Consti 1 Syllabus (Badayos)

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1
COURSE SYLLABUS1
A.Y. 2019-2020
First Semester
Atty. Mark Lawrence C. Badayos, JD

University of San Carlos
School of Law and Governance
To the future Carolinian Lawyers who will be using this Course Syllabus,
let’s hustle, learn and have fun! Vamos!
USC VISION & MISSION
VISION
The University of San Carlos sees:
§ a WORLD where the darkness of sin and the night of unbelief vanish before the light of the Word
and the Spirit of grace
§ a SOCIETY where citizens are competent, noble in character and community-oriented
- What they know, they apply justly and honestly…

- What they do not know, they seek to learn…
- What they do not have, they endeavor to acquire…
- What they have, they share…
MISSION
The University of San Carlos is a Catholic institution of learning that embodies the principles of academic
discipline of San Carlos Borromeo and this missionary charism of the Society of the Divine Word (SVD).
We aim to develop competent and socially responsible professionals and lifelong learners in an
environment that fosters excellence in the academic core processes of teaching-learning, research, and
community extension service.
Our mission is to provide timely, relevant, and transformative academic programs responsive to the needs of
the local, national, and global communities in a rapidly changing world.
CAROLINIAN LAW GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES
At the end of the law program, the Carolinian law graduate is expected to be Witness to the Word and to
embody the following Graduate Attributes:
Scientia: A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL

Critical thinker
Lifelong learner
Skilled researcher
Sound decision-maker
Innovative problem-solver
Effective and articulate communicator
Virtus: A VIRTUOUS EXEMPLAR

Incorruptible servant leader
Ethical and values-driven practitioner
Devotio: A DEDICATED ADVOCATE

Committed peacemaker
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This Course Syllabus is heavily inspired by the syllabi of Dean Joan Largo and Atty. Daryl Bretch Largo.
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Culture-sensitive patriot
Socially-engaged citizen
Passionate worker for the marginalized
PROGRAM LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLLO)
Upon completion of the Law program, Carolinian law graduates will demonstrate the following:
PLLO 1: KNOWLEDGE
PLLO 2: ETHICS, PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY, WITNESS TO THE WORD
PLLO 3: THINKING SKILLS – These include the skills to identify and articulate legal issues; apply legal
reasoning and research to generate appropriate responses to legal issues; engage in critical analysis and make a
reasoned choice amongst alternatives; and think creatively in approaching legal issues and generating
appropriate responses.
PLLO 4: RESEARCH SKILLS
PLLO 5: COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION
PLLO 6: SELF-MANAGEMENT
COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLLO)
Upon completion of the course Constitutional Law 1, the students should be able to:
CLLO 1: Explain the working of the Philippine Government.
CLLO 2: Recognize and reflect upon the ethical issues that may arise involving the exercise of the fundamental
powers of the government; recognize and reflect upon the professional duties of lawyers in promoting justice,
human rights, due process and fairness in the community; use their knowledge in the course to be Witness to
the Word.
CLLO 3: Examine the facts of a given case, find the relevant facts and the key issues, identify and apply the
legal rules and principles involved, and generate appropriate responses.
CLLO 4: Find and use up-to-date primary and secondary legal sources in support of their evaluation and
synthesis of relevant factual and policy issues involving powers of government or rights and freedoms.
CLLO 5: Communicate effectively and persuasively they key principles and concepts involving the
fundamental powers of the government and the basic rights and freedoms; demonstrate the ability to use
appropriate means and forms of communication depending on the educational background and needs of legal
or non-legal audiences; render appropriate opinion after demonstrating the use of active listening skills such as
questioning, summarizing and paraphrasing.
CLLO 6: Demonstrate ability to learn and work independently, as well as the ability to work in groups or
cooperatively with others.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Course No. : LLB123A

Course Title : Powers and Structure of Philippine Government
Credit : 3 units
Prerequisite Course : None
Course Instructor : Atty. Mark Lawrence C. Badayos, JD
Consultation Hours : Saturday, 2PM-5PM
Faculty Lounge, USC Law
Email address : mlcbadayos@gmail.com
As a fundamental course in Political Law, the subject aims to inculcate in the students fundamental
philosophical and legal knowledge on the concept of State and on the powers and structures of Philippine
Government. The method of instruction is mainly Socratic, thus, case study, graded recitations and lectures will
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be employed. Selected reading materials will also be given to enhance certain important topics in Constitutional
Law. Further, students will likewise be exposed to different methods of outcomes-based learning in compliance
with USC Law’s trend toward OBE.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1. Passing grades in Summative tests

2. Regular Attendance
3. Class Participation in Oral Examinations and passing score in evaluative exam, if any
4. Discussion Papers / OBE Activities
EVALUATIVE MEASURES
1. Major Examinations Three (3) major examinations to be given by the instructor, in two
types: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and essay format and
application schemes; may also include evaluative quizzes given by
the instructor in the course of the semester. Observance of the
basic rules on grammar will be made part of the assessment and
evaluation. Students are required to take note of the rules
governing conduct of major examinations enforced in the USC
School of Law, and to comply with them.
2. Class Participation This will help monitor and evaluate the individual students as they
conduct self-studies with regard to their reading assignments.
3. Discussion Paper A requirement to be submitted after participating in symposia

and/or lecture fora or after assigning reading materials or after the
required court or legislative assemblies visits.
4. OBE Activity An activity or activities where students will apply their theoretical
learning of Constitutional Law 1.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1. Reading Assignments Students will be asked to read various reading materials consisting
primarily of decisions of Philippine Supreme Court containing
pertinent discussion related to the content of the course.
2. Interactive Class Each reading assignment will be substantiated by interactive class

Discussion / Graded discussion pioneered by the students themselves and facilitated by
Oral Recitations the instructor.
3. Class Interaction In addition to graded oral recitations, class interactions may be

had to allow students to freely share their ideas about current
political issues relating to the course.
4. Research Undertaking Students will be asked to do research studies that may entail use
of resources accessible in the internet about pertinent issues in or
affecting powers and/or structure of Philippine Government.
5. Attending Symposia / The students may also be asked to hold or organize or attend
Lecture Fora certain lecture fora and/or symposia where they will then be
required to submit discussion papers containing their concrete
learnings out of their experienced symposia/lecture fora.
6. Legislative Assembly / To supplement theoretical learning, the students may be asked to

Court Visits visit courts in or out of Cebu, or various legislative bodies within
the City to observe the workings of the Judiciary and the
Legislative branch of government, and to enable them to grasp
the dynamics of judicial and legislative powers in the Philippines.
The activity will also be an opportunity for the students to meet
the key officials of the government and directly inquire from them
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the essentials of judicial and/or legislative powers in the
Philippines.
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INTRODUCTION
I. DEFINITIONS
A. Political Law v. Constitutional Law

§ Macariola v. Asuncion, Adm. Case No. 133-J, 31 May 1982.
B. Constitution v. Law
II. THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
A. Classifications of a Constitution
B. Qualities of a Good Written Constitution
C. Essential Parts of a Good-Written Constitution
D. Doctrine of Constitutional Supremacy
§ Manila Prince Hotel v. Government Service Insurance System, G.R. No. 122156, 3
February 1997.
III. INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONSTITUTION
§ Francisco, Jr. v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10 November 2003.

§ Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. Nos. 83896, 83815, 22 February 1991.
AMENDMENT & REVISION

I. DEFINITIONS
A. Amendment v. Revision
§ Lambino v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 174153, 25 October 2006.
II. PROPOSAL STAGE
A. Article 17, Sections 1 – 3, 1987 Constitution

B. Constituent Assembly
C. Constitutional Convention
§ Imbong v. Ferrer, G.R. No. L-32432, 11 September 1970.
§ Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, G.R. No. L-1123, 5 March 1947.
§ Gonzales v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-28196, 9 November 1967.
D. People’s Initiative
§ Defensor Santiago v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 127325, 19 March 1997.
§ Lambino v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 174153, 25 October 2006.
III. RATIFICATION STAGE
A. Article 17, Section 4, 1987 Constitution

B. Doctrine of Fair and Proper Submission
§ Sanidad v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-44640, 12 October 1976.
§ Almario et. al. v. Alba, G.R. No. L-66088, 25 January 1984.
§ Tolentino v. C ommission on Elections, G.R. No. L-34150, 4 November 1971.
§ Gonzales v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-28196, 9 November 1967
JUDICIAL REVIEW
I. THEORY OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
§ Article 8, Section 1, 1987 Constitution

§ Marbury vs. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803)
§ Garcia v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 157584, 2 April 2009.
§ Biraogo v. Philippine Truth Commission of 2010, G.R. Nos. 192935 & 193936, 7
December 2010.
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II. POLITICAL QUESTION
§ Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, 2 March 2001.

§ Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, 15 August 2000.
§ Francisco vs. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10 November 2003.
III. FUNCTIONS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
§ Salonga v. Paño, G.R. No. 59524, 18 February 1985.

§ David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, 3 May 2006.
§ ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp. v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 133486, 28
January 2000.
IV. WHO MAY EXERCISE JUDICIAL REVIEW
§ Ynot v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 74457, 20 March 1987.

§ Garcia v. Drilon, G.R. No. 179267, 25 June 2013.
§ Spouses Mirasol v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 128448, 1 February 2001.
V. CONDITIONS FOR THE EXERCISE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
§ Funa v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 184740, 11 February 2010.

§ Southern Hemisphere Engagement Network, Inc. v. Anti-Terrorism Council, G.R. No.
178552, 5 October 2010.
A. Actual Case or Controversy; Moot and Academic; Exceptions to the Moot and Academic
Rule; Premature Controversies
§ Spouses Imbong v. Ochoa, Jr., G.R. No. 204819, 8 April 2014.
§ Belgica v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 208566, 19 November 2013.
§ John Hay People’s Alternative Coalition v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, 24 October 2003.
§ Pormento v. Estrada, G.R. No. 191988 (Resoution), 31 August 2010.
§ Philippine Associations of Colleges and Universities v. Secretary of Education, G.R. No.
L-5279, 31 October 1955.
§ Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, 10 May 2001.
§ David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 192302, 4 June 2014.
§ Province of Batangas v. Romulo, G.R. No. 152774, 27 May 2004.
§ Sanlakas v. Reyes, G.R. No. 159085 3 February 2004.
§ Alunan III v. Mirasol, G.R. No. 108399, 31 July 1997.
§ Araullo v. Aquino III, GR No. 209287, 1 July 2014.
§ Tañada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, 2 May 1997.
§ Philippine Press Institute, Inc. v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 119694
(Resolution), 22 May 1995.
B. Legal Standing; Legal Standing as a Procedural Technicality

§ Chamber of Real Estate and Builders' Association, Inc. v. Energy Regulatory
Commission, G.R. No. 174697, 8 July 2010.
§ Advocates for Truth in Lending, Inc. v. Bangko Sentral Monetary Board, G.R. No.
192986, 15 January 2013.
§ Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, 15 August 2000.
§ Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113105 19 August 1994.
§ Akbayan v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, 16 July 2008.
§ Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, 30 July 1993.
§ Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tañon Strait, eg. Toothed Whales,
Dolphins, Porpoises, and other cetacean species v. Secretary Angelo Reyes, G.R. No.
180771, 21 April 2015.
§ Alan Paguia v. Office of the President, G.R. No. 176276, 25 June 2010.
§ Tatad v. Secretary of Department of Energy, G.R. No. 124360, 5 November 1997.
§ Information Technology Foundation of the Philippines v. Commission on Elections,
G.R. No. 159139, 13 January 2004.
C. Timeliness
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§ Matibag c. Benipayo, G.R. No. 149036, 2 April 2002.
D. Lis Mota
§ Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap, Inc. v. Robredo, G.R. No. 200903, 22 July 2014.
§ Republic v. N. Dela Merced & Sons, Inc., G.R. No. 201501, 22 January 2018.
§ Laude v. Ginez-Jabalde, G.R. No. 217456, 24 November 2015.
§ Hacienda Luisita, Inc. v. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, G.R. No. 171101, 5 July
2011.
VI. EFFECT OF DECLARATION OF UNCONSTITUTIONALITY
A. Two views: Orthodox & Modern

§ Republic v. Court of Appelas, G.R. No. 79732, 8 November 1993.
§ De Agbayani v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. L-23127, 29 April 1971.
B. Doctrine of Operative Fact

§ Araullo v. Aquino III, G.R. No. 209287, 1 July 2014.
§ Belgica v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 208566, 208493, 209251, L-20768, 19 November 2013.
§ Hacienda Luisita v. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, G.R. No. 171191, 22
November 2011.
§ League of Cities of the Philippines represented by LCP National President Jerry P.
Treñas, et al. vs. Commission on Elections, et al., G.R. No. 176951/G.R. No.
177499/G.R. No. 178056, 24 August 2010.
C. Partial Unconstitutionality
§ Tatad v. Secretary of the Department of Energy, G.R. No. 124360 (Resolution), 3
December 1997.
§ Disini v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 169823-24, 174764-65, September 11, 2013.
THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE

I. DEFINITION OF A STATE; ELEMENTS OF A STATE
A. Article 1, Montevideo Convention
B. Case Laws
§ The Province of North Cotabato vs. Government of the Republic of the Philippines,
G.R. No. 183591, 14 October 2008.
§ Collector of Internal Revenue v. Campos Rueda, G.R. No. L-13250, 29 October 1971.
II. THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORY
A. Article 1, 1987 Constitution
B. The Philippine Archipelago

§ Article 1, 1935 Constitution
§ Article 3, Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898
§ Treaty of Washington, 7 November 1900
§ 1930 Treaty between US and Great Britain, 2 January 1930
C. Internal/Archipelagic Waters; Archipelagic Doctrine

§ Article 46, UNCLOS III
§ Right of Innocent Passage, Article 52, UNCLOS III
§ Right of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage, Article 53, UNCLOS III
D. Other Territories
§ Batanes – Article 1, 1935 Constitution (“over which the present GPI exercises
jurisdiction”)
§ Article 1, 1973 Constitution (“by historical right or legal title”)
§ Article 1, 1987 Constitution (“has sovereignty or jurisdiction”)
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§ Section 2, R.A. 5446
§ P.D. 1596
§ Section 2, R.A. 9522
E. Components of Territory
§ See Comment of Commissioner Adolfo Azcuna of the 1986 Constitutional Commission,
Journal of July 2, 1986, 1 RECORD 305
F. Baseline and Maritime Zones

