CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The power-electronic distribution transformer (PEDT) is a new transformation device

based on the power electronics on both primary and secondary sides. A PEDT is also referred
to as a solid-state transformer. PEDTs were first proposed by William. Currently, PEDTs are
used in many applications for delivering electric power to consumers. Examples of such
applications are in wind turbines, tidal power plants, solar energy plants, energy storage DC
fast chargers, Var compensation, harmonic elimination, and smart grid distribution systems.
The increased use of PEDTs is due to their advantages over conventional transformers. These
advantages are their better energy storage capability, smaller size, lower weight, voltage
sag/swell compensation, harmonics elimination, power factor correction, and fault isolation.

Recently, several researchers have focused on the design topologies and control of
PEDTs. Generally, there are two approaches to designing PEDTs. The first approach does not
have a DC-link while the second has a DC-link. In the first approach, the transformer size and
stress factor are noticeably reduced. However, this type has the drawback that it is difficult to
implement feedback control and power factor improvement. On the other hand, the second
approach has better control, a higher power factor, and a lower stress factor. This is because
this type consists of three parts: an input stage, an isolation stage, and an output stage. The
input stage is a three-phase AC/DC converter used to convert AC voltage to DC voltage,
while the isolation stage is a DC/DC converter connected with a high-frequency (HF)
transformer to provide galvanic isolation and transformation. The output stage of the DC-link
type acts as a three-phase DC/AC, which provides the desired AC voltage with 50 Hz
frequency.

This paper presents the development of a PEDT based on an adaptive neuro fuzzy
logic controller (ANFISC) to improve the dynamic performance and power quality. The
PEDT control was developed based on the adaptive neuro fuzzy logic controller adaptation.
The ANFISC is used to modify gain when there is a transient disturbance in terms of voltage
sag, sudden load change, and short circuit fault. The ANFISC delivers better dynamic
responses and improved power quality.

1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

• To eliminate transient problems.

• To improved dynamic performance, power quality.

• To limit short circuit faults.

2
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. T. Zhao, G. Wang, S. Bhattacharya, and A. Q. Huang, "Voltage and power

balance control for a cascaded H-bridge converter-based solid state transformer,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, pp. 1523-1532, 2013
The solid-state transformer (SST) is an interface device between ac distribution
grids and dc distribution systems. The SST consists of a cascaded multilevel ac/dc
rectifier stage, a dual active bridge (DAB) converter stage with high-frequency
transformers to provide a regulated 400-V dc distribution, and an optional dc/ac stage
that can be connected to the 400-V dc bus to provide residential 120/240 V ac .
However, due to dc-link voltage and power unbalance in the cascaded modules, the
unbalanced dc-link voltages and power increase the stress of the semiconductor
devices and cause overvoltage or overcurrent issues. This paper proposes a new
voltage and power balance control for the cascaded H-Bridge converter-based SST.
Based on the single-phase dq model, a novel voltage and the power control strategy is
proposed to balance the rectifier capacitor voltages and the real power through
parallel DAB modules. Furthermore, the intrinsic power constraints of the cascaded
H-Bridge voltage balance control are derived and analyzed. With the proposed control
methods, the dc-link voltage and the real power through each module can be
balanced. The SST switching model simulation and the prototype experiments are
presented to verify the performance of the proposed voltage and power balance
controller.
2. I.Sefa, N. Altin, S. Ozdemir, and O. Kaplan, "Fuzzy PI controlled inverter for grid
interactive renewable energy systems," IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 9,
pp. 729-738, 2015
In this study, a fuzzy-PI controlled grid interactive inverter has been designed
and implemented. The proportional and integral gains of the PI controller are decided
and tuned by the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) according to required operation point of
the system. Thus, adaptive nature of the FLC and robust structure of the PI controller
are synthesised. Eventually, an adaptive PI controller which can adopt changes
because of different operation conditions, grid disturbances and natural effects with
fast transient response is obtained. Simulation studies are validated with experimental

3
 results. Both simulation and experimental results show that proposed system has fast
dynamic response and tracks reference current with a low overshot and short settling
time. In addition, the waveform of the inverter output current is sinusoidal and also
the current is in same phase and frequency with the line voltage. Furthermore, the
total harmonic distortion level of the inverter current meets the international
standards. In addition, the proposed inverter system is compared with conventional PI
controlled grid interactive inverter with various proportional and integral gains.
3. K. Basu and N. Mohan, "A single-stage power electronic transformer for a three-
phase PWM AC/AC drive with source-based commutation of leakage energy and
common-mode voltage suppression," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 61, pp. 5881-5893, 2014
This paper presents a novel topology for the generation of adjustable frequency
and magnitude pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) three-phase ac from a balanced three-
phase ac source with a high-frequency ac link. The proposed single-stage power
electronic transformer (PET) with bidirectional power flow capability may find
application in compact isolated PWM ac drives. This topology along with the
proposed control has the following advantages: 1) input power factor correction; 2)
common-mode voltage suppression at the load end; 3) high-quality output voltage
waveform (comparable with conventional space vector PWM); and 4) minimization
of output voltage loss, common-mode voltage switching, and distortion of the load
current waveform due to leakage inductance commutation. A source-based
commutation of currents associated with energy in leakage inductance (termed as
leakage energy) has been proposed. This results in soft-switching of the output-side
converter and recovery of the leakage energy. The entire topology along with the
proposed control scheme has been analyzed. The simulation and experimental results
verify the analysis and advantages of the proposed PET.

