AL-FALAH UNIVERSITY

DHAUJ, FARIDABAD, HARYANA-121004

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Project Synopsis

“PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC EVALUATION OF MULTISTOREY RC

BUILDINGS WITH OPENINGS IN INNFILL WALLS”
(Non-linear static analysis)

Submitted by:
NAME: ​ASHRAF MUJTABA
ROLL NO: ​MSF-17-11
BRANCH: ​STRUCTURE & FOUNDATION ENG.
3​rd​ Semester M. Tech
Under the Guidance of:
Mr. AAMIR BAIG SIR
 1. INTRODUCTION

Recent earthquakes have caused unacceptably high death tolls; the most important
challenge for global earthquake engineering community is to reduce such an unacceptably high
loss of life from earthquakes. In the past, structures were designed to behave elastically during
earthquakes. However, as seismic forces considered in design were usually underestimated,
many structures collapsed during moderate to big earthquakes. To overcome the chance of
collapse due to inadequate strength, modern capacity design ensures that all members of a
structure behave elastically, except a pre-identified weak member/mechanism, which is
designed and detailed to sustain large inelastic deformation.

MASONRY INFILL WALL WITH OPENING

Analysis of the building damage from strong earthquake reveals many instances in
which the presence of masonry infill has advantageously affected the lateral resistance of
reinforced concrete multi-storeyed structure. Although the infill panel significantly enhances
both stiffness and strength of the frame, their contribution is not taken in to account because
of the lack of knowledge of the composite behaviour of the frame and infill.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are:

● Providing the various percentages of central opening and study the effect of openings
in the unreinforced masonry infill walls.

● To compare the lateral load resistance behaviour and the performance of existing
buildings designed for different combination of seismic loads, as per Indian seismic
code IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002.

● To study the variation in lateral displacements at each storey for all models with
varying percentage of openings in infill walls.

● To determine the fundamental natural period of the all the building models with
different percentage openings.

● To study the effect of base shear distribution for different building models.

● To evaluate the performance of all the building models designed different seismic load
combinations, by performing the Nonlinear Static Pushover analysis.
 3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the earthquake resistant design philosophies is the safety of the life of
people during the earthquake due to seismic events. From the past experience of earthquakes
it has revealed that much loss of life and property, results due to inadequacy and faulty
practices in seismic design of structures​. The provision of the openings in the unreinforced
brick masonry infill walls is unavoidable for the sake of windows, doors or for the architectural
requirements. Seismic evaluation of the infill wall without considering the openings could
prove to be highly weak and further it becomes severe for the soft storey buildings.

The present study attempts to understand the lateral load resistance behaviour of
three-dimensional RC multi storey building structures, with different percentage of central
openings in the unreinforced masonry infill walls. The analysis will be carried out using finite
element analysis software ETABS.

4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Amlan k.Sengupta and Himanshu Goyal​[3] ​(2008) proposes indices for assessing seismic
weakness of multistorey reinforced building with moment resisting frames based on static
equivalent analysis and push-over analysis. Based on the pushover analysis, indices for the
lateral load resistance , drift, overall performance of the beams and columns, and performance
of the columns in individual storeys are proposed. Based on the equivalent static analysis, an
index for the storey drifts, an overall index for the demand to capacity ratios of the members
and an index for the demand to capacity ratios of the columns in individual storeys are
proposed. The purpose of the indices its to have quantitative and objective measures of the
observations from the analysis, which otherwise remain subjective. The indices are used to
compare alternative retrofit scheme. A case study is reported to demonstrate the applicability
of each index. From the it can be concluded that the indices indeed reflect the deficiencies as
per the respective analysis. From the pushover analysis, and index can detect a soft storey
mechanism and other indices can check the lateral load resistance and drift of the building
based on the required performance level. If a pushover analysis cannot be performed, indices
based equivalent static analysis can detect the high demand in the columns of an open ground
storey, and check the storey drifts.
 G Mondal and S K Jain​[4] (2006), proposed the reduction factor for the effective width of
diagonal strut over that of the solid infill RC frame to calculate its initial stiffness when a central
opening is present. In this study two types of analysis methods are used, namely Finite Element
(FE) method and Single Equivalent Diagonal Strut (SEDS) method. The FE model was first
calibrated using published results of experimental specimens available in the literature. This
calibrated model was used in the parametric study to determine the lateral stiffness of infill
frame with varying per cent of central opening. The reduction factor to be proposed was with
respect to analytical strut width for fully infilled frame. Therefore it is required to find out the
width of strut for fully infill frame to which the proposed reduction factor can be multiplied to
determine width of strut for infill frame with a central opening. For this purpose the strut width
proposed by Holmes (1961) was considered. Furthermore the width of equivalent diagonal
strut for SEDS method is estimated so as to obtain the same lateral stiffness, as that obtained
by providing the central opening in calibrated FE model, for the varying per cent of central
opening.

5. SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

The idea of seismic design can be listed out as follows

i) During the frequent minor ground motions, the members which carry vertical &
horizontal forces should not damage; on the other hand non-structural members may get
damage but which may be repaired later.

ii) During occasional moderate ground motions, the structural members like column,
beam may get damage but which can be repaired later but on the other hand the non
structural members of the building may get permanent damage which cannot repaired
but has to be replaced after the earthquake.

iii) During rare strong ground motions, the structural members will be damaged such that
it cannot be repaired after earthquake however the building will not get collapse.

From the above three design philosophy it's clear that for minor earthquakes the building
can be operational within short time and repair cost will be less. For moderate earthquakes the
building can be used only after the repair and strengthening of the damaged structural
members is completed. But in strong earthquakes the building cannot be used after
earthquakes but building will resist such that the people can be evacuated and property is
recovered
 6. OBJECT OF ANALYSIS

Basic aim of applying Nonlinear Static Procedure (NSP) given in ATC-40 to a building is
to verify whether the building can deform without suffering more damage by both structural
and non-structural elements and components of the building then the desired damage
expected for a particular earthquake demand. Before we proceed with NSP, we need to know
for a building the level of damage that we can tolerate for different levels of earthquake
demands. Depending upon the how much losses that owner can bear in case of earthquake of
any level the decision can be taken by the owner after discussing with the engineer. For
example, the owner may not want even a repairable non-structural damage during low
intensity frequent earthquakes if the building consists of costly equipments or if the building is
commercially very important building and the closure of the building for repair might result
into substantial economic loss, because repairing affects the functioning of the building.

7. MODELING AND ANALYSIS

Most of the reinforced concrete (RC) buildings are primarily designed for gravity loads
only without considering the lateral forces, so they cannot resist major or moderate
earthquakes. As a result these buildings are vulnerable during the event of an earthquake. It is
therefore becomes necessary to consider the lateral force while designing the building to
diminish the effects of major earthquakes.

Seismic codes recommend different methods to carry out lateral load analysis. While
carrying out such analyses, infill walls present in the structure are normally considered as
non-structural elements and their stiffness is ignored during analysis and design. However,
even though they are considered as non-structural elements, they tend to interact with the
frame when the structure is subjected to lateral loads.

In the present study lateral load analysis as per the seismic code IS 1893 –Part1 -2002 for
the bare structure and in filled structure will be carried out and an effort has to be made to
study the effect of seismic loads on them and their capacity and demand will be evaluated
using nonlinear static pushover analysis.

8. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
OF BUILDINGS
 Most of the existing buildings in our country are still under threat, since those
buildings are not designed as per seismic codes, wrong construction practice and lack of
knowledge for earthquake resistant design. It is very uneconomical to demolish these
buildings and reconstruct them as per the provision of seismic codes. In order to avoid
the major disasters existing buildings can be retrofitted to strengthen them after
evaluating their strength and performance. Therefore it is necessary to use non-linear
analysis to evaluate the performance of existing buildings.

Refrences:-

[1] ATC-40. Seismic evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Volume 1.

[2] ASCE (2000). Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings. ​Report No. FEMA356.​ Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers
prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

[3] Amlan k.sengupta and Himanshu goyal (2008). “Indices for assessing seismic
vulnerabilty of buildings based on linear and non-linear analyses” Journal of Structural
Engineering, vol.35, No.1,April-May 2008 pp.1-8.

[4] G Mondal and S K Jain “Lateral Stiffness of Unreinforced Brick Infilled RC

frames with Central openings” Proceedings of the *th U.S National Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, April 18-22 2006, Sanfrancisco, California, USA.