§ Normal Baseline (Article 5, UNCLOS III) v. Straight Baseline (Article 7, UNCLOS III)
§ Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries, U.K. v. Norway, Order, 1951 I.C.J. 117 (Jan. 18)
§ R.A. 3046
§ R.A. 5446
§ Article 47, UNCLOS III
§ R.A. 9522
§ Magallona, et al vs Ermita, et al., G.R. No. 187167, 16 August 2011.
§ Territorial Sea, Articles 2 and 3, UNCLOS III
§ Right of Innocent Passage over Territorial Sea, Articles 17 and 19, UNCLOS III
§ Contiguous Zone, Articles 33 and 48, UNCLOS III
§ Exclusive Economic Zone, Article6 56-58, UNCLOS III
III. PEOPLE/CITIZENSHIP
A. Modes of Acquisition; Citizens of the Philippines

§ Citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the 1987 Constitution
o Article 4, Section 1 (1), 1987 Constitution
a. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, G.R. Nos. 221697 & 221698-
700, 8 March 2016.
o Article 4, Section 1, 1973 Constitution
a. Section 4, Philippine Bill of 1902
b. Section 2, Jones Law of 1916
c. Valles v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 137000, 9 August 2000.
d. Tecson v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 161434, 3 March 2004.
e. Roa v. Insular Collector of Customs, G.R. No. 7011, 30 October 1912.
f. Teotimo Rodriguez Tio Tiam v. Republic, G.R. No. L-9602, 25 April 1957.
g. Caram, Jr. v. Laureta, G.R. No. L-28740, 24 February 1981.
h. Chiongbian v. de Leon, G.R. No. L-2007, 31 January 1949.
§ Children of Filipino Fathers or Mothers
§ Citizens by Election
o Commonwealth Act 625
o Cuenco v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. L-18068, 26 May 1962
o Co v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 92191-92, 30 July
1991.
o In Re: Application of Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, 1 October 1999.
o Villahermosa v. Commissioner of Immigration, G.R. No. L-1663, 31 March 1948
o Republic v. Chule Lim, G.R. No. 153883, 13 January 2004.
B. Naturalization: Judicial, Administrative, Legislative

§ Article 4, Section 1 (3), 1987 Constitution
§ Judicial Naturalization under Commonwealth Act 473
o Qualifications
a. Republic v. Huang Te Fu, G.R. No. 200983, 18 March 2015.
o Disqualifications
o Procedure
a. Republic v. Li Ching Chung, G.R. No. 197450, 20 March 2013.
b. Republic v. Hamilton Tan Keh, G.R. No. 144742, 11 November 2004
c. Republic v. Michael Hong, G.R. No. 168877, 23 March 2006.
d. Sy v. Republic, G.R. No. L-32287, 28 February 1974.
e. Ong Chua v. Republic, G.R. No. 127240, 27 March 2000.
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f. Republic v. Kerry Lao Ong, G.R. No. 175430, 18 June 2012.
g. Republic v. Dela Rosa, G.R. No. 104654 105715 & 105735, 06 June 1994
o Effects of Naturalization
a. Moy Ya Lim Yao v. Commissioner of Immigration, G.R. No. L-21289, 4
October 1971.
o Denaturalization
a. Republic v. Li Yao, G.R. No. 35947, 20 October 1992.
b. Republic v. Guy, G.R. No. L-41399, 20 July 1982.
o Effects of Denaturalization
a. Republic v. Li Yao, G.R. No. 35947, 20 October 1992.
§ Administrative Naturalization under Republic Act No. 9139
o So v. Republic, G.R. No. 170603, 29 January 2007.
o Special Committee on Naturalization
o Qualifications
o Disqualifications
o Procedure
o Status of Alien Wife and Minor Children
o Cancellation of Certificate of Naturalization
§ Legislative Naturalization
C. Loss and Reacquisition of Citizenship

§ Loss of Citizenship
o Section 1, Commonwealth Act 63, as modified by Republic Act No. 9225
o Section 18, Commonwealth Act 473
§ Reacquisition of Citizenship
o By taking the Oath of Allegiance under RA 9225
a. Maquiling v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 195649, 16 April 2013
b. Lopez v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 182701, 23 July 2008
o By naturalization
o By repatriation under PD 725 and RA 8171
a. Frivaldo v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 120295, 28 June 1996.
b. Altarejos v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 163256, 10 November 2004.
c. Bengzon III v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 142840,
7 May 2001.
d. Tabasa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125793, 29 August 2006.
D. Dual Citizenship and Dual Allegiance
IV. SOVEREIGNTY
§ Laurel v. Misa, G.R. No. L-409 (Resolution), 30 January 1947.
§ Peralta v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-49, 12 November 1945.
§ Tiamco v. Diaz, G.R. No. L-7, 22 January 1946.
§ People v. Perfecto, G.R. No. 18463, 4 October 1922.
A. Sovereign Immunity/Doctrine on Non-Suability of State, Basis

§ Republic v. Villasor, G.R. No. L-30671, 29 November 1973.
B. Immunity of Other States and International Organs

§ Minucher v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142396, 11 February 2003.
§ Arigo v. Swift, G.R. No. 206510, 16 September 2014.
§ World Health Organization v. Aquino, G.R. No. L-35131, 29 November 1972.
§ Lasco v. United Nations Revolving Fund for Natural Resources Exploration, G.R. No.
109095-109107, 23 February 1995.
§ SEAFDEC v. Acosta, G.R. No. 86773, 14 February 1992.
§ Callado v. IRRI, G.R. No. 106483, 22 May 1995.
C. What constitutes a Suit against the State

§ Sanders v. Veridiano, G.R. No. L-46930, 10 June 1988.
§ Professional Video Inc. v. TESDA, G.R. No. 155504, 26 June 2009.
§ Republic v. Feliciano, G.R. No. 70853, 12 March 1987.
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§ Tan v. Director of Forestry, G.R. No. L-24548, 27 October 1983.
§ Veterans Manpower and Protective Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91359,
25 September 1992.
§ Liwayway Vinzons-Chato v. Fortune Tobacco Corporation, G.R. No. 141309, 23
December 2008.
D. Suit against Government Agencies

§ Municipality of San Fernando v. Judge Firme, G.R. No. L-52179, 8 April 1991.
§ Air Transportation Office v. Spouses Ramos, G.R. No. 159402, 23 February 2011.
§ National Electrification Administration v. Morales, G.R. No. 154200, 24 July 2007.
§ Lockheed Detective & Watchman Agency v. University of the Philippines, G.R. No.
185918, 18 April 2012.
§ Farolan v. Court of Tax Appeals, G.R. No. 42204, 21 January 1993.
§ Civil Aeronautics Administration v. CA, G.R. No. L-51806, 8 November 1988.
E. Suit against Public Officials

§ Department of Health v. Philippine Paharmawealth, G.R. No. 182358, 20 February
2013.
§ Veterans Manpower and Protective Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91359,
25 September 1992.
§ Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 142476, 20 March 2001.
§ Lansang v. Court of Appeals, G.R. no. 102667, 23 February 2000.
F. Forms of Consent
§ Commonweatlh Act 327, as amended by Presidential Decree No. 1445
§ Act No. 3038
§ Republic v. Feliciano, G.R. No. 70853, 12 March 1987.
§ Merrit v. Government of the Philippine Island, G.R. No. L-11154, 21 March 1916.
§ Republic v. Purisima, G.R. No. L-36084, 31 August 1977.
§ Amigable v. Cuenca, G.R. No. L-26400, 29 February 1972.
§ Delos Santos v. IAC, G.R. No. L-71998, 2 June 1993.
§ Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping, G.R. No. L-6060, 30 September 1950.
§ Lim v. Brownell, G.R. No. L-8587, 24 March 1960.
§ U.S. v. Ruiz, G.R. No. L-35645, 22 May 1985.
§ Republic of Indonesia v. Vinzon, G.R. No. 154705, 26 June 2003.
§ U.S. v. Guinto, G.R. no. 76607, 26 February 1990.
§ Republic (PCGG) v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 129406, 6 March 2006.
G. Suability v. Execution v. Liability