4. X. She, A. Q. Huang, and R. Burgos, "Review of solid-state transformer

technologies and their application in power distribution systems," IEEE Journal
of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 1, pp. 186-198, 2013
The solid-state transformer (SST), which has been regarded as one of the 10
most emerging technologies by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Technology Review in 2010, has gained increasing importance in the future power
distribution system. This paper presents a systematical technology review essential for

4
 the development and application of SST in the distribution system. The state-of-the-
art technologies of four critical areas are reviewed, including high-voltage power
devices, high-power and high-frequency transformers, ac/ac converter topologies, and
applications of SST in the distribution system. In addition, future research directions
are presented. It is concluded that the SST is an emerging technology for the future
distribution system.
5. H. Açıkgöz, Ö. F. Keçecioğlu, A. Gani, C. Yıldız, and M. Şekkeli, "Optimal
Control and Analysis of Three Phase Electronic Power Transformers," Procedia-
Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 195, pp. 2412-2420, 2015
The use of electrical energy has important place in modern society. In this
regard, the studies were carried out on transformer which is one of the most important
parts in transmission and distribution of the electric power. As a result of these
studies, a new type of transformer based on power electronics has emerged. These
new transformers are named as power electronic transformer (PET) or solid state
transformer (SST). Interest in the electronic power transformer which used in many
applications is increasing day by day. So, many researchers have focused on the
control and design of these transformers. In this study, control strategy has been
proposed for fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based PET system. Proposed PET system
consists of input, isolation and output stages. In order to test dynamic performance of
FLC based PET system, simulation study was carried out by MATLAB/Simulink.
The results obtained from the FLC based PET are not only superior in the rise time,
settling time and overshoot but can prevent from voltage sag-swell and has improved
power quality.
6. D. Wang et al., ‘‘Theory and application of distribution electronic power
transformer,’’ Electr. Power Syst. Res. J., vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 219–226, Mar. 2007.
Three-phase and 4-wire Distribution Electronic Power Transformer's (DEPT's)
operation principle is analyzed in this paper. Based on the analysis, the control
scheme is established. In this control scheme, the input stage is controlled as a three-
phase balanced current source and makes the primary current sinusoidal and power
factor easily adjusted. While the output stage is controlled as a three-phase balanced
voltage source and keep the load voltage sinusoidal and nominal. In order to meet the
requirement of the single phase or unbalanced loads, each phase is an independent
voltage source. With the proposed control strategy, the characteristics of DEPT are
studied by simulations. And further detailed simulations are carried out to validate the

5
 power quality control function of DEPT. The results show that DEPT has very good
static and dynamic performances, and it can not only realize the functions of
conventional power transformer, but also can prevent from voltage sags, swells,
flickers and harmonics infecting the loads while avoid loads impacting the primary
system.
7. H. Iman-Eini and S. Farhangi, ‘‘Analysis and design of power electronic
transformer for medium voltage levels,’’ in Proc. 37th IEEE Power Electron. Spec.
Conf. (PESC), Jun. 2006, pp. 1–5.
One key component of the future automation is replacement of conventional
distribution transformers by an all-solid-state (power-electronic) alternative. In this
paper, the optimum design of a power electronic transformer (PET) is investigated. In
the design process, the PFC and DC-DC converters have been integrated to achieve
higher efficiency. The proposed PET performs typical functions and has advantages
such as power factor correction, voltage regulation, voltage sag and swell elimination,
voltage flicker reduction and protection capability in fault situations. In addition, it
has other benefits such as light weight, low volume and no toxic dielectric coolants.
8. R. Zhang et al., ‘‘Dual active bridge synchronous chopper control strategy in
electronic power transformer,’’ IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 89–97,
Mar. 2014.
The electronic power transformer (EPT) is a novel transmission and
transformation device, which consists of a series connection of two voltage-source H-
bridge converters and a DC??DC converter with high-frequency isolation transformer.
When applied to microgrids, EPT will not only deliver energy to loads from the utility
grid but also inject some amount of excess power into the utility grid. Hence, the
capability of bidirectional power flow is important for EPT, which depends on the
DC-link stage. The traditional synchronous chopper control for a dual active bridge
(DAB) converter has some limitations in the application of bidirectional power flow
area. This study proposes a novel synchronous chopper control strategy for the DAB
converter to implement bi-direction power flow, details the basic principle and steady-
state operation and presents the mathematical derivations. A three-phase three-stage
circuit configuration of 10 kV/400 V bi-direction EPT system based on the novel
control DAB converter is designed, and corresponding control schemes for the system
are discussed. The performance of this EPT system is validated by the
MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations and the laboratory prototype experiments.

6
9. H. Açikgöz, Ö. F. Keçecioğlu, A. Gani, C. Yıldız, and M. Şekkeli, ‘‘Improved
control configuration of PWM rectifiers based on neuro-fuzzy controller,’’
SpringerPlus, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 1142, 2016
It is well-known that rectifiers are used widely in many applications required
AC/DC transformation. With technological advances, many studies are performed for
AC/DC converters and many control methods are proposed in order to improve the
performance of these rectifiers in recent years. Pulse width modulation (PWM) based
rectifiers are one of the most popular rectifier types. PWM rectifiers have lower input
current harmonics and higher power factor compared to classical diode and thyristor
rectifiers. In this study, neuro-fuzzy controller (NFC) which has robust, nonlinear
structure and do not require the mathematical model of the system to be controlled has
been proposed for PWM rectifiers. Three NFCs are used in control scheme of
proposed PWM rectifier in order to control the dq-axis currents and DC voltage of
PWM rectifier.
10. J. Aijuan, L. Hangtian, and L. Shaolong, ‘‘A new high-frequency AC link three-
phase four-wire power electronic transformer,’’ in Proc. 1st IEEE Conf. Ind.
Electron. Appl., May 2006, pp. 1–6.

In this paper, a new three-phase four-wire high-frequency AC link matrix converter is

discussed, and the topology of conventional matrix converter is modified with an
additional transformer for three-phase four-wire electronic power distribution
application. The proposed approach accomplishes high output voltage transfer ratio
which is more than unity, galvanic isolation between both voltage sources and higher
power density by employing a high-frequency transformer into the intermediate stage
of the dual bridge matrix converter. It has a bidirectional power flow capability,
controllable input source displacement power factor and lower harmonic distortion on
both input and output sides. Furthermore, with three dimensional space vector PWM
(3D SVPWM) and modified control strategy, the input and output currents may keep
low harmonic distortion under unbalanced input voltage or variable three-phase four-
wire unbalanced loads. The proposed approach is a competitive solution to the
electronic power transformer. Experimental results of a three-phase four-wire 220/380
V 5 KVA 50 Hz electronic power transformer system based on DSP controller are
presented and shown to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed system.

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 CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1 Existing Block Diagram

3.2 EXPLANATION
 Three level rectifier converts ac into dc voltage.
 PI controller controls the rectifier.
 In isolation stage, high frequency transformer using fuzzy based adaptive PI control
system is used.
 The output from the inverter is enough to run the load.

