.
In a statement, the words none, no, all, and every are called universal quantifiers. The
quantifiers no and none deny the existence of something., whereas the quantifiers all and every are
used to assert that every element satisfies some conditions.
For instance, what is the negation of “All dogs are mean” (a false statement)? You may think
that the negation is “No dogs are mean.” But it is also false, therefore negation is not done simply
by adding or removing no/not/none for statements with universal quantifiers. The correct negation
will be “Some dogs are not mean”,” At least one dog is not mean” or “There exists a dog that is not
mean”.
Proposition Negation
All X are Y. Some X are not Y.
No X are Y. Some X are Y.
Some X are not Y. All X are Y.
Some X are Y. No X are Y.