Python Reserved Words

Python Quick Reference Card Numeric Operators String Library Functions
Loosely adopted from John Zelle’s “Python Operator Operation Name Meaning
Programming: An Introduction to Computer + addition capitalize(s) Copy of s with only the
Science”, Franklin, Beedle, 1994. - subtraction 1st character uppercase
* multiplication capwords(s) Copy of s with first
/ division character of each word
Python Reserved Words ** exponentiation uppercase
and del for is raise % integer remainder (modulus) center(s,w) Center s in a field of
assert elif from lambda return abs() absolute value width w
break else global not try count(s,sub) Count the number of
class except if or while times sub occurs in s
continue exec import pass yield Math Library Functions find(s,sub) Find first position
def finally in print Name Returns where sub occurs in s
pi an approximation of pi join(list) Concatenate list of
e an approximation of e strings in one string
print Statement sin(x) sine of x radians ljust(s,w) Left-justify s in a
print <expr> cos(x) cosine of x radians field of width w
print <expr>, <expr>, ..., <expr> tan(x) tangent of x radians lower(s) Copy of s in lowercase
print <expr>, <expr>, ..., <expr>, asin(x) inverse of sine x radians lstrip(s) Copy of s with leading
acos(x) inverse of cosine x radians whitespace removed
Assignment Statement atan(x) inverse of tangent x radians replace(s,old,new) Replace all occurences
<variable> = <expr> log(x) natural log of x of substring old in s
<variable1>, <variable2>, ..., <variableN> degrees(x) converts x radians to degrees with substring new
= <expr1>, <expr2>, ..., <exprN> radians(x) converts x degrees to radians rfind(s,sub) Like find, but returns
log10(x) base 10 log of x the rightmost position
exp(x) exponential of x rjust(s,sub) Right-justify s in a
Input (numeric) ceil(x) smallest integer >= x field of width w
<variable> = input(<prompt>) floor(x) largest integer <= x rstrip(s) Copy of s with trailing
<variable1>, <variable2>, ..., <variableN> sqrt(x) square root of x whitepace removed
= input(<prompt>) split(s,c) Split s into a list of
Common Built-in Functions substrings delimited by
Input (string) Name Returns optional character c
<variable> = raw_input(<prompt>) range(n) list of ints from 0 to n-1 (defaults is space)
range(m,n) list of ints from m to n-1 upper(s) Copy of s in uppercase
Definite Loop (iteration) range(m,n,p) list of ints from m to n-1
for <variable> in <sequence>: counting by p Type Conversion Functions
<body> type(x) Python data type of x Name Returns
int(x) the value of x converted to an float(<expr>) expr as a floating point
while Loop int; x numeric or string value
float(x) the value of x converted to a int(<expr>) expr as an integer
while <condition>:
float; x numeric or string long(<expr>) expr as a long integer value
<body>
round(x) nearest whole value of x str(<expr>) a string representation of
break Statement expr
while True: Sequence Ops (strings and lists) eval(<string>) the numeric value of expr,
... Operator Returns evaluated as an expression
if <condition>: break <seq>+<seq> concatenation of sequences ord(c) ASCII code for character c
... <seq>*n sequence concatenated with chr(i) character corresponding to
itself n times integer ASCII code i
Module Import <seq>[n] item at n (indexing):
import <module_name> n >= 0, 0-based from left Boolean Expressions
from <module_name> import n < 0, 1-based from right Literals: True, False
<name1>, <name2>, ... len(<seq>) number of items in sequence Operators: and, or, not
from <module_name> import * <seq>[m:n] slice from m to n-1; m, n
default to 0, len(<seq>) Preventing Execution on Import
if __name__ == “__main__”:
main()
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String Formatting Relational Operators Class Definition
Symbol Meaning class <class-name>:
Expression syntax <method-definition>
<template-string> % (<value>, ...) < Less than ...
> Greater than • method-definition is a function with a
Specifier syntax
<= Less than or equal to special 1st parameter, self, that
%<width>.<precision><type-char>
refers to the object to which the
• width and precision are optional >= Greater than or equal to
method is being applied
• 0 width => use whatever space needed == Equal to • The constructor method is __init__
• width with leading 0 => pad as needed != Not equal to
with 0 (space is default) Note: These operators return a docStrings
• negative width means left-justify bool value (True or False) A string at the beginning of a module,
(right-justify is default) class, function, or method can be used for
• type-char: i (int), f (float), s if Statement documentation. docStrings are carried along
(string) at runtime and are used for interactive help
if <condition>:
<body> and the PyDoc utility.
File Processing if <condition>: List Methods

Opening and Closing Files <body1> Method Meaning
<filevar> = open(<name>,<mode>) –or- else:
<list>.append(x) add x to end of list
<filevar> = file(<name>,<mode>) <body2>
<list>.sort() sort the list
• mode is ‘r’ead, ‘w’rite, or ‘a’ppend if <condition-1>: <list>.reverse() reverse the list
• add + for updating <body-1> <list>.index(x) return index of first
<filevar>.close() elif <condition-2>: occurrence of x
<body-2> <list>.insert(i,x) insert x into list at i
Reading a File ... <list>.count(x) return count of number
<filevar>.read() else: #optional in elif of x’s in the list
<filevar>.readline() <default-body>
<filevar>.readlines() <list>.remove(x) delete 1st occurrence of
for <variable> in <filevar>: x in the list
<body> Exception Handling <list>.pop(i) delete the ith element
try: and return its value
Writing a File <statements>
<filevar>.write(<string>) except <ExceptionType>, <variable>:
<handler1> ASCII Table (decimal)
except <ExceptionType>, <variable>: 32 SP 48 0 64 @ 80 P 96 ` 112 p
Object Constructor <handler2> 33 ! 49 1 65 A 81 Q 97 a 113 q
<class-name>(<param>, ...) ... 34 “ 50 2 66 B 82 R 98 b 114 r
except:
35 # 51 3 67 C 83 S 99 c 115 s
<default handler>
Object Method Call 36 $ 52 4 68 D 84 T 100 d 116 t
<object>.<method_name>(<param>, ...) Note: <variable> is optional; if present, is 37 % 53 5 69 E 85 U 101 e 117 u
assigned the actual exception object that 38 & 54 6 70 F 86 V 102 f 118 v
Function Definition was raised. 39 ‘ 55 7 71 G 87 W 103 g 119 w
def <name>(<formal-param>, ...) 40 ( 56 8 72 H 88 X 104 h 120 x
Preventing Execution on Import
41 ) 57 9 73 I 89 Y 105 i 121 y
if __name__ == “__main__”:
Function Call main() 42 * 58 : 74 J 90 Z 105 j 122 z
<name>(<formal-param>, ...) 43 + 59 ; 75 K 91 [ 107 k 123 {
Random Library 44 , 60 < 76 L 92 \ 108 l 124 |
Return Statement random() returns a uniformly distributed 45 - 61 = 77 M 93 ] 109 m 125 }
return <expr>, ... pseudorandom value in the range [0,1) 46 . 62 > 78 N 94 ^ 110 n 126 ~
randrange(<params>) returns a uniformly
47 / 63 ? 79 O 95 _ 111 o 127 DEL
Simple Conditions distributed pseudorandom value from
‘\0’ = 0, ‘\t’ = 9, ‘\n’ = 10
<expr> <relational-operator> <expr> range(<params>)
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Python Reserved Words

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Python Quick Reference Card Numeric Operators String Library Functions

File Processing if <condition>: List Methods

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