§ Republic v. Villasor, G.R. No. L-30671, 28 November 1973.
§ Lockheed Detective and Watchman Agency v. UP, G.R. No. 185918, 18 April 2012.
§ UP v. Dizon, G.R. No. 171182, 23 August 2012.
§ Municipality of San Miguel, Bulacan v. Fernandez, G.R. No. L-61744, 25 June 1984.
§ Municipality of Makati v. CA, G.R. No. 89898-99, 1 October 1990.
§ Merrit v. Government of the Philippine Island, G.R. No. L-11154, 21 March 1916.
V. GOVERNMENT
A. Government in general, Defined

§ U.S. v. Dorr, 2 Phil 322 (at 339)
B. Government of the Philippine, Defined

§ Section 2, Administrative Code of the Philippines
C. Kinds of Government
§ Co Kim Cham v. Tan Keh, G.R. No. L-5, 17 September 1945.
§ Lawyers League for a Better Philippines v. Corazon C. Aquino, G.R. No. 73748, 22 May
1986.
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D. Functions of a Government: Constituent and Ministrant
§ Shipside Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 143377, 20 February 2001.
§ People's Homesite and Housing Corp. v. Court of Industrial Relations, G.R. No. L-
31890, 29 May 1987.
§ Agricultural Credit v. Confederation of Unions in Government Corp. & Offices, G.R.
No. L-21484 29 November 1969.
E. Doctrine of Parens Patriae

§ Government of the Philippine Islands v. El Monte de Piedad, G.R. No. 9959, 13
December 1916.
§ Samahan ng mga Progresibong Kabataan v. Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442, 8 August
2017.
PRINCIPLES & STATE POLICIES

OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
I. NATURE OF PROVISIONS
§ Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, 2 May 1997.

§ Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 122156, 3 February 1997.
§ Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, 30 July 1993.
§ The Province of North Cotabato v. The Government of the Republic of the Philippines
Peace Panel on Ancestra Domain, G.R. No. 183591, 14 October 2008.
II. PRINCIPLES (Article 2, Sections 1-6, 1987 Constitution)
A. Republicanism
§ Note: Specific manifestations of Republicanism shall be discussed in several topics
scattered across the Syllabus.
B. Incorporation Clause
§ Kim Chan v. Valdez Tan Keh, G.R. No. L-5, 17 September 1945.
§ Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the Philippines v. Duque, G.R. No.
173034, 9 October 2007.
§ Ichong v. Hernandez, G.R. No. L-7995, 31 May 1957.
§ Gonzales v. Hechanova, G.R. No. L-21897, 22 October 1963.
§ Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, 18 January 2000.
§ Philip Morris, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91332, 16 July 1993.
C. Civilian Supremacy
§ See: Article VII, Section 18; Article XVI, Section 5(1), (4), (5), (6), (7); Article XVI,
Section 6.
§ Alih v. Castro, G.R. No. L-69401, 23 June 1987.
D. Government as Protector of the People; People as Defenders of the State

§ People v. Tranquilino Lagman, G.R. No. L-45892, 13 July 1938.
§ People v. Primitivo De Sosa, G.R. No. L-45893, 13 July 1938.
§ Chavez v. Romulo, G.R. No. 157036, 9 June 2004.
E. Separation of Church and State

§ Note: Specific manifestations of the Separation of Church and State shall be discussed in
several topics scattered across the Syllabus.
III. STATE POLICIES (Article 2, Sections 7 – 28, 1987 Constitution)
A. Independent Foreign Policy and Nuclear-Free Philippines

B. Just and Dynamic Social Order
C. Promotion of Social Justice
D. Respect for Human Dignity and Human Rights
E. Family and Youth
11
F. Fundamental Equality of Men and Women
G. Promotion of Health and Ecology
H. Priority to Education, Science Technology, Etc.
I. Protection to Labor
J. Self-Reliant and Independent Economic Order
K. Land Reform
L. Indigenous Cultural Communities
M. Independent People’s Organizations
N. Communication and Information in Nation-Building
O. Autonomy of Local Governments
P. Equal Access of Opportunities for Public Service
Q. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure
SEPARATION OF POWERS
§ Pangasinan Transportation Co. v. Public Service Commission, G.R. No. 47065, 26 June
1940.
§ La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, 1 December 2004.
§ Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524, 15 April 1992.
§ Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R.
No. 173425, 4 September 2012.
§ Maceda v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 102781, 22 April 1993.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
I. THE SENATE (Article 6, Sections 2 – 4, 1987 Constitution)
A. Composition
B. Qualifications
§ Poe- Llamanzares vs Comelec, GR No. 221697, March 8, 2016
C. Term of Office
II. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
A. Composition (Article 6, Section 5, 1987 Constitution)

§ District Representatives
o Macias v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-18684, 14 September 1961.
o Aldaba v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 188078, 15 March 2010.
o Aquino III v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 189793, 7 April 2010.
o Mariano v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 118577, 7 March 1995
o Montejo v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 118702, 16 March 1995.
o Sema v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 177597, 16 July 2008.
§ Party-list Representatives
o Sections 11 and 12, Republic Act 7941 (The Party-List System Act)
o Veterans Federation Party v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 136781, 6 October
2000.
o Ang Bagong Bayani v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 147589, 26 June 2001.
o BANAT v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 179271, 21 April 2009
B. Qualifications
§ RA 7941 ( The Party-List System Act)
o Who may participate in the Party-List Election
a. Atong Paglaum v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 203766, 2 April 2013.
b. Section 6, Refusal and/or Cancellation of Registration
c. Philippine Guardians Brotherhood, Inc. v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No.
190529, 29 April 2010.
d. Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 190582, 8 April
2010.
o Who may become Party-List Representatives
a. Section 8, Nomination of Party-List Representatives
b. Section 9, Qualifications of Party-List Nominees
12
c. Section 13, How Party-List Representatives are chosen
d. Section 15, Effect of Change of Affiliation
e. Atong Paglaum v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 203766, 2 April 2013.
C. Term of Office
§ Section 14, RA 7941
III. ELECTION
§ Article 6, Sections 8 and 9, 1987 Constitution

§ Tolentino, et al. v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 148334, 21 January 2004.
§ Macalintal v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 10 July 2003.
IV. SALARIES

V. PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITIES

§ Freedom from arrest
o People v. Jalosjos, G.R. No. 132875, 3 February 2000.
o Trillanes v. Judge Pimentel, G.R. No. 179817, 27 June 2008.
§ Privilege of speech and of debate
o Osmeña v. Pendatun, G.R. No. L-17144, 28 October 1960.
o Jimenez v. Cabangbang, G.R. No. 15905, 3 August 1966.
VI. DISQUALIFICATIONS

§ Incompatible Office
o Adaza v. Pacana, Jr., G.R. No. 68159, 18 March 1985
o Dante Liban v. Senator Richard Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, 18 January 2011
§ Forbidden Office
VII. OTHER INHIBITIONS

