3.1 Well Completion PDF

1.
3 Well Completion
1 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Well Drilling - Hole Problems
Unconsolidated
Swelling
Abrasive
Instability
Fractured
Salt layer
Unsealed fault
Overpressured

Casing
Casing String Types

– The reasons for running and cementing
casing:
• Isolate zones,
• Prevent mud contamination of fresh water aquifers,
• Support well head equipment and BOPs,
• Keep hole open
• Seal off lost circulation zones,
• Control inflow from the producing zone(s),

Casing String
Conductor casings are cemented to

prevent fluids circulating outside the
casing causing erosion.
Surface casings are cemented to prevent
hydrocarbons encroaching into fresh
water zones, to anchor blow-out
preventers and to support deeper casing
strings.
Intermediate casing strings are cemented
to isolate formations which might break
down and cause a loss of circulation in
the well
Production casings are cemented to stop
oil migrating to thief zones and to
prevent the sloughing of formations
causing a drop in productivity

Example of Casing Series
Exploration well Offset Development well
data
5 casings 4 casings
30” Conductor 20”
20” Surface casing 13-3/8”
13-3/8”
Intermediate
9-5/8” Intermediate 9-5/8”
Reservoir
7” Production casing
Production Casing
Production Casing
– Final string to be run for production or testing,
– The primary purpose is to isolate the
production zones thus allowing proper control
of the reservoir,
– Cementing is very important to prevent
communication in the annulus,
– Covers worn or damaged intermediate string,
– Common sizes: 7”, 7-5/8” & 9-5/8”.
FILM
Well Completion

Well Classification according to Completions
1. Wellbore - reservoir interaction 4. Wellbore configuration

• Openhole (Barefoot) • Vertical
• Cased, cemented and perforated • Deviated
• Slim-hole • Horizontal
• Multilateral
2. Number of completed zones
• Single 5. Flowing method
• Multiple • Natural flow
• Artificial lift
3. Production capacity
• Not stimulated 6. Sand control
• Stimulated • Slotted liner
• Fractured • Gravel & Frac-pack
• Screen

1. ACCORDING TO WELLBORE & RESERVOIR INTERACTION
HOPEN HOLE
OPEN HOLE
Surface
Casing
Production Tubing
Casing
Packer
RESERVOIR

OPEN HOLE
COMPLETION
Application
• Consolidated formations
• Naturally fractured reservoirs
Advantages
• Simple
• Saving in cost and time
Disadvantages
• No selective control
• Difficult to prevent water or gas breakthrough
• Can not avoid cross flow
• Not suitable for unconsolidated/unstable formations

SLOTTED LINER HOPEN HOLE
Surface
Casing
Production Tubing
Casing
Packer
RESERVOIR

SCREENS HOPEN HOLE
Wire Wrapped Screens
Surface
Casing
Production Tubing
Casing
Packer
RESERVOIR
Pre-Pack Screens

OPEN HOLE COMPLETION WITH SLOTTED,
PERFORATED OR SCREEN LINER
Advantage:
• Simple
• Cheaper than cemented casing
• Sand control
Disadvantage:
• No selective control
• Difficult to isolate water or gas breakthrough
• Cross flow can not be controlled
• Not suitable for unstable Formation
Application:
• Sandy wells
• Horizontal wells completion.

CEMENTED AND PERFORATED CASING
Surface
Casing
Production Tubing
Casing
Packer
Perforated
Interval
RESERVOIR

COMPLETION WITH CEMENTED AND PERFORATED
CASING
Application
• Consolidated formation.
• Multi reservoirs with different pressures.
• When dual completions are required
Advantage
• Selective production
• Zone isolation
• Water/Gas shut-off
Disadvantage
• Extra cost (casing, cement, perforation)
• Promotes formation damage

CEMENTED AND PERFORATED CASING
Communicating Well and Reservoir
Surface
Casing
Production Tubing
Casing
Packer
Perforated
Interval
RESERVOIR

TYPES OF GUNS
CAPSULE GUNS CARRIER GUN
• Scallop Guns (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.) • Enerjet (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)

• HEGS (3 1/8 & 4-in.) • Pivot Gun (1 11/16-in.)
• Port Plug Guns (4-in.)
• HSD (2 ½ to 7-in.)

