Auto-recloser is normally not duplicated due to speed problems with two units and

due to the minor consequence a failure to auto-reclose will mean. A number of

signals will be required between the sub-systems to give auto-reclose also when
only the protection in the other sub-system operates. - Start of Breaker failure
protection Similar to Auto-recloser the Breaker failure function (BFR) is not
duplicated in redundant systems. The reason for this is however completely
different. The Breaker failure function has extremely high requirements on the
security against unnecessary trippings and duplication will mean an increased
dependability but the security will decrease. As the risk of breaker failure
statistically is very low the security aspect is most important and the BFR
function is only provided in one of the systems, normally in the primary protection
system.
The exchange of information between the systems should be handled with outermost
care to prevent problems e. g. when maintenance is done in one of the systems.
Interface relays should be put inside or on front on a preferable s2 PILOT WIRE,
OPTICAL LINE DIFFERENTIAL AND PHASE COMPARISON RELAYS
Introduction
Pilot wire and phase comparison relays are unit protection relays, which only
detects faults in the zone between the relays. No back-up function is included, so
a separate back-up relay is normally required. Optical line differential relays are
also unit protection normally without back-up function. However there exists now
such relays with a built-in back-up Distance protection function. Communication
between line ends is required and can be accomplished with any of the following: -
Pilot wires - Power line carrier - Radio link - Optical fibre
Pilot wires can be placed in soil or at towers. The resistance will limit the
possibility to use pilot wires. The use is mostly restricted to distances less than
10km.
Power line carrier (PLC) equipment is based on a capacitive connection of signals,
with a frequency of 50-500 kHz, in the power line. A frequency keying is normally
used to transmit a trip, block or phase angle signals to the remote end. PLC
equipment can also be used in very long lines and for remote control.
MEASURING PRINCIPLES 104 BA THS / BU Transmission Systems and Substations LEC
Support ProgrammeLine protection
Figure 2. Communication through a high frequency signal, interposed at the
high voltage line (PLC).
Radio links are reliable, but expensive, communication links and
are therefor rarely used.
Optical fibres have two big advantages, the insensitivity to noise
and its possibility to transmit huge amount of information. An in-
crease in the use of optical links have been noticed during the
last number of years. Cost has decreased and new Optical line
differential relays utilizing the transmitting capability has been de-
veloped giving improved protection capability. See separate sec-
tion below.
Principle design of pilot wire differential relay
Pilot wire differential schemes gives an absolute selectivity and a
short operating time. It can use wires of metal or, with recent de-
veloped relays, optical fibres. The use of optical fibres in trans-
mission tower top lines will increase during the forthcoming
years, and several new products using optical fibres will be avail-
able. Probably also combined products where a single phase dif-
ferential relay is combined with back-up functions, the lack of
which up to now have been a draw-back for the pilot wire differ-
ential relays.
A short description of the pilot wire differential relay princi-
ple:
The measuring principle is based on a comparison of amplitude
and phase angle at the two line ends according to the differential
MEASURING PRINCIPLES
BA THS / BU Transmission Systems and Substations LEC Support Programme
for worldwide cooperation
105current principle (Kirchhoffs first law). A relay is of practical reasons,
provided at each line end to detect the faults and to trip the circuit breakers.
A summation transformer is often used to transform three phase systems into single
phase form enabling the use of one pair of pilot wires only. With the voltage
balance principle, the current unbalance is changed into a voltage balance. The
principle of a voltage balance differential relay is shown in fig 3.
A relay with a matching current ratio is connected to the current transformer at
the line ends (1 A can be used at one end and 5 A at the other but the same primary
current is required). The pilot wires resistance “Rp” and the settable resistor
“Rp/2” are connected to the secondary of the summation transformer. A relay is
connected between the pilot wire terminal and the mid-point of the summation
transformers secondary winding. These points will with the used dimensioning of the
pilot resistance and the built in resistor have the same potential at normal
service conditions (see fig 3a).eparate labelled area in one of the panels only.
The terminals should also be clearly indicated inside the panel in order to
simplify the finding and opening of the correct terminals when the sub-systems are
to be separated.
Interface relays should be separately mounted and preferably in sub 2 panel. This
will limit the distribution of the sub 2 DC supply as mentioned above