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 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 4.1 Proposed Block Diagram

4.2 EXPLANATION

• The input stage is a Vienna rectifier to convert the AC grid voltage and current to DC.
• The Vienna rectifier is used in the input stage to improve the power factor of the
system, reduce the THD on the grid side, and regulate the high voltage.
• The isolation stage consists of double DC-DC converters connected to an HF
transformer between them.
• The first half-bridge converter generates the HF square wave voltage from the DC
voltage.
• ANFIS controller is the combination of fuzzy logic and ANN and capable to generate
expert systems by itself.
• Then the HF transformer steps down the HF square-wave voltage and the second half
bridge converter rectifiers back the HF voltage to the DC voltage.

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 • The last stage is the output stage, consisting of a two level three-phase DC/AC
inverter, which regenerates the desired AC waveform.

4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 4.2 Existing Block Diagram

In the rectifier side, a hysteresis current controller is adopted in the inner control loop
to track the supply current and improve dynamic response due to load change. A
proportional-integral (PI) voltage regulator is used in the outer control loop to control the dc-
link voltage and reduce the dc bus voltage ripple. In order to generate three-level voltage
pattern on the voltage va0 b0, a region detector of the instantaneous supply voltage is
employed. A capacitor voltage compensator is used to compensate the voltage unbalance
problem between two capacitor voltages. The control strategy of the proposed rectifier is
based on a look-up table. The current harmonics can be reduced to meet the requirements of
the international standard and the input power factor is increased to be nearly unity. Three-
level diode clamped inverter based on space vector modulation is employed to reduce the

10
harmonic content on the output voltages and decrease the voltage stress of power devices.
There are three voltage levels in each phase voltage and five voltage levels in each line
voltage.

4.4 HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS

High-frequency transformers operate using the same basic principles as standard
transformers. The primary difference is that, as their name implies, they operate at much
higher frequencies — while most line voltage transformers operate at 50 or 60 Hz, high-
frequency transformers use frequencies from 20 KHz to over 1MHz. Operating at a higher
frequency has many benefits, the first of which is size. For any given power rating, the higher
the frequency, the smaller the transformer can be. Second, because the transformer is smaller,
less copper wire is needed, thus reducing the losses and helping to make the transformer more
efficient.

Fig 4.3 High Frequency Transformers

Also, since the core is typically ferrite, a wide variety of geometries are available so
the transformer can be tailor-made for the application. Whether additional shielding or a
specific form factor is required, the chances are good that a ferrite core exists to meet the
requirement. However, the benefits brought about by light weight, small size, and higher
power density, pose a number of challenges. Minimizing the issues such as skin and
proximity effects are a serious concern when designing high frequency transformers.

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 Skin effects are caused by the tendency of high frequency currents to flow on the
surface of conductors. The losses due to the skin effect can be reduced through the use of Litz
wire. Litz wire is constructed by “weaving” multiple smaller conductors together to make an
equivalent larger wire gauge. For example, using 108 strands of a #40AWG is equivalent to a
#20AWG. The size of each individual strand is determined by the intended operating
frequency, with small strands being used for higher frequencies. The weaving process enables
each strand to occupy a space near the outside (or skin) of the Litz wire at some point in the
length of wire, allowing current to flow more evenly through all strands. Proximity effects are
also known as eddy current losses are caused by the magnetic fields from adjacent conductors
either in adjacent windings, or of more serious concern, in adjacent layers, which causes
current to flow in unintended patterns or in eddy currents. This effect creates excessive
resistance within the wire and unintentional power loss. There are a number of design
considerations that will minimize proximity effects, selecting a core allowing an increased
number of turns/layers is one method.
The use of foil winding layers rather than round wire is another, as is interleaving the
winding. Since proximity effects are a result of magnetic field induced eddy currents, it
should be noted that core gaps can result in losses as well. Wherever there is an air gap in the
core, stray flux lines (magnetic field) extend in an arc, and as a result proximity effects can
have an impact on the transformer winding closest to the air gap. Again, there are a number
of construction techniques that can be used to minimize this, such as using multiple gaps on
the core leg so each gap is smaller, or using a physical barrier such as tape to keep the
winding away from the gap. As transformers become smaller, power density increases, and
despite higher efficiency, heat dissipation can becomes a major design hurdle. In many cases
active cooling is needed either with a fan to increase airflow, or by mounting the transformer
on a cooling plate. Potting in a thermally conductive material is also common.

4.5 RECTIFIER
In our electricity generation all the generated energy is alternating in nature, so this
alternating energy should be converted in to direct energy to provide DC supply to the
electronic components. This is an online process where the generated AC is converted into
proper regulated DC. It is so important to learn the two devices called rectifiers and filters
which are used to convert AC to DC.

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 The device which converts alternating (bidirectional) voltage to pulsating
(Unidirectional) voltage is called rectifier. As the name specifies it rectifies some portion of
the alternating signal and provides a unidirectional signal at the output. This is achieved by
the electronic element called semiconductor diode. The semiconductor diode is the element
which allows the signal in one direction and blocks the signal in reverse direction i.e.
converting bidirectional into unidirectional.

Fig 4.4 Basics of rectifier

4.5.1 Half Wave Rectifier

However a simple diode can acts as rectifier which also can be called as Half wave
rectifier. But the half wave rectifier can convert half of the input signal to pulsating DC and
the remaining half will be lost as heat. So the efficiency is less.

4.5.2 Full wave Rectifier

To increase the efficiency two diodes are placed to convert each AC cycle into
pulsating DC cycle. I.e. two unidirectional pulsed for one AC cycle will be produced at the
output. The full wave rectifiers are divided as Center-taped full wave rectifier and Bridge Full
wave rectifier.

4.5.3 Center Taped full wave rectifier

In this the center taped transformer is used to perfectly divide the AC signal in to half
cycles and to give as an input to the two diodes which produces the pulsating DC.

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4.5.4 Bridge Rectifier
Four rectifier diodes arranged in the form of bridge in which two diodes conducts per
one half AC cycle and provides the pulsating DC output with two pulses per cycle. Here the
need of the transformer is eliminated. However the rectifier output is unidirectional pulsating
current which has variation in magnitude. This variation in magnitude should be eliminated
before giving to any electronic component. So to eliminate this, the devices called filters are
introduced.