PERFORATING GUN

PERFORATING CHARGE

WELLBORE & RESERVOIR INTERACTION
PERFORATING TECHNIQUES
Derrick
Wireline Truck
Electric
Wireline Tubing
Electric Tubing
Wireline Packer Conveyed
Conveyed Perforating
Perforating (TCP)
Guns Guns

WIRELINE WIRELINE TUBING CONVEYED
CASING GUN THRU TUBING GUN GUN

TUBING-CONVEYED PERFORATING TECHNIQUE
DROP BAR
PACKER GUN RELEASE SUB

DEBRIS CIRCULATING SUB
FIRING HEAD
GUN

UNDERBALANCE PERFORATION
UNDERBALANCE PRESSURE NEEDED TO MINIMIZE PERFORATION
DAMAGE IN OIL ZONES (After King et al)
1000
100
FORMATION PERMEABILITY, MD
10
0.1
LEGEND
ACID DID IMPROVE PRODUCTION
ACID DID NOT IMPROVE PRODUCTION

0.01
100 1000 10000
TOTAL UNDERBALANCE, PSI
PERFORATING PHASING ANGLE

PERFORATING PENETRATION

PERFORATING AND SKIN EFFECT
LINER COLLAPSE AND JET FORMATION
DETONATIOIN WAVE
WIRELINE
SHAPED CHARGE CHARGE
DETONATION
CONTROLLED WEAK DETONATING CORD
POINT HEAD
CASE
LINER
PRIMER CHARGE
COLLAR LOCATOR
EXPLOSIVE
SHAPED CHARGES
(HELICAL PATTERN)
JET
LINER-STRETCHING PHENOMENON
JET TIP PRESSURE: 15x10 6 psi
REAR JET (SLUG)) JET TAIL JET TIP

VELOCITY 3000 Ft/sec VELOCITY 3000-7000 Ft/sec VELOCITY 25000-30000 Ft/sec
LINEAR VELOCITY GRADIENT

PERFORATED TUNNEL
CASING
CEMENT
UNDAMAGED ZONE
PERFORATED TUNNEL CRUSHED ZONE
FORMATION
DAMAGE

Typical Results of Perforating Without Cleaning
Mud
Damaged
Filtrate Virgin Formation
Undamaged Zone
Zone
Zone
PERFORATED TUNNEL
Crushed
Compacted Debris
Perforating
Zone
Zone Debris
Cement
Cement
Casing
Casing

Perforation Debris

Gun/Charge Selection
– BH (Big Hole Charge) or DP (Deep Penetration
Charge)
• BH only for gravel pack completion and fracturing
– Gun Size
• generally, larger the guns, better the performance
– Shot Density
• higher the shot density, better the performance
– Shot Phasing
• 60, 90, 120 are better than 180 or 0 degree phasing
• 180 or 0 degree guns for oriented perforation

30
SLIM HOLE COMPLETIONS
Slim hole describes a significantly smaller than a standard drilling and completion approach, commonly a wellbore less
than 6 in. in diameter, reducing the hole and casing sizes for each hole interval.
Conventional US Standard size completion Slim hole US Standard completion


• Open hole (Barefoot) • Vertical
• Pre-perforated or slotted liners • Deviated
• Cased, cemented and perforated • Horizontal
• Slim-hole • Multilateral
2. Number of completed zones 5. Flowing method

• Single • Natural flow
• Multiple • Artificial lift
3. Production capacity 6. Sand control

• Not stimulated • Slotted liner
• Stimulated • Gravel & Frac-pack
• Fractured • Screen

2. ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF
COMPLETED ZONES
SELECTIVE COMPLETION
SLIDING SLEEVES
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3

Producing a Zone between Packers
Top Packer
OPEN CLOSED
Sliding Sleeve
Perforated Bottom Packer

Interval
Animation 1 Animation 2
MULTIPLE COMPLETIONS
Application
• Consolidated formation
• Stacked reservoirs with different pressures
• When dual completions are required
Advantage
• Selective production
• Zone isolation
• Water/Gas shut-off
Disadvantage
• Extra cost (casing and cement, perforation)
• Promotes formation damage

MULTIPLE COMPLETION (DOUBLE)
Tubing 1 Tubing 2
Double
Packer
ZONE 1
ZONE 2

MULTIPLE COMPLETION (TRIPLE)
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3

MULTIPLE COMPLETION WITH
PRODUCTION THROUGH THE ANNULUS
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3





2. ACCORDING TO WELL PRODUCTION CAPACITY
MATRIX TREATMENT
Matrix stimulation treatments include acid, solvent and chemical treatments to improve the permeability of the near-
wellbore formation, enhancing the productivity of a well. Matrix stimulation is a process of injecting a fluid into the
formation, either an acid or solvent at pressures below the fracturing pressure
Eliminates formation damage

caused by drilling fluids
Treatment
RESERVOIR
Treatment is injected at
pressures below the
formation fracture

2. ACCORDING TO WELL PRODUCTION CAPACITY
WELL FRACTURING
In some reservoirs, the rocks have low permeability, and the hydrocarbons cannot be extracted for production. Other
times, production is hampered by formation damage, when drilling into the reservoir rock lessens permeability.
Production can be achieved in these wells via a production stimulation method called well fracturing
Propant
Treatment is injected at
pressures above the
formation fracture
RESERVOIR

WELL STIMULATION
Application
• Eliminate formation damage
• Improve reservoir permeability
Advantage
• Increase well production capacity
• Increase EUR
Disadvantage
• Extra cost (treatment and fracturing are
expensive)
• May cause environmental damage





HORIZONTAL WELL COMPLETION
Slotted Liner

Application of Horizontal Wells
• Exploiting thin oil or gas zones
• Reducing water/gas coning
• Intersecting natural fractures
• Enhance heavy oil recovery (steam flood)
• Kv>>>Kh
• Increasing sweep efficiency
• Connecting discontinuous zones
• Drill geologically optimized wells (navigation in

the reservoir according to a drainage architecture
which depends on the reservoir geological model
and static model.

