CHAPTER 4

POWER PLANT BUILDINGS

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. How high can a solid unloaded brick wall (2.08 tones per m3) be carried without the
compressive stress on the lower course exceeding (a) 12 kg/cm2, (b) 17.5 kg/cm2?

Given: s = 12 kg/cm2 , γ = 2.08 tones per m3

Solution:
W γAh
𝑠 = A = A = γh
(a)

kg 100 cm 2
s (12 2 ) ( 1m )
cm
ℎ= = = 52.69m
𝛾 (2.08 3 1000kg
)(
tones per m 1 tonne)
(b)
100 cm 2
(17.5 kg/cm2 ) (
s
ℎ= = 1m ) = 84.13m
𝛾 (2.08 3 1000kg
tones per m )(1 tonne)

2. The brick walls of a small power plant are of the bearing wall type, 432 mm thick. They
are 10.5m high to the eaves and take a reaction of 3400 kg from roof trusses spaced 4.5 m
apart. (a) What is the maximum compression in the brick work? (b) The safe bearing
power of the subsoil is 9765 kg/m3, and the wall footings weigh approximately 495 kg/m.
How wide should the footings be?

Given: Wa= weight of brick wall = (2403 kg/m2)(0.432m)(10.5m)(4.5m)=49,050kg

Wt= weight of roof truss = 3400kg
A = Compression rate area on brick wall = 0.432 x 4.5 = 1.944 m2
Solution:
(a)Maximum compression on brick wall

(𝑊𝑎 + 𝑊𝑡 ) (49050𝑘𝑔 + 3400𝑘𝑔) 𝑘𝑔

= = 2
= 26,980 2
𝐴 1.944𝑚 𝑚
(b)Width of footing
Safe bearing power = 9765 kg/m2
Wf = wall footing weight = 495 x 4.5 = 2227.5 kg
(𝑊𝑎 + 𝑊𝑡 +𝑊𝑓 )
𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐿𝑥𝑏
(49050𝑘𝑔 + 3400𝑘𝑔 + 2227.5𝑘𝑔)
9765 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 =
4.5𝑚 𝑥 𝑏
b = 1.245 m = 1245 m
3. A brick power plant is 12m x 21m x 7.5 m high with flat roof. Walls are 544m thick for
lower 4.5 m, 432mm for upper 3m. There are 10 window openings 1.5m x 2 m, and 2
door openings 2 m x 2.5 m. The walls are built with thin mortar joints. Calculate the cost
of building materials for the walls, given the following units costs: Brick, $40.00 per
1000; cement, $4.00 per bbl; sand, $3.50 per cubic meter.

Solution:
Volume = [2(12)(4.5) + 2(21)(4.5) – 10(1.5)(2.0) – 2(2.0)(2.5)](0.544) + [2(12)(3) +
2(21)(3)](0.432) = 225.344m3

There are 650 standard bricks per 1 cubic meter.

225.344 x 650 = 146,474 bricks

190 to 250 liters of mortar per cubic meter say 220 liters
220 x 225.344 = 49,576 liters = 49.576 cu m mortar
For preliminary estimating purposes, a cubic meter of mortar may be taken as made from
a cubic meter of sand and 13 sacks of cement.
Sand: 49.567 cu m mortar = 50 cu m sand
Cement: 113 x 49.576 = 645 sacks
1 bbl = 42 gallons = 0.159m3
Proportions of the mortar are from one to three parts of dry sand to one part of Portland
cement depending on the strength needed.
Cement: 49.576 cu m mortar = 49.576 cu m of cement
In bbl = (49.576 / 0.159)(1bbl) = 312

Cost of building materials

Brick = (146,474)(40 / 1000) = $5,858.96
Cement = (312)(4) = $1,248.00
Sand = (50)(3.50) = $175.00
Cost of building materials = $7,281.96

4. What is the cost, in place, of a brick wall 6 m high, 21 m long, and 432mm thick? Thin
cement mortar joints. Bricklayer, $15.00 per day; helper, $8.00 per day. Brick, $32.00 per
1000; cement, $4.00 per bbl; sand, $3.00 per ton (1780 kg = 1m3 )

Solution:
Volume = (6)(21)(0.432) = 54.432 cubic meter.

There are 650 standard bricks per 1 cubic meter.

54.432x650 = 35,381 bricks.

190 to 250 liters of mortar per cubic meter, say 220 liters
220 x 54.432 = 11,975 cu. m mortar

For preliminary estimating purposes, a cubic meter of mortar may be taken as made from
a cubic meter of sand and 13 sacks of cement.
 Sand: 11.975 cu m mortar = 12 cu m of sand
In tons = 12 x 1780/1000 = 21.36 tonne
Cement: 13 x 11.975 cu m mortar = 11.975 cu m cement
In bbl = (11.975/0.159)(1 bbl) = 76

In the absence of union rates, a bricklayer with helper will lay from 1000 to 2000 brick
daily, the former figure being for facing work and the latter for massive work such as
foundations or buttresses. Use 1500 brick daily.
Number of days = 35381/1500 = 23.6 say 24 days

Cost:
Brick = (35381)(32/1000) = $1,132.19
Cement= (76)(4) = $ 304.00
Sand = (21.36)(3.00) = $ 64.08
Bricklayer = (15)(24) = $360.00
Helper = (8)(24) = $192.00
Cost = $2,052.00

5. An engine is to be set on a symmetrical concrete foundation 1.2 m x3.5 m top face, 2.1 m
x 3.5 m bottom face, 1.5 m deep. Make a list of the materials to be used in the
construction of the foundation and calculate the foundation weight.

Solution:
Material Used: Cement, sand, and stone
Volume = 0.5(1.2 + 2.1)(1.5)(3.5) = 8.665 cu m
Reinforced concrete = 2403 kg/m3
Foundation Weight = 2403 x 8.665 = 20,816 kg

6. A 30.5 m circular water tunnel of 1.2 m inside diameter and 305 mm thick walls is to be
constructed of concrete. Allowing 4 bags cement to bbl, find cost of materials based on
the following unit prices: Cement, $4.50 per bbl; sand, $3.50 per tons; stone, $4.00 per
ton. Sand and stone weighs 1780 kg/m3.