VIII. SESSIONS
A. Regular and Special Sessions

B. Joint Sessions
§ Voting Separately
§ Voting Jointly
C. Adjournment
IX. ORGANIZATION, PROCEEDINGS, RECORDS
A. Election of Officers
13
B. Quorum
§ Avelino v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-2821 (Resolution), 4 March 1949
§ Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, 26 June 1998
C. Rules of Proceedings
D. Discipline of Members
§ Osmeña v. Pendatun, G.R. No. L-17144, 28 October 1960.
E. Records and Books of Accounts

F. Legislative Journal and the Congressional Record

§ Enrolled Bill Theory
o Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, G.R. No. L-1123, 5 March 1947.
o Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, 26 June 1998.
o Casco Philippine Chemical Co., Inc. v. Gimenez, G.R. No. L-17931, 28 February
1963.
§ Probative Value of Journal
o U.S. v. Pons, G.R. No. 11530, 12 August 1916.
§ Journal Entry Rule v. Enrolled Bill Theory
o Astorga v. Villegas, G.R. No. L-23475, 30 April 1974.
o Morales v. Subido, G.R. No. L-29658, 27 February 1969.
X. CONSTITUTIONAL ORGANS WITHIN CONGRESS
A. Electoral Tribunals (Article 6, Sections 17, 1987 Constitution)

§ Composition
o Bondoc v. Pineda, G.R. No. 97710, 26 September 1991.
o Pimentel v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 141489, 29
November 2002.
§ Power
o Sampayan v. Daza, G.R. No. 103903, 11 September 1992.
o Aquino v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 120265, 18 September 1995.
o Vinzons-Chato v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 172131, 2 April 2007.
o Walden Bello and Loretta Ann Rosales v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No.
191998, 7 December 2010.
o Renald Vilando v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 192147, 23
August 2011.
o Angara v. Electoral Commission, G.R. No. 45081, 15 July 1936.
o Pena v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 123037, 21 March
1997.
B. Commission on Appointments (Article 6, Sections 18, 1987 Constitution)

§ Composition
o Coseteng v. Mitra, Jr., G.R. No. 86649, 12 July 1990.
o Daza v. Singaon, G.R. No. 86344, 21 December 1989.
o Guingona, Jr. v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 106971, 20 October 1992.
§ Powers
o Sarmiento III v. Mison, G.R. No. L-79974, 17 December 1987.
o Quintos-Deles v. Commission on Constitutional Commissions, G.R. No. 83216, 4
September 1989.
o Bautista v. Salonga, G.R. No. 86439, 13 April 1989.
POWERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
14
I. GENERAL [PLENARY] LEGISLATIVE POWER
A. Nature
§ David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, 3 May 2006.
§ Review Center Association of the Philippines v. Ermita, G.R. No. 180046, 2 April 2009.
§ Gonzales v. Hechanova, G.R. No. L-21897, 22 October 1963.
B. Substantive Limitations
§ Express Limitations
o Bill of Rights (Article 3, 1987 Constitution)
o Appropriations (Article 6, Sections 25 and 29, 1987 Constitution)
o Taxation (Article 6, Sections 28 and 29, 1987 Constitution; Article 14, Section 4, 1987
Constitution)
o Constitutional Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (Article 6, Section 30,
1987 Constitution)
o Non-grant of title of royalty or nobility (Article 6, Section 31, 1987 Constitution)
§ Implied Limitations
o Non-Delegation of Powers
a. General Rule: Non-Delegation
i. Jaworski v. PAGCOR, G.R. No. 144463, 14 January 2004.
ii. Lim v. Pacquing, G.R. No. 115044, 27 January 1995.
iii. Jesus Garcia v. Hon. Ray Alan Drilon, G.R. No. 179267, 25 June 2013
b. Permissible Delegation
i. Tariff Powers to the President
• Article 6, Section 28 (2), 1987 Constitution
• Garcia v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 100883, 2 December 1991.
• Philippine Interisland Shipping Association v. Court of Appeals, G.R.
No. 100481, 22 January 1997.
ii. Emergency Powers to the President
• Article 6, Section 23 (2), 1987 Constitution
• David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, 3 May 2006.
iii. Delegation to the People
iv. Delegation to Local Government Units
v. Delegation to Administrative Bodies or “Power of Subordinate Legislation”
• Conference of Maritime Manning Agencies, Inc. v. POEA, G.R. No.
114714, 21 April 1995.
• Osmeña v. Orbos, G.R. No. 99886, 31 March 1993.
• Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204829, 8 April 2014.
• Kilusang Mayo Uno Labor Center v. Garcia, G.R. No. 115381, 23
December 1994
• Pelaez v. Auditor General, G.R. No. L-23825, 24 December 1965.
c. Tests for Valid Delegation
i. Completeness Test
• U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, G.R. No. L-17122, 27 February 1922.
ii. Sufficient Standards Test
• Ynot v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No.
• Chionbian v. Orbos, G.R. No. 96754, 22 June 1995.
• Tatad v. Secretary of the Department of Energy, G.R. Nos. 124360 and
127867, 5 November 1997 and 3 December 1997.
• Gerochi v. Department of Energy, G.R. No. 159796, 17 July 2007.
o Prohibition against the passage of Irrepealable Laws
C. Legislative Process
§ Bills that must originate exclusively in the House of Representatives
o Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. Nos. 115455, et. al., 25 August 1994 and 30
October 1995.
o Alvarez v. Guingona, Jr., G.R. No. 118303, 31 January 1996.
§ One-subject-one-title Rule
15
o Benjamin Cawaling, Jr. v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 146319, 26 October
2001.
o Henry Giron v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 188179, 22 January 2013.
§ Three readings on separate days
o Exception: Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. Nos. 115455, et. al., 25 August
1994 and 30 October 1995.
o Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, G.R. No. 105371, 11 November 1993.
§ Approval of Bills
o Bolinao Electronics Corporation v. Valencia, G.R. No. L-20740, 30 June 1964.
o Gonzales v. Macaraig, Jr., G.R. No. 87636, 19 November 1990.
o Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524, 15 April 1992.
§ Effectivity of Laws
o Article 2, Civil Code
o Tañada v. Tuvera, G.R. No., 63915, 24 April 1985.
II. POWER OF LEGISLATIVE INVESTIGATION
A. Nature
§ In the Matter of the petition for Habeas Corpus of Camilo L. Sabio, Miguel v. Gordon,
G.R. No. 174340, 17 October 2006.
§ Philcomsat Holdings Corporation v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 180308, 19 June
2012.
B. Limitations
§ In aid of legislation
Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, GR No. L-89914, 20 November 1991.
o Standard Chartered Bank v. Senate Committee on Banks, G.R. No. 167173, 27
December 2007.
§ In accordance with duly published Rules of Procedure
o Neri v. Senate Committees, G.R. No. 180643, 25 March 2008.
o De La Paz v. Senate, G.R. No. 184849, 13 February 2009.
§ Rights of persons appearing in, or affected by such, inquiry shall be respected.
o Standard Chartered Bank v. Senate Committee on Banks, G.R. No. 167173, 27
December 2007.
o Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, 20 April 2006.
o Romero v. Estrada, G.R. No. 174105, 2 April 2009.
o In the Matter of the petition for Habeas Corpus of Camilo L. Sabio, Miguel v.
Gordon, G.R. No. 174340, 17 October 2006.
o Standard Chartered Bank v. Senate Committee on Banks, Financial Institutions and
Currencies, G.R. No. 167173, 27 December 2007.
o Gudani v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165, 15 August 2006.
C. Power to punish contempt