HORIZONTAL WELL COMPLETIONS
OPEN HOLE
SLOTTED LINER
EXTERNAL CASING
PACKERS
LINER WITH PARTIAL

ISOLATIONS
CEMENTED AND
PERFORATED LINER

HORIZONTAL WELLS
•Required new/modified completion equipment

or techniques
• Zonal isolation
• Placement of equipment in horizontal
• Stimulation techniques
• Perforating
• Production logging
• Intervention Issues

HORIZONTAL COMPLETIONS
Openhole Completion
• True openhole
• Slotted or pre-perforated liner/casing
• Segmented uncemented liner/casing
Cased and Cemented Completion
• Premium completion
• Liner / casing run to end of horizontal and
cemented in place

SLOTTED LINER IN OPEN HORIZONTAL HOLE
• Used worldwide
Packer
• Prevents hole collapse
• Eases re-entry
• Total lack of zone isolation

options
Liner hanger • Do not use where water

breakthrough is anticipated
• Do not use if stimulation may be

Slotted Liner required

Cemented Conventional
Packer
North Sea Europe

Far East Alaska
• Conventional completion
turned horizontal
• All zone isolation & flow
Liner hanger control options
• Expensive
Cement
• Perforation damage
Perforations

Multilateral Well Completion

MULTILATERAL WELL COMPLETION
OPEN HOLE LATERAL

FLOW CONTROL PACKER WELLBORES
EQUIPMENT
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3

Multilateral Well
CASING 7” - N80
Leg “B” Leg “A”

Azimuth 197° Azimuth 48°
TVD
MD = 1421 m KOP = 1040 m MD = 1435 m

Dev = 89.3° Dev = 90.6°
TVD = 1106 TVD = 1102
KOP = 1054 m
Casing 3 1/2”
Open Hole 6 1/8” Open Hole 6 1/8”
240 m 311 m

TAML (Technology Advancement MultiLateral)





ACCORDING TO WELL FLOWING METHOD
GAS LIFT

ACCORDING TO WELL FLOWING METHOD
Sucker Rod Pumps Hydraulic Pumps Progresive Cavity Pumps Electric Submersible Pumps





ACCORDING TO THE NEED OF SAND CONTROL

OPEN HOLE GRAVEL PACK
SURFACE TUBING
CASING
PACKER
PRODUCTION LINER HANGER

CASING
SLOTTED,PERFORATED OR
SCREEN LINER
GRAVEL PACK
RESERVOIR

UNDERREAMED OPEN HOLE GRAVEL PACK
Tubing
Packer
Liner Hanger
Production Casing
Slotted, Perforated Underreamed hole
or Screen Liner
RESERVOIR
Gravel
INSIDE GRAVEL PACK
Tubing
Packer
Liner Hanger
Slotted, Perforated Production Casing

or Screen Liner Perforations
RESERVOIR
Gravel
FRACK AND PACK
Tubing
Packer
Liner Hanger
Production Casing
Slotted Liner Perforations
RESERVOIR
Gravel Hydraulic Fracture

INSIDE GRAVEL PACK

HIGH RATE INSIDE GRAVEL PACK

SQUEEZE AND PACK

SQUEEZEPACK

SCREENLESS SQUEEZEPACK

RESIN CURABLE SAND

Comparison of Some Sand Control Techniques
1400
1200
PRESSURE, psi
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 50 100 150
OIL RATE, bbl/d

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1.

1 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

2 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Casing String Types

3 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Conductor casings are cemented to

4 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

30” Conductor 20”

20” Surface casing 13-3/8”

9-5/8” Intermediate 9-5/8”

7 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

1. Wellbore - reservoir interaction 4. Wellbore configuration

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Communicating Well and Reservoir

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• Scallop Guns (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.) • Enerjet (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)

17 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

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PACKER GUN RELEASE SUB

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ACID DID NOT IMPROVE PRODUCTION

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25 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

JET TIP PRESSURE: 15x10 6 psi

REAR JET (SLUG)) JET TAIL JET TIP

LINEAR VELOCITY GRADIENT

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PERFORATED TUNNEL CRUSHED ZONE

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29 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

30 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Conventional US Standard size completion Slim hole US Standard completion

31 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

1. Wellbore - reservoir interaction 4. Wellbore configuration

2. Number of completed zones 5. Flowing method

3. Production capacity 6. Sand control

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33 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Perforated Bottom Packer

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1. Wellbore - reservoir interaction 4. Wellbore configuration

2. Number of completed zones 5. Flowing method

3. Production capacity 6. Sand control

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Eliminates formation damage

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1. Wellbore - reservoir interaction 4. Wellbore configuration