Solution:
Outside diameter = 2 (0.305) + 1.2 = 1.81 m
𝜋
𝑉 = 4 [(1.81)2 − (1.2)2 ](30.5) = 44 𝑚3
For tunnel, use 1:2:3 mixture
For 1 cu m concrete = 9.2 sacks or bags
= 0.51 cu m sand
= 0.77 cu m stone

Cement = (44)(9.2)/4 = 102 bbl

Sand = (44)(0.51)(1780)/1000 = 40 tonne
Stone = (44)(0.77)(1780)/1000 = 60 tonne
 Cost:
Cement = (4.5)(102) = $459.00
Sand = (3.5)(40) = 240.00
Cost of materials = $839.00

7. Estimate the quantities of stone, sand and cement to required to build a circular concrete
water tank (wood cover) to hold 7300 liters water. Interior depth of water. 1.5m; of tank,
1.8m. Walls and floor, 200 mm thick. Neglect volume occupied by steel reinforcement.

Solution:
For circular concrete water tank, use 1:2:3 mixture
For 1 cu m concrete = 9.2 sacks or bags
= 0.51 cu m sand
= 0.77 cu m stone
Water volume = 7300 liters = 7.3 cu m
Inside diameter of tank
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑖 = 𝑑 (1.5) = 7.3
4 4 𝑖
di = 2.49 m
𝑑𝑜 = 𝑑𝑖 + 2𝑡 = 2.49 + 2(0.2) = 2.89𝑚
𝜋
𝑉 = (𝑑𝑜 2 − 𝑑𝑖 2 )ℎ2
4
𝜋
𝑉 = (2.892 − 2.492 )(1.8) = 3.042𝑚
4
Quantities of stone, sand, and cement:
Cement = 9.2 x 3.042 = 28 sacks
Sand = 0.51 x 3.042 = 1.55 cu m
Stone = 0.77 x 3.042 = 2.35 cu m

8. A 39.5 m high chimney of radial brick masonry is described by the following top and
bottom dimensions. D2 = 1.9 m, d2 = 1.5 m, D1 = 3.2 m, d1 = 2.3 m. Uniform batter,
weight 180 tons. Find the maximum compressive stress under 160 km/h wind load. Will a
base crack be opened to wind ward?

Given: D2 = 1.9m
d2 = 1.5 m
D1 = 3.2m
d1 = 2.3m
H = 39.5 m
W = 180 tons = 180000kg
Solution:
At 160 km/h
100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
3
100(39. .5)2 1.9 3.2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [2 ( ) + ] = 182,029 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3 2 2
 Pwh = Wz
182,029 = (180000)z
z = 1.01 m

𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑘=
4𝑅
𝐷1 3.2
𝑅= = = 1.6𝑚
2 2
𝑑1 2.3
𝑟= = = 1.15𝑚
2 2
1.62 + 1.152
𝑘= = 0.607𝑚
4(1.16)
𝑅 𝑟 1.6 1.15
𝑦 = (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 1.09𝑚
4 𝑅 4 1.6
Maximum compressive stress
Since y > z>k
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑘 2
𝑓𝑧 = 𝑓𝑐 [(1 + ) − (1 − ) ( ) ]
𝑘 𝑘 𝑦−𝑧
𝑊 180000
𝑓𝑐 = = = 46300𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟 ) 𝜋(1.62 − 1.1.52 )
2 2

1.01 1.01 1.01 − 0.607 2

𝑓𝑧 = 46300 [(1 + ) − (1 − )( ) ] = 144740𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
0.607 0.607 1.09 − 0.607

The factor of safety against tipping downwind is the ratio of the stabling moment to the
wind moment, both taken about the downwind edge.
𝑅 1.6
𝐹𝑆 = = = 1.584 > 1.5, 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑧 1.01

9. The upper 15.25 m of a radial brick has D1 = 2.2 m, D2 = 2 m, wall thickness 178 mm. Is
it really stable laterally at the 15.25 m section and safe against crushing when subjected
to 160 km/h wind? Density 2403 kg/m3; allowable compressive strength 12.66 kg/cm2 .

Given: D2 = 2m
D1 = 2.2m
H = 15.25 m
t = 178 mm = 0.178 m
Solution:
d1 = D1 – 2t = 2.2 – 2(0.178) = 1.844m
d2 = D2 – 2t = 2 – 2(0.178) = 1.644m
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴1 = (𝐷1 2 − 𝑑1 2 ) = [(2.2)2 − (1.844)2 ] = 1.131𝑚2
4 4
𝜋 2 2 𝜋
𝐴1 = (𝐷1 − 𝑑1 ) = [(2)2 − (1.844)2 ] = 1.019𝑚2
4 4
1 1
𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐻 = (1.31 + 1.1019)(15.25) = 16.394𝑚2
2 2
W = (2403)(16.394) = 39395kg

At 160 km/h
100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
3
100(15.25)2 2.2 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [2 ( ) + ] = 24,807 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3 2 2

Pwh = Wz
24807 = (39395)z
z = 0.63 m

𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑘=
4𝑅
𝐷1 2.2
𝑅= = = 1.1𝑚
2 2
𝑑1 1.844
𝑟= = = 0.922𝑚
2 2
1.1 + 0.9222
2
𝑘= = 0.607𝑚
4(1.1)
𝑅 𝑟 1.1 0.922
𝑦 = (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 0.78𝑚
4 𝑅 4 1.1

The factor of safety against tipping downwind is the ratio of the stabling moment to the
wind moment, both taken about the downwind edge.
𝑅 1.1
𝐹𝑆 = = = 1.75 > 1.5, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝑧 0.63

Maximum compressive stress

Since y > z>k
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑘 2
𝑓𝑧 = 𝑓𝑐 [(1 + ) − (1 − ) ( ) ]
𝑘 𝑘 𝑦−𝑧
𝑊 39395
𝑓𝑐 = = = 38841𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟 ) 𝜋(1.12 − 0.9222 )
2 2

0.63 0.63 0.63 − 0.47 2

𝑓𝑧 = 46300 [(1 + ) − (1 − )( ) ] = 94,427𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
0.47 0.47 0.78 − 0.47

Allowable compressive stress, 12.66 kg/cm2 = 126,600 kg/m2 > 94,427 kg/m2. Safe for
crushing.
10. Using table 4-3, estimate the proportions of a radial brick chimney of 2.4 m inside
diameter x 45.5 m high. Masonry weight, 1922 kg/m3. Wind, 160 km/h. Test the base and
mid height sections for maximum compressive stress. No lining.