4.5.5 Half Wave Rectifier

A half wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier that only allows one half-cycle of
an AC voltage waveform to pass, blocking the other half-cycle. Half-wave rectifiers are used
to convert AC voltage to DC voltage, and only require a single diode to construct. A rectifier
is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). It is done by using a
diode or a group of diodes. Half wave rectifiers use one diode, while a full wave rectifier uses
multiple diodes. The working of a half wave rectifier takes advantage of the fact that diodes
only allow current to flow in one direction.

A half wave rectifier is the simplest form of rectifier available. We will look at a
complete half wave rectifier circuit later – but let’s first understand exactly what this type of
rectifier is doing. The diagram below illustrates the basic principle of a half-wave rectifier.
When a standard AC waveform is passed through a half-wave rectifier, only half of the AC
waveform remains. Half-wave rectifiers only allow one half-cycle (positive or negative half-
cycle) of the AC voltage through and will block the other half-cycle on the DC side, as seen
below.

Fig 4.5 The basic principle of a half-wave rectifier

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 Only one diode is required to construct a half-wave rectifier. In essence, this is all that
the half-wave rectifier is doing. Since DC systems are designed to have current flowing in a
single direction (and constant voltage – which we’ll describe later), putting an AC waveform
with positive and negative cycles through a DC device can have destructive (and dangerous)
consequences. So we use half-wave rectifiers to convert the AC input power into DC output
power.

But the diode is only part of it – a complete half-wave rectifier circuit consists of 3
main parts:

1. A transformer
2. A resistive load
3. A diode
A half wave rectifier circuit diagram looks like this:

Fig 4.6 Half wave rectifier circuit diagram

We’ll now go through the process of how a half-wave rectifier converts an AC

voltage to a DC output. First, a high AC voltage is applied to the primary side of the step-
down transformer and we will get a low voltage at the secondary winding which will be
applied to the diode.

15
 Fig 4.7 Circuit operation

During the positive half cycle of the AC voltage, the diode will be forward biased and
the current flows through the diode. During the negative half cycle of the AC voltage, the
diode will be reverse biased and the flow of current will be blocked. The final output voltage
waveform on the secondary side (DC) is shown in figure 4.7 above. This can be confusing on
first glance – so let’s dig into the theory of this a bit more.

We’ll focus on the secondary side of the circuit. If we replace the secondary
transformer coils with a source voltage, we can simplify the circuit diagram of the half-wave
rectifier as:

Fig 4.8 Equivalent circuit diagram

Now we don’t have the transformer part of the circuit distracting us. For the positive
half cycle of the AC source voltage, the equivalent circuit effectively becomes:

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 Fig 4.9 Forward biased condition

This is because the diode is forward biased, and is hence allowing current to pass
through. So we have a closed circuit. But for the negative half cycle of the AC source
voltage, the equivalent circuit becomes:

Fig 4.10 Reverse biased condition

Because the diode is now in reverse bias mode, no current is able to pass through it.
As such, we now have an open circuit. Since current cannot flow through to the load during
this time, the output voltage is equal to zero.This all happens very quickly – since an AC
waveform will oscillate between positive and negative many times each second (depending
on the frequency).Here’s what the half wave rectifier waveform looks like on the input side

17
(Vin), and what it looks like on the output side (Vout) after rectification (i.e. conversion from
AC to DC):

Fig 4.11 Output voltage

The graph above actually shows a positive half wave rectifier. This is a half-wave
rectifier which only allows the positive half-cycles through the diode, and blocks the negative
half-cycle.

Conversely, a negative half-wave rectifier will only allow negative half-cycles

through the diode and will block the positive half-cycle. The only difference between a
positive and negative half wave rectifier is the direction of the diode. Hence the diode will
now be forward biased only when the AC waveform is in its negative half cycle.

4.5.6 Three Level Rectifier

According to the voltage level of power semiconductor in the rectifier, there are two-
level and multilevel PWM schemes. The voltage stress of power switches can be reduced
significantly if the voltage levels are increasing. But the circuit complexity, voltage balance
problem, and control scheme are becoming more difficult. Many circuit configurations based
on two-level PWM scheme for power factor correction and current harmonics reduction have
been proposed in the past few years. Single-phase half-bridge and full-bridge rectifiers have
properties of bidirectional power flow, reactive power control, good dc link voltage

18
regulation, and high power factor. Here, a power factor correction circuit with unidirectional
power flow is adopted to provide two balance capacitor voltages. There are two power
switches, two fast recovery diodes, and a single-phase diode rectifier used in the adopted
three-level rectifier. The main objectives of the adopted rectifier are generating three-level
voltage pattern on the dc-link, reducing current harmonics to meet the IEC 1000-3-2 class A
limits, obtaining a high power factor, and providing two balance capacitor voltages. To
achieve these goals, a hysteresis current comparator is used in the current control loop to
track the line current command. A PI voltage controller is adopted to provide a stable dc-link
voltage.
A capacitor voltage compensator is employed to balance two capacitor voltages. To
prevent inrush current from start-up operation, an inrush circuit can be added to the rectifier
to provide soft start operation. In order to achieve three-level PWM, the dc link voltage is
controlled in the region of vs,peak<vdc< 2vs,peak. According to the switching states of two
power switches, there are four operation modes in this rectifier. In the first mode 1, power
switches S1 and S2 are turned on and two fast recovery diodes D1 and D2 are turned off. The
dc-link voltage va0 b0 is equal to zero. The inductor current is linearly increasing. Power
switch S1 and diode D2 are turned on in the second operation mode. Voltage va0 b0 is equal
to v2. Line current charges capacitor C2 and dc load current discharges the capacitor C1. The
inductor current is increasing (or decreasing) if the voltage jvsj is greater (or less) than
voltage v2. In the third mode, power switch S2 and diode D1 are turned on to achieve voltage
va0 b0 = v1. Capacitor C1 is charged and C2 is discharged in this mode. For the last
operation mode, two switches S1 and S2 are turned off and voltage va0 b0 is equal to vdc.
The inductor current is linearly decreasing. According to the switching states of two power
switches, the differential equations of the adopted three-level rectifier can be expressed as

where Si = 1 if power switch Si is on, Si = 0 if power switch Si is off, and i = 1 and 2. To

draw the line current following the current command, the inductor current must be controlled
to achieve a high power factor and low current distortion. There are two operation regions,

