Mathematical analysis

In our present study on effect of thermal radiation, we assumed the flow to

be laminar and stable. Consider a steady two-dimensional laminar flow of a
viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting fluid past a stretching
sheet. The stretching sheet is assumed to be permeable in order to give way
for possible wall fluid suction/injection. By using two equal and opposite
forces along the horizontal direction, with the influence of uniform magnetic
field normal to the plate, the

uniform magnetic field as result of velocity of the electrically conducting fluid

is negligible. The physical model of the pre-sent study is shown in figure
above. With this assumption the magnetic Reynolds number is small (valid)
so that the induced magnetic field is also neglected. Assume the
temperature-de-pendent heat source (or sink) to be in velocity with presence
of buoyancy and thermal radiation. It is assumed also that the external
electric field is zero and pressure gradient, and magnetic dissipation with
viscous are neglected. With the exception of density in the body force known
as the balance of linear momentum equation which is approximated using
the Boussinesq’s approximation, all the fluid properties are assuming to be
constant.

Under the abovementioned assumptions, the constituted boundary layer

form of the governing equations, describing the flow can be written as (see
Kays and Crawford 42 and Chamkha 35)
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ = 0 … … … (𝐴)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜎𝐵02 (𝑥)
𝑢 +𝑣 =𝜐 − 𝑢 + 𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) ………(B)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜌
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 2
𝜕 𝑇 𝑄0 𝛽∗𝑢 16𝜎∗ 2
(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) + (𝑇∞ − 𝑇) + 3𝜕 𝑇
𝑢 +𝑣 =𝛼 + 𝑇 ….. (C)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕2 𝑦 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑐𝑝 3𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑘 ∗ ∞ 𝜕𝑦 2
Subjected to the following boundary condition
𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥, 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 , 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤 (𝑥 ) = 𝑇∞ + 𝐴0 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0
𝑢 → 0, 𝑇 → 𝑇∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → ∞ ….(D)

where 𝑇𝑤 (𝑥 )is as the wall temperature, a is the stretching rate which is

constant and 𝑣𝑚 is the wall suction when (𝑣𝑚 < 0) and injection when(𝑣𝑚 >
0). Also 𝑢, 𝑣 and T are the velocity and Temperature components along the 𝑥
and 𝑦 axes respectively, g is the acceleration due to gravity, cp is the specific
heat at constant pressure, 𝑣 is the kinematics viscosity, 𝛼 is the thermal
diffusivity of the fluid, 𝑣 is the kinematic viscosity, β is the coef-ficient of
thermal expansion, ρ is the fluid density, 𝐵0 is the applied magnetic
induction, a is stretching rate (a constant) and 𝑣𝑚 is the suction/injection
velocity. And 𝛽 ∗ 𝑢(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) and 𝑄0 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) are heat generated or absorbed
per unit vol-ume (𝑄0 and 𝛽 ∗ are constants), where 𝜎 ∗ is termed as Stefan–
Boltzmann constant and 𝑘 ∗ is as the mean absorption coeffi-cient. To obtain
the similarity solutions of Eqs. (1)–(3) sub-jected to the boundary conditions
(4), the uniform steady
magnetic field strength was used by Chamkha [35]. In terms of the stream
function the velocity components are
𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛹
𝑢= , 𝑣=− ……(E)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Using the transformations
𝑎 𝑇−𝑇∞
𝜂 = 𝑦√ , 𝛹 = √𝜐𝑎 𝑥𝑓(𝜂 ), 𝜃(𝜂 ) = …….(F)
𝜐 𝑇𝑤 −𝑇∞
From equation (A) to (D) reduce to

𝑓 ′′′ + 𝑓𝑓 ′′ − 𝑓 ′2 + 𝐺𝑟 𝜃 = 𝑀2 𝑓 ′ … . (𝐺)
 𝑁𝑅 + 1 ′′
𝜃 + 𝑓𝜃 ′ + ∆𝜃 = (1 + 𝛿𝑥 )𝑓 ′ 𝜃 … . . (𝐻)
𝑃𝑟

with the boundary conditions

𝑓(0) = 𝑅, 𝑓 ′ (0) = 1, 𝑓 ′ (∞) = 1 … … . . (𝐼)

𝜃 (0) = 1, 𝜃 (∞) = 0 … … . (𝐽)
where 𝑅 = 𝑣 / 𝑣𝑎 is the dimensionless suction/injection velocity see seddeek [33]. and
𝑤 √

𝜎 2 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝜐 16𝜎 ∗ 3
𝑀 = ( ) 𝐵0 , 𝐺𝑟 = , 𝑃𝑟 = , 𝑁𝑅 = 𝑇 ,
𝜌𝑎 𝑎2 𝑥 𝛼 3𝑘𝑘 ∗ ∞
𝛽∗𝑥 𝑄
𝛿𝑥 = , ∆= 0
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑎
Are the Hartmann number,Grashof number,Prandtl number,thermal
radiation parameter and hea generation/absorption coefficients respectively.