Solution:
d2 = 2.4m
H = 45.5m
1922 kg/m3
Wind at 160 km/h
No lining
𝐻 45.5
= = 19
𝑑2 2.4
Table 4-3. Batter = 18.4 mm/m
Top wall thickness = 180 t0 230 mm, say 210 mm
r2 = 1.2m
R2 = r2 + thickness = 1.2 + 0.21 = 1.41m
R1 = R2 + (batter)(H) = 1.41+(18.4)(45.5)/1000 = 2.2472 m
D1 = 2R1 = 2(2.2472) = 4.4944m
D2 = 2R2 = 2(1.400) = 2.82m

Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(45.5) = 421 mm as 432mm

r1 = 2.2472 – 0.432 = 1.8152m

45.5𝜋
Outside conical Volume = (2.24722 + 1.412 + 2.242 𝑥 1.41) = 486.32𝑚3
3
45.5𝜋
Inside conical Volume = (1.81522 + 1.22 + 1.8152 𝑥 1.2) = 329.40𝑚3
3

Volume of masonry = 486.32 – 329.4 = 156.92m3

At 1922 kg/m3
Chimney weight = 1922 x 156.92 = 301,600kg
Estimated Dimension of chimney: Top, 282m outside diameter and 210mm thick.
Bottom, 4.4944 m outside diameter and 432mm thick. Height = 45.5m

Testing the base section of the maximum compressive stress

At 160 km/h
100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
3
100(45.5)2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [2(1.41) + 2.2472] = 349,679 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3

Pwh = Wz
349,679 = (301600)z
z = 1.16 m
 𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑘=
4𝑅
𝑅 = 2.2472𝑚

𝑟 = 1.8152𝑚
2.24722 + 1.81522
𝑘= = 0.93𝑚
4(2.2472)
𝑅 𝑟 2.2472 1.8152
𝑦 = (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 1.58𝑚
4 𝑅 4 2.2472

Maximum compressive stress

Since y > z>k
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑘 2
𝑓𝑧 = 𝑓𝑐 [(1 + ) − (1 − ) ( ) ]
𝑘 𝑘 𝑦−𝑧
𝑊 301600
𝑓𝑐 = = = 54,704𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟 ) 𝜋(2.24722 − 1.81522 )
2 2
1.16 1.16 1.16−0.93 2
𝑓𝑧 = 54,704 [(1 + 0.93) − (1 − 0.93) (1.58−0.93) ] = 124,631𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 = 12.46 kg/cm2
is less than 15.5 kg/cm2 maximum allowable compressive stress

Testing the mid-height section for the maximum compressive stress

At 160 km/h
100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
3
1 1
𝑅 = 𝑅1 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = (2.2472 + 1.41) = 1.8286𝑚
2 2
H =0.5 x 45.5 = 22.75m

100(45.5)2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [2(1.41) + 1.8286] = 80,198 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3
R = R1 = 1.8286m
1 1
𝑟 = (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) = (1.8152 + 1.2) = 1.5076𝑚
2 2
22.75𝜋
Outside conical Volume = (1.82862 + 1.412 + 1.8286 𝑥 1.41) = 188.45𝑚3
3
22.75𝜋
Inside conical Volume = (1.50762 + 1.22 + 1.5076 𝑥 1.2) = 131.56𝑚3
3

Volume of masonry = 188.45 – 131.56 = 56.89m3

At 1922 kg/m3
Chimney weight = 1922 x 56.89 = 109,343kg
Pwh = Wz
80,198 = (109,343)z
z = 0.73
 𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑘=
4𝑅

1.82862 + 1.50762
𝑘= = 0.93𝑚
4(1.8286)
𝑅 𝑟 1.8286 1.5076
𝑦 = (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 1.29𝑚
4 𝑅 4 1.8286

Maximum compressive stress

Since y > z>k
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑘 2
𝑓𝑧 = 𝑓𝑐 [(1 + ) − (1 − ) ( ) ]
𝑘 𝑘 𝑦−𝑧

But k > z

𝑊 109,343
𝑓𝑐 = = = 32,500𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 ) 𝜋(1.82862 − 1.50762 )
2

0.73 63,312𝑘𝑔 6.33𝑘𝑔

𝑓𝑧 = 54,704 (1 + )= 2
=
0.77 𝑚 𝑐𝑚2
2
is less than 15.5 kg/cm maximum allowable compressive stress

11. Repeat problem 10, except for 2.75 m x 60 m chimney.

Solution:
d2 = 2.75m
H = 60m
1922 kg/m3
Wind at 160 km/h
No lining
𝐻 60
= = 21.8
𝑑2 2.75
Table 4-3. Batter = 20.6 mm/m
Top wall thickness = 180 t0 230 mm, say 210 mm
r2 = 2.75/2 = 1.375m
R2 = r2 + thickness = 1.375 + 0.21 = 1.585m
R1 = R2 + (batter)(H) = 1.585+(20.6)(60)/1000 = 2.821 m
D1 = 2R1 = 2(2.821) = 5.642m
D2 = 2R2 = 2(1.585) = 3.17m

Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(60) = 555 mm as 559mm

r1 = 2.821 – 0.559 = 2.262m

 60𝜋
Outside conical Volume = (2.8212 + 1.5852 + 2.821 𝑥 1.585) = 938.81𝑚3
3
60𝜋
Inside conical Volume = (2.2622 + 1.3752 + 2.262 𝑥 1.375) = 635.70𝑚3
3