19
jvsj<vdc=2 and vdc=2 <jvsj<vdc, in the adopted three-level rectifier. In the first region,
jvsj<vdc=2, the charging voltage of the boost inductor is jvsj and the discharging voltage of
the inductor can be v1 ¡ jvsj or v2 ¡ jvsj. These two discharging voltages can be used to
compensate the properly capacitor C1 or C2. In the second region, vdc=2 <jvsj<vdc, the
charging voltage of the boost inductor is jvsj ¡ v1 or jvsj ¡ v2 and the discharging voltage of
the inductor is vdc ¡ jvsj. The relations between the operation mode, operation region, and the
capacitor voltage are shown in Fig. 3 and Table I. For example, operation mode 1, mode 2,
and mode 3 are used in the region 1 to generate 0 and vdc=2 on the voltage va0 b0 .
Operation mode 2 and mode 3 can be used to decrease the inductor current and charge
capacitor C2 and C1, respectively, and mode 1 can be adopted to increase the inductor
current in the region. In the proposed control algorithm, two power switches S1 and S2 are
controlled to obtain a unity power factor and provide two balance capacitor voltages. The
hysteresis current control scheme is adopted to control the line current which is in phase with
the supply voltage. The amplitude of reference supply current is obtained from dc link
voltage regulator. A voltage regulator is used to compensate the dc bus voltage and reduce
the voltage ripple across the capacitors.

Fig.4.12. Control block of three-level PWM rectifier

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Fig.4.13. Hysteresis band PWM current control and the corresponding voltage
waveform va0b0

4.5.7 Vienna Rectifier

Many high power equipment derive electrical power from three-phase mains,
incorporating an active three-phase PFC front end can contribute significantly in improving
overall power factor, reducing line pollution, lowering component stresses and reducing
component size (e.g. the filter capacitor). Stationary operational behavior of three-
phase/switch/level PWM rectifier was analyzed for asymmetrical loading of the output
voltages. Maximum admissible load of the neutral point that is capacitive output voltage
center point was calculated. This topology mentioned known as the VIENNA rectifier and the
three-level power structure results in a low blocking voltage stress on the power
semiconductors and a small input inductor value and size. Therefore, Vienna is an ideal
choice for the implementation of a medium power, unity power factor rectifier that also has a
high power density.
Three-phase AC to DC diode rectifier with three low-power and low frequency, four
quadrant switches, with high power factor was presented. The main features were low cost,

21
small size, high efficiency and simplicity. The high power factor was achieved with three
active bidirectional switches rated at a small fraction of the total power, and gated at the line
frequency. Application of power module (IXYS VUM25-E) realizing bridge legs of a three
phase/switch/level VIENNA rectifier system with low effects on the mains were discussed.
This can be a step in the modularization direction. The switching losses and on-state losses of
a bridge leg of a rectifier were analyzed to determine the maximum output power. Three-
phase diode bridge and DC/DC boost converter combination yielded a three
phase/switch/level PWM rectifier. Sinusoidal mains current, controlled output voltage and
low blocking voltage stress on the power switches were characterized. Due to high current
rate of rise when the phase transistors are turned on the single phase diode bridges in center
point legs cannot be realized as mains rectifier. Diodes with short forward recovery time have
to be applied to avoid high turn-on losses.
The Vienna topology can be implemented with either three switches or six switches.
A six switch Vienna Rectifier (see Fig. 1) was selected to lower conduction losses since the
phase current flows through only one diode in each phase during the switch conduction and
guaranteed to clamp the switch voltage to only half the output voltage.

4.5.8 Three Phase Vienna Rectifier

Three-phase power is used by equipment operating at high power in industrial
applications. To improve grid power quality and reduce the harmonic currents drawn, power
factor correction is needed as many of the forward loads are DC. For example, in an offboard,
fast EV charger, operating at 20 KW, the input is a three-phase AC connection from the grid
and the output is DC to the battery. Though many topologies exist for active three-phase
power factor conversion, a Vienna rectifier is popular due to its operation in continuous
conduction mode (CCM), inherent multilevel switching (three level), and reduced voltage
stress on the power devices. Traditionally, hysteresis-based controllers have been used for
Vienna rectifiers. Only recently have sine triangle-based PWM been shown to work for
Vienna Rectifier control. This control can be quite challenging to design. Several variants of
Vienna rectifiers exist, Figure 2.4 shows the variant of the Vienna rectifier chosen in this
design along with the key voltages and currents being sensed. Figure 4.14. Vienna Rectifier
Variant Implemented.

22
 Figure 4.14 Shows 3 phase Vienna rectifier

4.6 DC-AC CONVERSION

A DC – to - AC converter whose output is of desired output voltage and frequency is
called an inverter. The main objective of the inverter topology is to maintain the voltage
stability, with active and reactive power control. There are two basic configuration schemes
followed for energy conversion such as voltage source converter and current source
converter. Depending on their operation and result, the inverters can be greatly classified into
 Voltage Source Inverters (VSI)
 Current Source Inverters(CSI)
Further, based on the general connections of power semiconductor switches and other
devices, inverters are classified as
 Bridge inverters
 Series inverters
 Parallel inverters
The VSI and CSI topologies are the most suitable scheme for medium to high power
conversion application which includes drives, power distribution, power quality and power
conditioning applications. Generally, the inverters properly control the fundamental voltage
magnitude of the AC output voltage. The AC loads require high voltage at input terminals.

23
4.6.1 Half Bridge Invereter
Figure 4.15 gives the circuit configuration of a Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter. It
has two thyristors and two free-wheeling diodes.

Fig 4.15 Single phase half bridge rectifier

Each thyristor is gated at frequencyf= 1 /T of the ac supply desired. The gating

signals of the two thyristors have a phase angle of 180°. From Fig. 4.15 (b), the output is
easily seen to be rectangular ac waveform of frequency.

where T = triggering period of the thyristor.

24
 The output waveform feeds the load which may in general
comprise RLC components. The circuit model of the inverter is given in Fig.4.16 (a). After
several cycles of source voltage νTh have elapsed, the time variation of current settles down to
periodic form such that

Fig 4.16 Circuit model and waveform of the inverter

25
During the interval 0 < t < T/2,

whereVco is the voltage across the capacitive element at t = 0. Differentiating Eq.,

The nature of the waveform will depend upon the circuit damping. The output voltage
waveform (rectangular) and various current waveforms for different load characteristics are
drawn in Fig.