§ Arnault v. Nazareno, G.R. No. L-3820, 18 July 1950.
III. QUESTION HOUR

§ Senate of the Philippines vs. Ermita, GR No. 169777, 20 April 2006.
IV. POWER OF APPROPRIATION
A. Need for Appropriation

§ TESDA v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 196418, 10 February 2015.
§ Commission on Elections v. Judge Quijano-Padilla and Photokina Marketing, G.R. No.
151992, 18 September 2002.
B. Appropriation Law, Defined; Classifications
16
§ Belgica v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 208566, 11 November 2013.
§ General Appropriation Law
§ Special Appropriation Law
C. Implied Limitations on Appropriation Measures

§ Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works and Communication, G.R. No. L-10405, 29
December 1960.
§ Guingona, Jr. v. Carague, G.R. no. 94571, 22 April 1991.
D. Constitutional Limitations on Special Appropriation Measures

§ Must specify the public purpose for which the sum is intended
§ Must be supported by funds actually available as certified to by the National Treasurer, or
to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposal included therein
E. Constitutional Rules on General Appropriations Law (Article 6, Section 25, 1987 Constitution)
§ Congress may not increase the appropriations recommended by the President for the
operation of the Government as specified in the budget
§ The form, content and manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law
§ No provision or enactment shall be embraced unless it relates specifically to some
particular appropriation therein. Any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its
operation to the appropriation to which it relates.
o Garcia v. Mata, G.R. No. L-33713, 30 July 1975.
§ Procedure for approving appropriations for Congress shall strictly follow the procedure
for approving appropriations for other departments and agencies.
§ Prohibition against transfer of appropriations
o Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, G.R. Nos. 113105, et . al., 19 August
1994.
o Araullo v. Aquino III, G.R. No. 209287, 3 February 2015.
§ Prohibition against appropriations for sectarian benefit
o Aglipay v. Ruiz, G.R. No. 45459, 13 March 1937.
o Manosca v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 106440, 29 January 1996.
§ Discretionary funds
§ Automatic reappropriation
F. Impoundment
§ Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, G.R. Nos. 113105, et . al., 19 August
1994.
G. Appropriation Reserves
H. The Pork Barrel System

§ Belgica v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 208566, 11 November 2013.
§ Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, G.R. Nos. 113105, et . al., 19 August
1994.
§ Lawyers Against Monopoly and Poverty v. Secretary of Budget and Management, G.R.
No. 164987, 24 April 2012.
V. POWER OF TAXATION
VI. WAR POWERS (Article 6, Section 23 (1), 1987 Constitution)
VII. POWER TO ACT AS BOARD OF CANVASSERS (Article 7, Section 4, 1987 Constitution)

§ Ruy Elias Lopez v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 163556, 8 June 2004.
§ Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. v. Joint Committee of Congress to Canvass, G.R. No. 163783, 22
June 2004.
§ Brillantes v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 163193, 15 June 2004.
17
VIII. POWER TO CALL A SPECIAL ELECTION FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE-
PRESIDENT (Article 7, Section 10, 1987 Constitution)
IX. POWER TO JUDGE PRESIDENT’S PHYSICAL FITNESS (Article 7, Section 11, 1987
Constitution)
X. POWER TO REVOKE OR EXTEND SUSPENSION OF THE PRIVILEGE OF THE

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS OR DECLARATION OF MARTIAL LAW (Article 7,
Section 18, 1987 Constitution)
XI. POWER TO CONCUR IN PRESIDENTIAL AMNESTIES (Article 7, Section 19, 1987

Constitution)
XII. POWER TO CONCUR IN TREATIES OR INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

(Article 7, Section 21, 1987 Constitution)
XIII. POWER TO CONFIRM CERTAIN APPOINTMENTS/NOMINATIONS MADE BY

THE PRESIDENT (Article 7, Section 9 and 16, 1987 Constitution)
XIV. POWER OF IMPEACHMENT (Article 11, Section 2, 1987 Constitution)
XV. POWER RELATIVE TO NATURAL RESOURCES (Article 12, Section 2, 1987

Constitution)
XVI. POWER TO PROPOSE AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION (Article 17,

Sections 1 and 2, 1987 Constitution)
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
I. THE PRESIDENT
A. Qualifications, Election, Term, Oath

§ Article 7, Sections 1, 2, 4, 5, 1987 Constitution
§ Makalintal v. Commission on Eletions, G.R. No. 15013, 10 July 2003.
§ FPJ vs. Arroyo, P.E.T. Case No. 002, March 29, 2005
§ Legarda vs. De Castro, P.E.T. Case No. 003, March 31, 2005
§ Atty. Romulo B. Macalintal vs. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, 23
November 2010; GR No. 191618, 7 June 2011 (En Banc)
§ Pormento v. Estrada, G.R. No. 191988, 31 August 2010.
B. Privileges (Article 7, Section 6, 1987 Constitution)

§ Official Residence
§ Salary
§ Immunity from Suit
o Soliven v. Makasiar, G.R. Nos. 82585, et. al., 14 November 1988.
o Estrada vs. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, 2 March 2001.
o Romualdez vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 152259, 29 July 2004.
§ Executive Privilege
o Almonte, et al vs. Vasquez, G.R. No. 95367, 23 May 1995.
o Senate of the Philippines vs. Ermita, GR No. 169777, 20 April 2006.
o Neri v. Senate Committees, G.R. No. 180643, 25 March 2008.
C. Prohibitions/Inhibitions
§ Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 152154, 15 July 2003.
§ Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, 22 February 1991.
§ Dennis Funa v. Executive Secretary Ermita, G.R. No. 184740, 11 February 2010.
§ Dennis Funa v. Acting Justice Secretary Alberto Agra, G.R. No. 191644, 19 February
2013.
§ National Amnesty Commission v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 156982, 8 September
2004.
§ Bitonio v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 147392, 12 March 2004.
18
D. Rules on Succession
§ Article 7, Section 7 and 8, 1987 Constitution
§ Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, 2 March 2001.
E. Removal
II. THE VICE PRESIDENT
A. Qualifications, Election, Term, Removal (Article 7, Section 3, 1987 Constitution)
B. Vacancy (Article 7, Section 9, 1987 Constitution)
III. POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
A. The Executive Power

§ National Electrification Administration v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 143481, 15
February 2002.
§ Villena v. Secretary of Interior, G.R. No. 46570, 21 April 1939.
§ Mondano v. Silvosa, G.R. No. L-7708, 30 May 1955.
§ Marcos v. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, 15 September 1989.
§ Almario v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 189028, 16 July 2013.
B. Power of Control
§ Section 31, Administrative Code of the Philippines
§ Banda v. Executive Secretary Ermita, G.R. No. 166620, 20 April 2010.
§ Malaria Employees and Workers Association of the Philippines v. Romulo, G.R. No.
160093, 31 July 2007.
§ Domingo v. Zamora, G.R. No. 142283, 6 February 2003.
§ Prospero Pichay v. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal Affairs, G.R. No.
196425, 24 July 2012.
§ DENR v. DENR Region XII Employees, G.R. No. 149724, 19 August 2003.
§ Hontiveros-Baraquel v. Toll Regulatory Board, G.R. No. 181293, 23 February 2015.
§ Gloria v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119903, 15 August 2000.
§ Tan v. Director of Forestry, G.R. No. L-24548, 27 October 1983.
C. Power of General Supervision over LGUs and Autonomous Regions