Volume of masonry = 938.81 – 635.70 = 303.11m3

At 1922 kg/m3
Chimney weight = 1922 x 303.11 = 582,578kg
Estimated Dimension of chimney: Top, 3.17m outside diameter and 210mm thick.
Bottom, 5.642 m outside diameter and 559mm thick. Height = 60m
Testing the base section for maximum compressive stress
At 160 km/h
100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
3
100(60)2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [2(1.585) + 2.821] = 718,920 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3

Pwh = Wz
718,920 = (582578)z
z = 1.234 m

𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑘=
4𝑅
𝑅 = 2.821𝑚
𝑟 = 2.262𝑚
2.8212 + 2.2622
𝑘= = 1.159𝑚
4(2.821)
𝑅 𝑟 2.821 2.262
𝑦 = (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 1.976𝑚
4 𝑅 4 2.821

Maximum compressive stress

Since y > z>k
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑘 2
𝑓𝑧 = 𝑓𝑐 [(1 + ) − (1 − ) ( ) ]
𝑘 𝑘 𝑦−𝑧
𝑊 582576
𝑓𝑐 = = = 65,264𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝜋(2.8212 − 2.2622 )
1.234 1.234 1.234−1.159 2
𝑓𝑧 = 65,264 [(1 + 1.159) − (1 − 1.159) (1.976−1.159) ] = 134,792𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 = 12.48 kg/cm2
is less than 15.5 kg/cm2 maximum allowable compressive stress

Testing the mid-height section for the maximum compressive stress

At 160 km/h
100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
3
 1 1
𝑅 = 𝑅1 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = (2.821 + 1.585) = 1.8286𝑚
2 2
H =0.5 x 60 = 30m

100(30)2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [2(1.585) + 2.03] = 161,190 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3
R = R1 = 2.203m
1 1
𝑟 = (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) = (2.262 + 1.375) = 1.815𝑚
2 2
30𝜋
Outside conical Volume = (2.2032 + 1.5852 + 2.203 𝑥 1.585) = 341.09𝑚3
3
30𝜋
Inside conical Volume = (1.81852 + 1.3752 + 1.8185 𝑥 1.375) = 241.84𝑚3
3

Volume of masonry = 341.09 – 241.84 = 99.25m3

At 1922 kg/m3
Chimney weight = 1922 x 99.25 = 190,759kg
Pwh = Wz
161,190 = (190,759)z
z = 0.845m

𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑘=
4𝑅

2.2032 + 1.81852
𝑘= = 0.926𝑚
4(2.203)
𝑅 𝑟 2.203 1.8185
𝑦 = (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 1.556𝑚
4 𝑅 4 2.203

Maximum compressive stress

Since y > z>k
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑘 2
𝑓𝑧 = 𝑓𝑐 [(1 + ) − (1 − ) ( ) ]
𝑘 𝑘 𝑦−𝑧

But k > z
𝑊 190,759
𝑓𝑐 = = = 39,269𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 ) 𝜋(2.2032 − 1.81852 )
2

0.845 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑓𝑧 = 39,269 (1 + ) = 75,103 2 = 7.51 2
0.926 𝑚 𝑐𝑚
is less than 15.5 kg/cm2 maximum allowable compressive stress
12. Proportion, from table 4-3, the chimney whose dimensions are given economic study in
the example sec 12-12. Consider chimney foundation to be 2 m below furnace grates.
Will the chimney, as so laid out, be safe in 160 km/h wind or will the economic
dimensions be jettisoned because if structural requirements? 1922 kg/m3. Top thickness
178 mm. Uniform inside and outside taper.

Solution:
d2 = 2.793m
H = 54.33m + 2m = 56.33m
1922 kg/m3
Wind at 160 km/h
No lining
𝐻 56.33
= = 20.2𝑚
𝑑2 2.793
Table 4-3. Batter = 20 mm/m
Top wall thickness = 178mm
r2 = 2.793/2 = 1.3965m
R2 = r2 + thickness = 1.3965+ 0.178 = 1.5745m
R1 = R2 + (batter)(H) = 1.5745+(20)(56.33)/1000 = 2.7011 m
D1 = 2R1 = 2(2.7011) = 5.4022m
D2 = 2R2 = 2(1.5745) = 3.149m

Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(56.33) = 521 mm as 533.4mm

r1 = 2.7011 – 0.5334 = 2.1677m

56.33𝜋
Outside conical Volume = (2.70112 + 1.57452 + 2.7011 𝑥 1.5457) = 827.49𝑚3
3
56.33𝜋
Inside conical Volume = (2.16772 + 1.39652 + 2.1677 𝑥 1.3965) = 570.90𝑚3
3

Volume of masonry = 827.49 – 570.90 = 256.7m3

At 1922 kg/m3
Chimney weight = 1922 x 256.7 = 493,378kg
Estimated Dimension of chimney: Top, 3.149m outside diameter and 178mm thick.
Bottom, 5.4022 m outside diameter and 533.4mm thick. Height = 56.33m

Testing the base section for maximum compressive stress

At 160 km/h
100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
3
100(56.33)2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [2(1.5745) + 2.7011] = 618,759 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3
 Pwh = Wz
618,759 = (493378)z
z = 1.254 m

𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑘=
4𝑅
𝑅 = 2.7011𝑚
𝑟 = 2.1667𝑚
2.70112 + 2.16672
𝑘= = 1.110𝑚
4(2.7011)
𝑅 𝑟 2.7011 2.1677
𝑦 = (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 1.892𝑚
4 𝑅 4 2.7011

Maximum compressive stress

Since y > z>k
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑘 2
𝑓𝑧 = 𝑓𝑐 [(1 + ) − (1 − ) ( ) ]
𝑘 𝑘 𝑦−𝑧
𝑊 493,378
𝑓𝑐 = = = 60,472𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝜋(2.70112 − 2.16772 )
1.254 1.254 1.254−1.110 2
𝑓𝑧 = 60,472 [(1 + 1.110) − (1 − 1.110) (1.892−1.110) ] = 130,385𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 = 13.04kg/cm2
is less than 15.5 kg/cm2 maximum allowable compressive stress

13. A block type concrete foundation must support a static load of 22.5 tons transmitted to it
on a thick steel plate 610 mm x 915mm. Design a foundation of minimum weight will be
safe against settlement and cracking. Estimate the concrete materials needed. Bearing
power of soil, 122 t/m2 .