4.6.2 Three Phase Inverter

A three-phase inverter converts a DC input into a three-phase AC output. Its three

arms are normally delayed by an angle of 120° so as to generate a three-phase AC supply.
The inverter switches each has a ratio of 50% and switching occurs after every T/6 of the
time T (60° angle interval). The switches S1 and S4, the switches S2 and S5 and switches S3
and S6 complement each other.The figure below shows a circuit for a three phase inverter. It
is nothing but three single phase inverters put across the same DC source. The pole voltages
in a three phase inverter are equal to the pole voltages in single phase half bridge inverter.

26
 Fig 4.17 Three phase inverter

The two types of inverters above have two modes of conduction − 180° mode of
conduction and 120° mode of conduction.

In 180° mode of conduction, every device is in conduction state for 180° where they
are switched ON at 60° intervals. The terminals A, B and C are the output terminals of the
bridge that are connected to the three-phase delta or star connection of the load.

The operation of a balanced star connected load is explained in the diagram below.
For the period 0° − 60° the points S1, S5 and S6 are in conduction mode. The terminals A
and C of the load are connected to the source at its positive point. The terminal B is
connected to the source at its negative point. In addition, resistances R/2 is between the
neutral and the positive end while resistance R is between the neutral and the negative
terminal.

27
 The load voltages are gives as follows; The line voltages are given as follows;

VAN = V/3, VAB = VAN − VBN = V,

VBN = −2V/3, VBC = VBN − VCN = −V,

VCN = V/3 VCA = VCN − VAN = 0

Fig 4.18 Waveforms for 180° mode of conduction

In 120° mode of conduction, each electronic device is in a conduction state for 120°.
It is most suitable for a delta connection in a load because it results in a six-step type of

28
waveform across any of its phases. Therefore, at any instant only two devices are conducting
because each device conducts at only 120°.

The terminal A on the load is connected to the positive end while the terminal B is
connected to the negative end of the source. The terminal C on the load is in a condition
called floating state. Furthermore, the phase voltages are equal to the load voltages as shown
below.

Phase voltages = Line voltages

VAB = V

VBC = −V/2

VCA = −V/2

Fig 4.19 Waveforms for 120° mode of conduction

29
4.7 INDUCTION MOTOR
A motor with only armortisseur windings is called an induction motor. An induction
motor is the most modest electrical machine from constructional point of view, in the
majority of the cases. Induction motor works on the principle of induction where electro-
magnetic field is induced into the rotor when rotating magnetic field of stator cuts the
stationary rotor. Induction machines are by far the most common type of motor used in
industrial, commercial or residential settings. It is a three phase AC motor. Its characteristic
features are:
 Simple and rugged construction
 Low cost and minimum maintenance
 High dependability and sufficiently high proficiency
 Needs no additional starting motor and necessity not be synchronized

4.7.1 Basic Part Parts Of An Induction Motor

An induction motor has basically two parts: Stator and Rotor.

Fig 4.20 internal structure of IM

STATOR

The stator is made up of various stampings with slots to carry three phase windings. It
is wound for a distinct number of poles. The windings are geometrically divided 120 degrees
separated. Two sorts of rotors are used in Induction motors: Squirrel cage rotor and Wound

30
rotor. No DC field current is required to run the machine. Rotor voltage is induced in the
rotor windings rather than being physically connected by wires.

ROTOR
The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic circuit. The most common type of
rotor is the squirrel cage rotor. The rotor comprises of a cylindrical laminated core with
axially placed parallel slots for carrying the conductors. Each slot carries a copper,
aluminium, or alloy bar. The rotor of three-phase induction motors frequently is likewise
implied as an anchor. The purpose behind this name is the anchor shape of the rotors used
within quite early electrical devices. In electrical equipment the anchor’s winding would be
induced by the magnetic field, although the rotor takes this part in three-phase induction
motors. Induction motor has the same physical stator as a synchronous machine with an
alternate rotor development. Induction motor might be worked as either motors or generator.
On the other hand, they are fundamentally used as induction motors.

4.7.2 Single Phase Induction Motor

The single-phase induction motor is not self-starting. When the motor is connected to
a single-phase power supply, the main winding carries an alternating current. It is logical that
the least expensive, most reduced upkeep sort engine ought to be utilized most regularly.
These are of different types based on their way of starting since these are of not self-starting.
Those are split phase, shaded pole and capacitor motors. Again capacitor motors are capacitor
start, capacitor run and permanent capacitor motors.

Fig 4.21 Single Phase Induction Motor

31
4.7.3 APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

These are used in low power applications and widely used in domestic applications as well
as industrial. And some of those are mentioned below

 Pumps
 Compressors
 Small fans
 Mixers
 Toys
 High speed vacuum cleaners
 Electric shavers
 Drilling machine

In these types of motors the start winding can have a series capacitor and/or a
centrifugal switch. When the supply voltage is applied, current in the main winding lags the
supply voltage because of the main winding impedance. And current in the start winding
leads/lags the supply voltage depending on the starting mechanism impedance. The point
when the motor reaches 70% to 80% of synchronous speed, a centrifugal switch on the motor
shaft opens and disconnects the starting winding.

4.7.4 THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

These motors are self-starting and use no capacitor, start winding, centrifugal switch
or other starting device. Three-phase AC induction motors are widely used in industrial and
commercial applications. These are of two types, squirrel cage and slip ring motors. Squirrel
cage motors are widely used due to their rugged construction and simple design. Slip ring
motors require external resistors to have high starting torque.Induction motors are used in
industry and domestic appliances because these are rugged in construction requiring hardly
any maintenance, that they are comparatively cheap, and require supply only to the stator.

4.7.5 APPLICATIONS OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

 Lifts
 Cranes

32
  Hoists
 Large capacity exhaust fans
 Driving lathe machines
 Crushers
 Oil extracting mills
 Textile and etc.

4.7.6 ADVANTAGES OF INDUCTION MOTOR

The motor construction and the way electric power is supplied all give the induction
motor several advantages and let’s see of them in brief.