§ Judge Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, 3 December 2002.
§ Drilon v. Lim, G.R. No. 112497, 4 August 1994.
§ Pimentel v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 132988, 19 July 2000.
§ Datu Zaldy Uy Ampatuan v. Hon. Ronaldo Puno, G.R. No. 190259, 7 June 2011.
§ Province of Negros Occidental v. The Commissioners, Commission on Audit, G.R. No.
182574, 28 September 2010.
§ Liga ng Mga Barangay v. Judge Paredes, G.R. No. 130775, 29 September 2004.
D. Power of Appointment
§ Appointments, Classified
o Permanent v. Temporary
a. Valencia v. Peralta, Jr., G.R. No. L-20864, 23 August 1963.
b. Binamira v. Garrucho, Jr., G.R. No. 92008, 30 July 1990.
o Regular v. Ad Interim
a. Pamantasan ng Lungson ng Maynila v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No.
L-65439, 31 July 1986.
b. Matibag v. Benipayo, G.R. No. 149036, 2, April 2002.
§ Appointment with the consent of the Commission on Appointments
o Article 7, Section 16, 1st Sentence, 1987 Constitution
o Sarmiento III v. Mison, G.R. No. L-79974, 17 December 1987.
a. Heads of Executive Departments
19
b. Ambassadors, other Public Minsters and Consuls
c. Officers of the Armed Forces from the rank of Colonel or Naval Captain
d. Other Officers whose appointments are vested in the President by the
Constitution
i. Chairmen and Members of the Constitutional Commissions
ii. Regular Members of the Judicial and Bar Council (Article 8, Sec. 8 (2), 1987
Constitution)
iii. Sectoral Representatives (Article 18, Sec. 7, 1987 Constitution)
• Quintos-Deles v. Committee on Constitutional Commissions, G.R. No.
83216, 4 September 1989.
§ Appointment without the consent of the Commission on Appointments
o Article 7, Section 16, 1st Sentence, 1987 Constitution
a. All other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise
provided by law
b. Those whom the President may be authorized by law to appoint
o Soriano v. Lista, G.R. No. 153881, 24 March 2003.
o Mary Concepcion Bautista v. Salonga, G.R. No. 86439, 13 April 1989.
o Calderon v. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, 23 April 1992.
o Manalo v. Sistoza, G.R. No. 107369, 11 August 1999.
o Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. no. 113956, 21 July 2006.
§ Upon recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council
o Members of the Supreme Court and all other courts (Article 8, Sec. 9, 1987
Constitution)
o Ombudsman and Deputies (Article 11, Sec. 9, 1987 Constitution)
§ Apppointment of Vice President as Cabinet Member (Article 7, Section 3, 1987
Constitution)
§ Steps in the Appointing Process
o Lacson v. Romero, G.R. No. L-3081, 14 October 1949.
§ Constitutional Limitations on the President’s Appointing Power
a. De Rama v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 131136, 28 February 2001.
b. Arturo de Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. no. 191002, 17 March 2010.
E. Pardoning Power
§ Limitations on Exercise of Pardon
o Article 9-C, Section 5, 1987 Constitution
o People v. Salle, G.R. No. 103567, 4 December 1995.
o People v. Nacional, G.R. No. 11294, 7 September 1995.
§ Absolute Pardon v. Conditional Pardon
o In Re: Torres v. Director, Bureau of Corrections, G.R. No. 122338, 29 December
1995.
§ Pardon v. Amnesty
o People v. Patriarca, G.R. No. 135457, 29 September 2000.
o Vera v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. L-18184, 31 January 1963.
o People v. Casido, G.R. No. 116512, 7 March 1997.
F. Military Powers
§ The Commander-in-Chief Clause
o Gudani v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165, 15 August 2006.
o David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, et. al., 3 May 2006.
o Datu Zaldy Uy Ampatuan v. Hon. Ronaldo Puno, G.R. No. 190259, 7 June 2011.
o Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, 15 August 2000.
o Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, 10 May 2001.
o Sanlakas v. Reyes, G.R. No. 159085, et. al., 3 February 2004.
o Jamar Kulayan v. Gov. Abdusakur Tan, G.R. No. 187298, 3 July 2012.
§ Suspension of the Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus
§ Martial Law
20
o Lagman v. Medialdea, G.R. No. 231658, 5 December 2017.
G. Emergency Powers by Delegation

H. Borrowing Power
I. Diplomatic Power
§ Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading, G.R. No. L-14279, 31 October 1961.
§ Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, 10 October 2000.
§ Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, 6 July 2005.
J. Budgetary Power
K. Informing Power
L. Other Powers
§ Call Congress to a special session (Article 6, Section 15, 1987 Constitution)
§ Power to Approve or Veto Bills (Article 6, Section 27, 1987 Constitution)
§ To consent to deputation of government personnel by the Commission on Elections
(Article 9-C, Section 2 (4), 1987 Constitution)
§ To discipline such deputies (Article 9-C, Section 2 (8), 1987 Constitution)
§ Emergency Powers by delegation (Article 6, Section 28 (2), 1987 Constitution)
§ General Supervision over LGUs and Autonomous Governments (Article 10, 1987 Sec 4
Constitution)
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
I. THE JUDICIAL POWER
A. Definition
§ Tocao v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 127405, 20 September 2001.
§ De Leon v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 127182, 5 December 2001.
§ Metropolitan Manila Development Authority v. Concerned Residents of Manily Bay, G.R.
No. 171947, 15 February 2011.
§ Limketkai Sons Milling v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118509, 5 September 1996.
B. Where Vested
C. Jurisdiction
§ Fabian v. Desierto, G.R. No. 129742, 16 September 1998.
§ Villavert v. Desierto, G.R. No. 133715, 13 February 2000.
D. Deliberative Process Privilege

§ In Re: Production of Court Records and Documents and the Attendance of Court
Officials and Employees, Notice, 14 February 2012.
II. APPOINTMENT TO THE JUDICIARY

A. Qualifications
B. Procedure for Appointment
21
o In Re: Seniority Among the Four Most Recent Appointments in the Position of
Associate Justices of the Court of Appeals, A.M. No. 10-4-22-SC, 20 September 2010.
o De Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. No. 191002, 17 March 2010.
C. The Judicial and Bar Council

§ Composition
o Francisco Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. No. 202242, 17 July 2012.
o Resolution on the Motion for Reconsideration, Francisco Chavez v. Judicial and Bar
Council, G.R. No. 202242, 16 April 2013.
§ Appointment
§ Powers and Functions
o Francis Jardeleza v. Maria Lourdes Sereno, G.R. No. 213181, 19 August 2014.
III. THE SUPREME COURT