Solution:
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏= = = 1.3086𝑎
48 (0.146) √48(0.146)
√
𝑝 12
w1 = 0.610 + 2a
w2 = 0.915 + 2a
V = w1w2b = (0.610 + 2a)(0.915 + 2a)(1.3086a)
Wf = 2.403V = 2.403(0.610 + 2a)(0.915 + 2a)(1.3086a)
𝑤𝑟 + 𝑤𝑓
𝑝=
𝑤1 𝑤2
22.5 +2.403(0.610 + 2a)(0.915 + 2a)(1.3086a) = 12(0.610 + 2a)(0.915 + 2a)(1.3086a)
12(0.610 + 2a)(0.915 + 2a)(12 – 3.1446a) = 22.5
𝑎 = 0.340m
𝑊 f = (0.610 + 2(0.340))(0.915 + 2(0.340))(1.3086(0.340))
𝑊 f = 3.085 tonnes
14. A 432 mm brick wall 18.25 mm high rests upon a concrete footing. The soil has a
bearing power of 12 t/m2. Design a two step offset footing of concrete and detail to a
scale of 10 cm = 1 m.

Solution:
Brick wall thickness = 432 mm
Carried by concrete footing = (0.432m)(18.95m)(2.403t/m3) = 18.95 t/m
Soil bearing pressure is taken as 12 t/m2. The wall section is 18.95 t/m which would
require 18.95 /12 = 1.579, width of lower step of the footing, neglecting the footing
weight itself. However, this gives some indication of the footing size and we here allow
for a section of (1.579 – 0.432)(1) = 1.147m2. At 2403 kg/m2 this furnishes an estimated
3.8 t/m additional soil load (by trial and error).
Trial width = (18.95 + 3.8)/12 = 1.895m
Offsets, a = (1.895 – 0.432)/4 = 0.366m
Width of upper step = 0.432 + 2(0.366) = 1.164m
Estimating its weight at 2.2 t/m2.(by trial and error), p1 = (18.95 + 2.2)/1.164 = 18.17
kg/m2
From equation 4-13,
0.366
𝑏= = 0.589𝑚
√ 48 (0.146)
18.7

0.366
𝑏= = 0.479𝑚
√ 48 (0.146)
12
|Next check the assumptions of 3.8 t/m of foundation at lower step.
W = (1.164(0.589)+1.895(0.479))(2.403) = 3.8 t/m
At upper step,
W = (1.895)(0.479)(2.403) = 2.2 t/m

Detail to a scale. Scale based as shown.

15. A reinforced concrete walls carries a load to foundation of 30 t/m run. The wall is 500
mm thick. A subsoil bearing power of 19.5 t/m2 is allowed. Design and draw a sketch of a
wall footing (two step).

Solution:
Wall thickness = 500mm
Soil bearing pressure is taken as 19 t/m2. The wall section is 30 t/m which would require
30 /19 = 1.579, width of lower step of the footing, neglecting the footing weight itself.
However, this gives some indication of the footing size and we here allow for a section
of (1.579 – 0.500)(1) = 1.079m2. At 2403 kg/m2 this furnishes an estimated 4.1 t/m
additional soil load (by trial and error).
Trial width = (30 + 4.1)/19 = 1.795m
Offsets, a = (1.795 – 0.500)/4 = 0.324m
Width of upper step = 0.500 + 2(0.324) = 1.148m
Estimating its weight at 2.3 t/m2.(by trial and error), p1 = (30 + 2.3)/1.148 = 28.14 kg/m2
From equation 4-13,
0.324
𝑏= = 0.649𝑚
√ 48 (0.146)
28.14

0.324
𝑏= = 0.533𝑚
√ 48 (0.146)
19
|Next check the assumptions of 3.8 t/m of foundation at lower step.
W = (1.148(0.649)+1.795(0.533))(2.403) = 4.1 t/m
At upper step,
W = (1.795)(0.533)(2.403) = 2.3 t/m

Detail to a scale. Scale based as shown.

16. The following data refer to a 6 cylinder, 450 kw, 650 bmbp diesel engine alternator unit
having direct connected exciter: Weight of engine and flywheel, 63500 kg; weight of
alternator and exciter, 6800 kg; bedplate of engine, 3m x 7.3 m; length of whole unit,
10.6 m width of generator bedplate, 3m. The subsoil is average sand. Design and detail a
foundation for this engine. The foundation top is all in one horizontal plane. Calculate the
amount of sand, stone, cement, and form lumber required for its construction.

Solution:
𝑊𝑒 = 63,500 + 6800 = 70300𝑘𝑔
Table 4-5, 570kg/bmhp
𝑊𝑓 = 65𝑜 𝑥 570 = 370,500𝑘𝑔
Average sand safe bearing power of soil = 19.5 tonne/m2
Width of foundation = 3 + 0.3 = 3.3m
Length of foundation = 10.6 + 0.3 = 10.9m
𝜎 𝑊𝑒 + 𝑊𝑓
= + 𝑓𝑏
2 𝐴𝑏
Estimate that eccentricity from midbase is 1m
70300
𝑀= 𝑥 1 = 23433𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3
10.9
𝑥= = 5.45𝑚
2
3.3 𝑥 10.92
𝑙= = 365𝑚2
12

𝑀𝑥 (23433)(5.45)
𝑓𝑏 = = = 359𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝑙 356
19500 70300 + 370500
= + 359
2 10.9𝑊2
W2 = 4.31m
𝑊 370500
Volume of foundation = 𝛾𝑓 = 2403 = 158.18𝑚3
V = LW2H
154.18 = (10.9)(4.31)H
H = 3.28m
Dimension:
Top: 109 m x 3.3m
Bottom: 10.9 x 4.32m
Height: 3.28m