 Low cost: Induction machines are very cheap when compared to synchronous and DC
motors. This is due to the modest design of induction motor. Therefore, these motors
are overwhelmingly preferred for fixed speed applications in industrial applications
and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily
attached.

 Low maintenance cost: Induction motors are maintenance free motors unlike dc
motors and synchronous motors. The construction of induction motor is very simple
and hence maintenance is also easy, resulting in low maintenance cost.

 Ease of operation: Operation of induction motor is very simple because there is no

electrical connector to the rotor that supply power and current is induced by the
movement of the transformer performs on the rotor due to the low resistance of the
rotating coils. Induction motors are self-start motors. This can result in reducing the
effort needed for maintenance.

 Speed Variation: The speed variation of induction motor is nearly constant. The
speed typically varies only by a few percent going from no load to rated load.

 High starting torque: The staring torque of induction motor is very high which
makes motor useful for operations where load is applied before the starting of the
motor.3 phase induction motors will have self-starting torque unlike synchronous

33
 motors. However, single-phase induction motors does not have self-starting torque
and are made to rotate using some auxiliaries.

 Durability: Another major advantage an induction motor is that it is durability. This

makes it the ideal machine for many uses. This results the motor to run for many
years with no cost and maintenance.

All these advantages make induction motor to use in many applications such as
industrial, domestic and in many applications.

34
 CHAPTER 5
CONTROLLER AND DRIVER
5.1 PI CONTROLLER
5.1.1 P Controller

Fig 5.1 P controller

Proportional or P- controller gives output which is proportional to current error e(t). It

compares desired or set point with actual value or feedback process value. The resulting error
is multiplied with proportional constant to get the output. If the error value is zero, then this
controller output is zero. This controller requires biasing or manual reset when used alone.
This is because it never reaches the steady state condition. It provides stable operation but
always maintains the steady state error. Speed of the response is increased when the
proportional constant Kc increases.

35
5.1.2 I-Controller

Fig 5.2 I controller

Due to limitation of p-controller where there always exists an offset between the
process variable and set point, I-controller is needed, which provides necessary action to
eliminate the steady state error. It integrates the error over a period of time until error value
reaches to zero. It holds the value to final control device at which error becomes zero.

Integral control decreases its output when negative error takes place. It limits the
speed of response and affects stability of the system. Speed of the response is increased by
decreasing integral gain Ki.
In above figure, as the gain of the I-controller decreases, steady state error also goes
on decreasing. For most of the cases, PI controller is used particularly where high speed
response is not required.

`While using the PI controller, I-controller output is limited to somewhat range to

overcome the integral wind up conditions where integral output goes on increasing even at
zero error state, due to nonlinearities in the plant.

36
5.1.3 PI Controller

Fig 5.3 PI controller

A variation of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control is to use only the proportional
and integral terms as PI control. The PI controller is the most popular variation, even more
than full PID controllers. The value of the controller output u(t)u(t) is fed into the system as
the manipulated variable input.
e(t)=SP−PVe(t)=SP−PV (1)

u(t)=ubias+Kce(t)+KcτI∫t0e(t)dtu(t) = ubias+Kce(t)+KcτI∫0te(t)dt (2)

The ubias term is a constant that is typically set to the value of u(t) when the controller is first
switched from manual to automatic mode. This gives "bumpless" transfer if the error is zero
when the controller is turned on. The two tuning values for a PI controller are the controller
gain, Kc and the integral time constant τ1. The value of Kc is a multiplier on the proportional
error and integral term and a higher value makes the controller more aggressive at responding
to errors away from the set point. The set point (SP) is the target value and process variable
(PV) is the measured value that may deviate from the desired value. The error from the set
point is the difference between the SP and PV and is defined as e(t)=SP−PV.

37
5.1.4 Discrete PI Controller
Digital controllers are implemented with discrete sampling periods and a discrete
form of the PI equation is needed to approximate the integral of the error. This modification
replaces the continuous form of the integral with a summation of the error and uses Δt as the
time between sampling instances and nt as the number of sampling instances
u(t)=ubias+Kce(t)+KcτInt∑i=1ei(t)Δt (3)

5.2 ANFIS CONTROLLER

The adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is a data driven procedure
representing a neural network approach for the solution of function approximation problems.
Data driven procedures for the synthesis of ANFIS networks are typically based on clustering
a training set of numerical samples of the unknown function to be approximated. ANFIS
networks have been successfully applied to classification tasks, rule-based process control,
pattern recognition and similar problems.

An adaptive Neuro-fuzzy inference integrates fuzzy logic and neural networks principles.
Its inference system relates to a set of fuzzy IF – THEN rules to approximate nonlinear
functions. Hence, ANFIS is considered to be a universal estimator. Associate adaptation
Neuro-fuzzy logical thinking system or ANFIS may be a quite ANN that's supported Takagi–
Sugeno fuzzy logical thinking system. ANFIS constructs an input output mapping based both
on human knowledge (in the form of fuzzy if then rules) and on generated input output data
pairs by using a hybrid algorithm that is the combination of the least-squares and back
propagation gradient descent method.

5.2.1 ANFIS Structure

For simplicity, it is assumed that the fuzzy inference system under consideration has
two inputs and one output. The rule base contains the fuzzy if-then rules of Takagi and
Sugeno’s type as follows:

If x is A and y is B then z is f(x,y)

where A and B are the fuzzy sets in the antecedents and z = f(x, y) is a crisp function in the
consequent. Usually f(x, y) is a polynomial for the input variables x and y. But it can also be
any other function that can approximately describe the output of the system within the fuzzy
region as specified by the antecedent. When f(x,y) is a constant, a zero order Sugeno fuzzy

38
model is formed which may be considered to be a special case of Mamdani fuzzy inference
system where each rule consequent is specified by a fuzzy singleton. If f(x,y) is taken to be a
first order polynomial a first order Sugeno fuzzy model is formed. For a first order two rule
Sugeno fuzzy inference system, the two rules may be stated as:

Rule 1: If x is A1 and y is B1 then f1 = p1x + q1y + r1

Rule 2: If x is A2 and y is B2 then f2 = p2x + q2y + r2

Here type-3 fuzzy inference system proposed by Takagi and Sugeno [143] is used. In
this inference system the output of each rule is a linear combination of the input variables
added by a constant term. The final output is the weighted average of each rule’s output. The
corresponding equivalent ANFIS structure is shown in Figure.