A. Composition
B. En Banc/Division Cases
§ Article 8, Section 4 (2) and (3), 1987 Constitution
§ Fortich v. Corono, G.R. No. 131457, 19 August 1999.
§ Resolution on Motion for Reconsideration in Arturo de Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council,
G.R. No. 191002, 20 April 2010.
§ Limketkai Sons Milling v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118509, 5 September 1996.
C. Powers
§ Original Jurisdiction
o Francisco, Jr. v. Toll Regulatory Board, G.R. no. 106910, 19 October 2010.
o Jardeleza v. Sereno, G.R. No. 21381, 19 August 2014.
§ Appellate Jurisdiction
o People v. Redulosa, G.R. No. 94594, 29 March 1996.
o Fabian. v. Desierto, G.R. No. 129742, 16 September 1998.
o Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 135789, 31 January 2002.
§ Temporary Assignment of Judges
§ Order Change of Venue
§ Rule-Making Power
o Limitations on Rule-Making Power
a. First Lepanto Ceramics v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 110571, 10 March 1994.
b. In Re: Request for Creation of a Special Division, A.M. No. 02-1-09-SC, 21
January 2002.
c. In Re: Atty. Marcia Edillon, A.C. No. 1928, 3 August 1978.
d. Atty. Aileen Maglana v. Atty. Jose Vicente, B.M. No 2713, 10 June 2014
e. The Writ of Amparo, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC
f. The Writ of Habeas Data, A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC
g. Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases, A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC
i. The Writ of Kalikasan
ii. The Writ of Continuing Mandamus
iii. Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
o Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 132601, 19 January 1999.
§ Power of Appointment
§ Power of Administrative Supervision
o Fuentes v. Office of the Ombudsman-Mindanao, G.R. No. 124295, 23 October 2001.
22
o Dolalas v. Office of the Ombudsman, G.R. No. 118808, 24 December 1996.
IV. TENURE OF JUDGES/JUSTICES

A. Supreme Court
§ In Re: First Indorsement from Hon. Raul M. Gonzalez, A.M. No. 88-4-5433, 15 April
1998.
§ Republic v. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, 11 May 2018 and 19 June 2018.
B. Lower Courts
§ Article 8, Section 11, 1987 Consitution
§ People v. Judge Gacott, Jr., G.R. No. 116049, 13 July 1995.
§ Judge Caoibes v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 132177, 17 July 2001.
§ Dayot v. Judge Garcia, A.M. No. MTJ-00-1282, 1 March 2001.
V. SALARIES (Article 8, Section 10, 1987 Constitution)
NATIONAL ECONOMY & PATRIMONY

I. GOALS (Article 12, Section 1, 1987 Constitution
II. NATURAL RESOURCES

A. The Regalian Doctrine
§ Sunbeam Convenience Food v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 50464, 21 January 1990.
§ Republic v. Sayo, G.R. No. 60413, 31 October 1990.
§ Republic v. Register of Deeds of Quezon, G.R. No. 73974, 31 May 1995.
B. Citizenship Requirements
§ Co-Production, Joint Venture or Production Sharing Agreements
o Initiatives for Dialogue and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services
(IDEALS) v. Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM), G.R. No.
192088, 9 October 2012.
§ Use and Enjoyment of the Nation’s Marine Wealth in its Archipelagic Waters, Territorial
Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone
§ Alienable Lands of the Public Domain
§ Certain Areas of Investment
§ Franchise, Certificate or Any Other Form of Authorization for the Operation of Public
Utility
o JG Summit Holdings v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124293, 24 September 2003.
o Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, 28 June 2011.
o Philippine Telephone Corporation v. National Telecommunications Commission,
G.R. No. 138295, 28 August 2003.
o Associated Communications & Wireless Services – United Broadcasting Networks v.
National Telecommunications Commission, G.R. No. 144109, 17 February 2003.
C. Classification of Lands of the Public Domain
§ Republic v. Imperial, G.R. No. 130906, 11 February 1999.
§ Spouses Fortuna v. Republic, G.R. No. 173423, 5 March 2014.
§ Palomo v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 95608, 21 January 1997.
D. The Stewardship Concept

III. PRIVATE LANDS

A. General Rule
§ Muller v. Muller, G.R. No. 149615, 29 August 2006.
§ Cheesman v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 74833, 21 January 1991.
23
§ Philip Matthews v. Benjamin Taylor and Joselyn Taylor, G.R. No. 164584, 22 June 2009.
§ Frenzel v. Catito, G.R. No. 143958, 11 July 2003.
§ Halili v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 113539, 12 March 1997.
§ Lee v. Director of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, 3 October 2001.
B. Exceptions
IV. PREFERENCE FOR FILIPINO LABOR, ETC. (Article 12, Section 12, 1987 Constitution)
V. PRACTICE OF PROFESSION (Article 12, Section 14, 1987 Constitution)
VI. COOPERATIVES (Article 12, Section 15, 1987 Constitution)
VII. MONOPOLIES (Article 12, Section 19, 1987 Constitution)
VIII. CENTRAL MONETARY AUTHORITY (Article 12, Section 20, 1987 Constitution)
END
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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1

Atty. Mark Lawrence C. Badayos, JD

USC VISION & MISSION

The University of San Carlos sees:

§ a SOCIETY where citizens are competent, noble in character and community-oriented

- What they know, they apply justly and honestly…

CAROLINIAN LAW GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

Scientia: A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL

Virtus: A VIRTUOUS EXEMPLAR

Devotio: A DEDICATED ADVOCATE

PROGRAM LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLLO)

PLLO 2: ETHICS, PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY, WITNESS TO THE WORD

PLLO 4: RESEARCH SKILLS

PLLO 5: COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION

COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLLO)

CLLO 1: Explain the working of the Philippine Government.

Course No. : LLB123A

1. Passing grades in Summative tests

3. Discussion Paper A requirement to be submitted after participating in symposia

2. Interactive Class Each reading assignment will be substantiated by interactive class

3. Class Interaction In addition to graded oral recitations, class interactions may be

6. Legislative Assembly / To supplement theoretical learning, the students may be asked to

A. Political Law v. Constitutional Law

II. THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

III. INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONSTITUTION

§ Francisco, Jr. v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10 November 2003.

AMENDMENT & REVISION

II. PROPOSAL STAGE

A. Article 17, Sections 1 – 3, 1987 Constitution

III. RATIFICATION STAGE

A. Article 17, Section 4, 1987 Constitution

§ Article 8, Section 1, 1987 Constitution

§ Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, 2 March 2001.

III. FUNCTIONS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

§ Salonga v. Paño, G.R. No. 59524, 18 February 1985.

IV. WHO MAY EXERCISE JUDICIAL REVIEW

§ Ynot v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 74457, 20 March 1987.

V. CONDITIONS FOR THE EXERCISE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

§ Funa v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 184740, 11 February 2010.

B. Legal Standing; Legal Standing as a Procedural Technicality

VI. EFFECT OF DECLARATION OF UNCONSTITUTIONALITY

A. Two views: Orthodox & Modern

B. Doctrine of Operative Fact

THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE

A. Article 1, Montevideo Convention

II. THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORY

A. Article 1, 1987 Constitution

B. The Philippine Archipelago

C. Internal/Archipelagic Waters; Archipelagic Doctrine

F. Baseline and Maritime Zones

A. Modes of Acquisition; Citizens of the Philippines

B. Naturalization: Judicial, Administrative, Legislative

C. Loss and Reacquisition of Citizenship

D. Dual Citizenship and Dual Allegiance

A. Sovereign Immunity/Doctrine on Non-Suability of State, Basis

B. Immunity of Other States and International Organs

C. What constitutes a Suit against the State

D. Suit against Government Agencies

E. Suit against Public Officials

G. Suability v. Execution v. Liability

A. Government in general, Defined

B. Government of the Philippine, Defined