Amount of sand, stone, cement and form lumber

Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation,
For 1 cu m concrete
Cement = 6.2 sacks
Sand = 0.52 cu m
Stone = 0.86 m
 For form lumber:
4.31−3.2 2
Diagonal = √( ) − (3.28)2 = 3.32m
2
Total surface area = (2)(3.32)(10.9)+(2)(0.5)(3.3+4.31)(3.28) = 97.3 sq m

Amount:
Sand = 0.52 x 154.18 = 80 cu m
Cement = 6.2 x 154.18 = 956 sacks
Stone = 0.86 x 154.18 = 133 cu m
Form lumber = 97.3 or 98 sq m

17. The condenser of a 10000 kw turbine is rigidly carried by its own foundation and is
connected to the turbine by a copper expansion joint whose dimension are 2.1 m x 2.8 m,
approximately rectangular. The water and steam normally in the condenser weigh 9072
kg. Condenser pressure = 0.07 kg/cm2 ab. What is the variation in weight on the
condenser foundation between in service and out of service condition?

Solution:
F = A(1.0003 - pc)kg
F = (2.1)(2.8)(100)2(1.03 – 0. 07) = 56,448kg
9072 + 56,448 = 65,520kg
Variation in weight = 9072 kg to 65,520kg

18. Design a sloping octagonal concrete foundation for the chimney of ex 1, sec 4-6. Bearing
power of soil 19.5 t/m2 . Justify any necessary assumptions.

Solution:
At 160km/h
Pwh = 155520 kg m
W = 148,690 kg
R1 = 1.7m
R2 0.94m
H = 36m

b = width across the flats on top

b = 2 x 1.7 + 0.3 = 3.7 m
B = (1/10)(36)+2(0.94) = 5.48m
h = deoth of foundation = 0.04(36)=1.44 m >1.2 m
Volume of sloping foundation
1
𝑉 = (0.828)(𝑏2 + 𝐵 2 )ℎ
2
1
𝑉 = (0.828)(3.72 + 5.482 )(1.44) = 26.064𝑚
2
Weight of foundation = 2403(26.064) = 62632kg
Weight of chimney = 148690 kg
Wind pressure at 160km/h
 𝑃𝑤 = 100𝐻(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝑃𝑤 = 100𝐻(1.7 + 0.94)
𝑃𝑤 = 9,504𝑘𝑔

Moment M on foundation = 155520+9504(1.44)=169,206kgm

weight W on subsoil = 148.690 +62632 = 211322kg
169206
𝑧= = 0.80
211322
k = 0.133B = 0.133(5.48) = 0.73
k < z, there is windward floating
Increase B to B = 6.1m, k = 0.81 > z

Volume of sloping foundation

1
𝑉 = (0.828)(3.72 + 6.12 )(1.44) = 30.345𝑚3
2
Weight of foundation = 2403 x 30.345 = 72,919 kg
Weight W on subsoil = 148690 + 72919 = 211609kg
169206
𝑧= = 0.76
211609
k = 0.1338 = 1.133(6.1) = 0.81
𝑧 0.76
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑣 (1 + ) = 𝑓𝑣 (1 + ) = 1.94𝑓𝑣
𝑘 0.81
Area of the octagonal base = 0.828 x 6.12 = 30.81m2
221609
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 30.81 𝑥 1.94 = 13950𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
fmax = 13.95 t/m2 < 19.5 t/m2 which is seen conservative

19. A 45.75 mm chimney with D1 = 4.71 m weighs 272 tons. The chimney is set on a two
step octagonal concrete foundation, laid on soil having 24.5 t/m2 safe bearing power.
Wind load, 160 km/h. Design and make a drawing in the foundation.

Solution:
At 160 km/h

100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑟1 )
3
2.79
𝑅2 = = 1.395 𝑚 = 1395 𝑚𝑚
2

4.71
𝑅1 = = 2.355 𝑚 = 235.5 𝑚𝑚
2
H = 45.75 m
100(45.75)2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [2(1.395) + 2.355] = 358,960 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3
b = width across flats on the top
 b = 4.71 + 0.3 = 5.01 m
B= (1/10)(45.75)+2.79 = 7.365 m
Depth of foundation = 0.04(45.75) = 1.83 m > 1.2 m
Volume of Two-step Foundation
b = 5.01 m
h1 = 0.5x1.83 = 0.915 m
V1 = 0.828b2h1
V1 = 0.828(5.01)2(0.915) = 41.10 m3
B = 7.365 m
V2 = 0.828B2 h1
V2 = 0.828(7.365)2(0.915) = 19.02 m3
V = V1 + V2 =41.10 +19.02 = 60.12 m3
Weight of foundation = 2403 x 60.12 = 144,468 kg
Weight of chimney = 272,000 kg
Wind pressure at 160 kph
Pw = 100H(R1+R2)
Pw = 100(45.75)(2.355+1.395)
Pw = 17,157 kg

Moment M on foundation = 358,960 + 17,157 x 1.83 = 390,357 kg.m

Weight W on Subsoil = 272,000 + 144,468 = 416,468 kg

390,357
𝑧= = 0.94
416,468

k = 0.1338 = 0.133(7.365) = 0.98

k > z, there is no wind ward floating.

𝑧
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐 (1 + ) = 1.96𝑓𝑐
𝑘

Area of the octagonal base = 0.828 x 7.3652 = 44.9 m2

416,468
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥 1.96 = 18,180 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
44.9

Fmax = 18.18 t/m2 < 24.5 t/m2 which is seen conservative.

20. A 60 kw vertical, single cylinder, steam engine generator set has a bedplate 1.5 m x 2.25
m. Its weight is 4536 kg. Design a foundation to rest on a average sandy soil. Foundation
mass in accordance with table 4-5.