Fig 5.4 structure of ANFIS

The ANFIS architecture is a five layer feed forward network as shown in Figure. An
adaptive network is a multilayer feed forward network in which each node performs a
particular function (node function) on incoming signals as well as a set of parameters
pertaining to this node. The formulas for the node functions may vary from node to node, and
the choice of each node function depends on the overall input-output function which the
adaptive network is required to carry out. Note that the links in an adaptive network only
indicate the flow direction of signals between nodes; no weights are associated with the links.
To reflect different adaptive capabilities, we use both circle and square nodes in an adaptive
network. A square node (adaptive node) has parameters while a circle node (fixed node) has
39
none. The parameter set of an adaptive network is the union of the parameter sets of each
adaptive node. In order to achieve a desired input-output mapping, these parameters are
updated according to given training data and a gradient-based learning procedure is used.

Layer 1: Every node in this layer is a square node with a node function (the membership
value of the premise part)

Where, x is the input to the node i , and Ai is the linguistic label associated with this
node function.

Layer 2: Every node in this layer is a circle node labelled Ȇ which multiplies the incoming
signals. Each node output represents the firing strength of a rule.

Layer 3: Every node in this layer is a circle node labeled N (normalization). The ith node
calculates the ratio of the ith rule’s firing strength to the sum of all firing strengths

Layer 4: Every node in this layer is a square node with a node function

Layer 5: The single node in this layer is a circle node labeled Ȉ that computes the overall
output as the summation of all incoming signals

5.2.2 ANFIS Learning Algorithm

In this subsection, the hybrid learning algorithm is explained briefly. The ANFIS
Learning Algorithm uses a two-pass learning cycle. In the forward pass, S1 is unmodified and

40
S2 is computed using a Least Squared Error (LSE) algorithm (Off-line Learning). In the
Backward pass, S2 is unmodified and S1 is computed using a gradient descent algorithm
(usually Back Propagation).

Fig 5.5 ANFIS Learning Algorithm

It has been observed that when the values of the premise parameters are fixed, the
overall output can be expressed as a linear combination of the consequent parameters. The
hybrid learning algorithm is a combination of both back propagation and the least square
algorithms. Each epoch of the hybrid learning algorithm consists of two passes, namely
forward pass and backward pass. In the forward pass of the hybrid learning algorithm,
functional signals go forward up to layer 4 and the consequent parameters are identified by
the least squares estimate. The back propagation is used to identify the nonlinear parameters
(premise parameters) and the least square is used for the linear parameters in the consequent
parts.

41
 CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
6.1 GENERAL
Many software programs used in the simulation of power electronics circuits. Some
studies have been done to produce educational tools including graphical interface. There are
some commercially programs that are able to simulate power electronics circuits. Using the
schematic editors of some programs such as PowerSim, Pspice, Orcad, Matlab/Simulink, it is
possible to carry out the simulation of the electronic circuits. In this study, Matlab/Simulink
program for power electronics education is used for effective education and training. This
program includes all branches of electrical and electronics engineering.

6.2 MATLAB/SIMULINK
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems
and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Modelling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to
write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects,
which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.
42
 MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that
extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

6.3 SIMULATION DIAGRAM

Fig 6.1 SIMULINK circuit diagram

The simulation of the proposed system has been done using MATLAB Software.
Especially, Simulink and simscape toolboxes are used to develop the circuit depicted in the
figure 4.3. The fixed step solvers are used to solve differential equations in the circuit. From
and Go to simulink blocks are used for send and receive the signals within the matlab Model.

43
The simulation circuit consists of mathematical modelling of development of power
electronic distribution transformer based on ANFIS controller.

6.4 VIENNA RECTIFIER

This shows how to control a Vienna rectifier. The Vienna rectifier subsystem consists
of three-phase legs. Each leg has one power switch and six power diodes. The Control
subsystem implements a closed-loop control strategy for the Vienna rectifier using space-
vector modulation.

Fig 6.2 Vienna rectifier

44
6.5 ISOLATION STAGE

Fig 6.3 Isolation stage HF transformer

6.6 INPUT & OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

The Three-Phase Source block implements a balanced three-phase voltage source
with an internal R-L impedance. The three voltage sources are connected in Y with a neutral
connection that can be internally grounded or made accessible. You can specify the source
internal resistance and inductance either directly by entering R and L values or indirectly by
specifying the source inductive short-circuit level and X/R ratio.

45
 Fig 6.4 Source voltage

Fig 6.5 Vienna rectifier output

46
 Fig 6.6 Half bridge inverter output

Thus figure 6.5 shows dc voltage generated from the ac-dc conversion accompanied
by Vienna rectifier. Figure 6.6 explains about half bridge inverter output voltage produced in
isolation part.

47
Fig 6.7 Represents inverter voltage and current

48
 Fig 6.8 Shows speed, torque and current

The rotational motion of motor depends upon the amount of supply given to it and
efficiency is calculated by the speed of rotation. The speed of rotation is achieved by the
acceptable range of torque. These characteristics are briefly explained in the above
waveform.

49
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

In this paper, a novel topology of a power electronic distribution transformer has been
designed based on a threephase Vienna converter. An adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system
controller was proposed by adjusting the gain parameters when a disturbance occurs to
enlarge the control operating range. The performance of a ANFIS controller under different
dynamic operating conditions, including the voltage sags, rapid load changes, and short-
circuit faults, has been investigated with the developed controller. The ANFIS controller gave
a better dynamic response compared to the PI controller. The API-FLC was able to
compensate the disturbance and eliminated the harmonic distortion. Therefore, the developed
ANFISC has the advantage of providing a stable control system in both steady and dynamic
conditions of the transformer.

FUTURE SCOPE

Moreover, the rapid reduction of fossil fuel resources requires the search for
alternative sources of energy to find a solution for future energy production. With the
developing technology, the rising living standards and the increasing population, the
requirement of electric energy is increasing day by day. In future, efforts to develop
transformers with technological advances will be under construction. New type transformers,
which are considered as one of these technological developments, are called as solid state
transformer (SST), intelligent universal transformer (IUT) or electronic power transformer
(EPT).

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50
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