Solution:
𝑊𝑠 = 4536 kg
Table 4-5, 320 kg/bmhp tical single-cylinder steam-engine generator
60 𝑘𝑤 = 60 𝑘𝑤 (1 bmhp / 0.7355 𝑘𝑤) = 81.58 bmhp
𝑊𝑓 = 320 x 81.58 = 26,106 kg
Average sand safe bearing power of soil = 19.5 tonne/m2
Width of foundation = 1.5+0.3 = 1.8 m
Length of foundation = 2.25+0.3 = 2.25 m

𝜎 𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑓
= + 𝑓𝑏
2 𝐴𝑠

Estimate that eccentricity from midbase is 1 m.

4536
𝑀= 𝑥1 = 1512 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3

2.55
𝑥= = 1.275 𝑚
2

1.8𝑥2.553
𝑙= = 2.4872 𝑘𝑔/𝑚4
2
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑙

(1512)(1.275)
𝑓𝑏 = = 775 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
2.4872
19,500 4536 + 26,100
= + 775
2 2.55𝑊2

𝑊2 = 1.339𝑚 < 1.8𝑚

Use

𝑊2 = 1.8𝑚
𝑊𝑓 26,100
Volume of foundation = = = 10.86 𝑚3
𝛾 2403
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑊2 𝐻
10.86 = (2.55)(1.8)𝐻
H= 2.37 m

Dimension:
Top: 2.55 m x 1.8 m
Bottom: 2.55 m x 1.8 m
 Height: 2.37 m

21. The foundation under the engine of figure 4-14 is 300 mm higher than that under the
generator. Considering the generator pit to have the same volume as the exciter pedestal,
find the amounts of sand, crushed stone, and cement required for this foundation.n

Solution:
D = 2.4 m
For engine:
Volume = (1/2)(2.75 + 3.25)(2.4+0.3)(4.25/2) = 17.212 m3
Generator less engine:
Width at 2.4 m H

𝑥 (3.25 − 2.75)/2
=
0.3 2.4 + 0.3

x = 0.028 m
Upper width = 2.75 + 2 x 0.028 = 2.806 m
Volume = (1/2)(2.806 + 3.25)(2.4)(4.25 / 2) = 15.443 m3

Amount of Sand, Stone, and Cement

Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation,
For 1 cu m concrete
Cement = 6.2 sacks
Sand = 0.52 cu m
Stone = 0.86 cu m
Sand = 0.52 x 32.653 = 17.0 cu m
Weight of sand = 1682 x 17.0 / 1000 = 28.6 tonne
Stone = 0.86 x 32.653 = 28.1 cu m
Weight of stone = 1682 x 28.1 / 1000 = 47.3 tonne
Cement = 6.2 x 32.653 =203 sacks

22. A Diesel engine sets on a plain block foundation 3m x 9m x 2.75m deep. Find cost of
foundation and form lumber (forms of 25mm). Lumber, $25.00 per 100 board meter,
cement, $1.50 per sack; stone, $3.00 per ton; sand, 2.25 per tone.

Solution:

Amount of Sand, Stone, Cement, and Form Lumber

Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation,
For cu m concrete
Cement = 6.2 sacks
Sand = 0.52 cu m
Stone = 0.86 cu m
Length = 9 m
Width = 3 m
 Depth = 2.75 m
For form lumber:
Total surface area = (2)(9+3)(2.75) = 66 sq m
1 board foot = 1 ft x 1 ft x 1 in = 0.3048 m x 0.3048 m x 0.0254 m = 2.36x10-3 m3

1 board meter = 3.2812 =10.765 board feet (Here in Morse book)

No. of board meter = 66/ (0.3048 x 0.3048) = 710.4
No. of board meter = 710.4 / 10.765 = 66

Volume = 3 x 9 x 2.75 = 74.25 cu m

Sand = 0.52 x 74.25 = 38.6 cu m

Weight of sand = 1682 x 38.6 / 1000 = 65 tonne
Stone = 0.86 x 74.25 = 63.9 cu m
Weight of stone = 1682 x 63.9 / 1000 = 107.5 tonne
Cement = 6.2 x 74.25 = 460 sacks

Cost of foundation:
Sand = $2.25 x 65 = $146.25
Stone = $3.00 x 107.5 = $322.50
Cement = $1.50 x 460 = $690.00
Lumber = $25 x 66 / 100 = $16.50
Total = $146.25 + $322.50 + $690.00 + $16.50 = $1,175.25

23. Estimate the weight and cost of materials for foundations for the following 300 mhp
prime movers, using 70% of foundation masses from table 4-5. Get local units cost.
(a) Vertical multi-cylinder unaflow engine
(b)Vertical multi-cylinder Diesel engine
(c) Horizontal single-cylinder gas engine
(d)Horizontal single-cylinder Corliss engine

Solution:
(a) Vertical multi-cylinder unaflow engine.
Weight = (230 kg/mhp)(300 mhp)(0.7) = 48,300 kg
Volume = 48,300 / 2403 = 20.1 m3

Sand = 0.52 x 20.1 = 10.5 cu m

Weight of sand = 1682 x 10.5 / 1000 = 17.7 tonne
Stone = 0.86 x 20.1 = 17.3 cu m
Weight of stone = 1682 x 17.3 / 1000 = 29.1 tonne
Cement = 6.2 x 20.1 = 125 sacks

Cost of foundation:
Sand = $2.25 x 17.7 = $39.83
Stone = $3.00 x 29.1 = $87.30
Cement = $39.83 x 125 = $187.50
 Total = $39.83 + $87.30 + $187.50 = $314.63

(b) Vertical multi-cylinder Diesel engine.

Weight = (570kg/mhp)(300mhp)(0.7) = 119,700 kg
Volume = 119,700 / 2403 = 49.8 m3
Sand = 0.52 x 49.8 = 42.8 cu m
Weight of sand = 1682 x 25.9 / 1000 = 43.6 tonne
Stone = 0.86 x 49.8 = 42.8 cu m
Weight of stone = 1682 x 42.8 / 1000 = 72.0 tonne
Cement = 6.2 x 49.8 = 309 sacks

Cost of foundation:
Sand = $2.25 x 43.6 = $98.10
Stone = $3.00 x 72.0 = $216.00
Cement = $1.50 x 309 = $463.50
Total = $98.10 + $216.00 + $463.50 = $777.60

(c) Horizontal single-cylinder gas engine.

Weight = (1135 kg/mhp)(300 mhp)(0.7) = 238,350 kg
Volume = 238,350 / 2403 = 99.2 m3
Sand = 0.52 x 99.2 = 51.6 cu m
Weight of sand = 1682 x 51.6 / 1000 = 86.8 tonne
Stone = 0.86 x 99.2 = 85.3 cu m
Weight of stone = 1682 x 85.3 / 1000 = 143.5 tonne
Cement = 6.2 x 99.2 = 615 sacks

Cost of foundation:
Sand = $2.25 x 86.8 = $195.30
Stone = $3.00 x 143.5 = $430.50
Cement = $1.50 x 615 = $922.50
Total = $195.30 + $430.50 + $922.50 = $1,548.30

(d) Horizontal single-cylinder Corliss engine.

Weight = (320 kg/mhp)(300 mhp)(0.7) = 67,200 kg
Volume = 67,200 / 2403 = 28.0 m3
Sand = 0.52 x 28 = 14.6 cu m
Weight of sand = 1682 x 14.6 / 1000 = 24.6 tonne
Stone = 0.86 x 28 = 24.1 cu m
Weight of stone = 1682 x 24.1 / 1000 = 143.5 tonne
Cement = 6.2 x 28 = 174 sacks

Cost of foundation:
Sand = $2.25 x 24.6 = $55.40
Stone = $3.00 x 40.5 = $121.50
Cement = $1.50 x 174 = $261.00
Total = $55.40 + $121.50 + $261.00 = $437.90
24. Piles are driven in a quicksand (bearing = 5t/m2 ) on 900 mm centers. They are driven
until the penetration under the last hammer blow is 25mm. The drivers 1 tonne hammer
drops 2.5m. Piles are sawn off and surmounted by a concrete slab 900 mm thick. What
average bearing power, in t/m2, does this foundation?

Solution:
w = 1 ton = 1000kg
H = 2.5 m
S = 25mm = 2.5cm
16.66𝑤𝐻
Safe load on pile = 𝑆+2.54 𝑘𝑔
16.66(1000)(2.5)
𝑊1 = = 8264𝑘𝑔
2.5 + 2.54
W2 = 2403 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 = 1752 kg
W = W1 + W2 = 8264 + 1752 = 10016 kg
10016 12377𝑘𝑔
average bearing power =0.9 𝑥 0.9 = 𝑚2 = 12.377 𝑡/𝑚2

25. Analyze the chimney base section as mentioned at the end of ex 2, sec 4-6. Lining to
weigh 12.4 tons.

Solution:
V56: thickness = 190 mm
D5 = 1.90 m
d6 = 1.52 m
D5 =2.10 m

d5 = 2.10-2 x0.19 = 1.75 m

D56 = (1/4)(1.90 + 1.52 + 2.10 + 1.72) = 1.81 m
V56 = 7.5 x 1.81π x 0.190 = 8.10 m3

V45: thickness = 220 mm

D5 = 2.10 m
d5 = 2.10 – 2 x 0.22 = 1.666 m
D4 = 2.31 m
d4 = 2.31 – 2 x 0.22 = 1.87 m
D45 = (1/4)(2.10 + 1.66 + 2.31 + 1.87) = 1.985 m
v45 = 7.5 x 1.985π x 0.220 =10.29 m3

v34: thickness = 270 mm

D4 = 2.31 m
d4 = 2.31 – 2 x 0.270 = 1.77 m
D3 = 2.68 m
d3 = 2.68 – 2 x 0.270 = 2.14 m
D34 = (1/4)(2.31 + 1.77 + 2.68 + 2.14) = 2.225 m
v34 = 7.5 x 2.225π x 0.270 = 14.16 m3

v23: thickness = 302 mm

D3 = 2.68 m
d3 = 2.68 – 2 x 0.302 = 2.076 m
D2 = 3.04 m
d2 = 3.04 – 2 x 0.302 = 2.436 m
D23 = (1/4)(2.68 + 2.076 + 3.04 + 2.436) = 2.558 m
v23 = 7.5 x 2.558π x 0.302 = 18.20 m3

v12: thickness = 330 mm

D2 = 3.04 m
d2 = 3.04 – 2 x 0.330 = 2.38 m
D1 = 3.45 m
d1 = 3.45 – 2 x 0.330 = 2.79 m
D12 = (1/4)(3.04 + 2.38 + 3.45 + 2.79) = 2.915 m
v12 = 7.5 x 2.915π x 0.330 = 22.67 m3

Total volume = v12 + v 23 + v34 + v45 + v56

Total volume = 22.67 + 18.20 + 14.16 + 10.29 + 8.10
Total volume = 73.42 m3

100𝐻 2
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
3

H = 7.5 x 5 = 37.5 m
R1 = 3.45/2 m
R2 = 1.90/2 m

100(37.5)2 2(1.90) + 3.45

𝑃𝑤 ℎ = [ ] = 169,922 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
3 2

Wz = Pwh
z = 1.107 m

𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑘=
4𝑅

R = 3.45/2 = 1.725 m ; r = 2.79/2 = 1.395 m

 (1.725)2 + (1.395)2
𝑘= = 0.713 𝑚
4(1.725)

𝑅 𝑟 1.725 1.395
𝛾= (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 1.211𝑚
4 𝑅 4 1.725

Maximum compressive stress

Since y > z > k

𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑘 2
𝑓𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐 [(1 + ) − (1 − )( ) ]
𝑘 𝑘 𝑦−𝑘

𝑊 143,513
𝑓𝑐 = =
𝜋(𝑅 2− 𝑟 ) 𝜋(1.7252 − 1.3952 )
2

fc = 47,460 kg/m2

1.107 1.107 1.107 − 0.713 2

𝑓𝑐 = 47,460[(1 + ) − (1 − )( )
0.713 0.713 1.211 − 0.713

fc = 137,562 kg/m2 = 13.8 kg/cm2

is less than 15.5 kg/m2 maximum allowable compressive stress