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2 2
where a + b = 1, and δ is the phase delay between the
x and y components. The Jones vector corresponding to
this wave is
a
jδ
be
1
Notice that any common phase in a and b can be taken
out and be absorbed by the phase term ejωt-jkz..
cos α
refers to light polarized at angle α to the x-axis.
sin α
1 1
represents a right-circularly polarized light
2 j
Jin Jout
1 0
x-axis polarizer Mx =
0 0
2
Retardation plate with y-axis as the fast axis:
1 e jδ 0
Mδ =
2 0 e− jδ
Polarization rotator:
cosθ − sin θ
MR(θ) =
sin θ cosθ
cos(α + θ ) cosα
= M R (θ )
sin(α + θ sin α
M1 M2 M3 MN
Jin Jout
3
and φ is the rotation angle from (x,y) to (x’,y’) as shown in
the diagram.
Proof:
x x' x'
It is easy to show that = Rφ −1 = M R (φ )
y y' y'
J = R-φ J’
or J’ = Rφ J
Hence, if K=MJ
then K’ = Rφ K = Rφ M J = Rφ M R-φ Rφ J
or K’ = M’ J’
where M’ = Rφ M R-φ
M = Rφ−1 M’ Rφ
5
For example, rotate x axis by +90o,
0 1
R90 =
− 1 0
0 1 e jδ 0 0 − 1 e− jδ 0
=
− 1 0 0 e− jδ 1 0 0 e jδ
− j 0
0 j
6
Then Jout = MN …M3 M2 M1 Jin
y
y’
P
x’
φ
x
M’ = Rφ M Rφ−1
and M = Rφ−1 M’ Rφ
cos φ sin φ
Rφ =
− sin φ cos φ
4
The Jones matrix of a half wave plate with c-axis at θ to
the x-axis is
Check:
2. Quarterwave plate
1 1 − j 0
M =
2 0 1+ j
1 1 − j 0 1 1 1 − j 1− j 1
J = = =
2 0 1+ j 1 2 1 + j 2 j
3. Polarizer
7
The Jones matrix of a polarizer with polarizing axis along x
1 0
is . So the Jones matrix of a polarizer with the
0 0
polarizing axis at θ is given by
MJ=λJ
8
> 20 for accuracy. This is the approach used in all
commercial LCD modeling software.
MLC = MN ….M3 M2 M1
x n
φn
θn z
Jones matrix Mn
Mn = Rφn –1 M’ Rφn
9
cos φ n sin φ n
Rφn =
− sin φ n cos φ n
e − jδ 0
M’ =
e jδ
0
πd (ne (θ ) − no )
where δ =
λ
1 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
with = +
ne (θ )
2 2 2
no ne
10
The twist angle is given by
φ(z) = qz = Φ z/d
φn = n ∆φ
where ∆φ = Φ / Ν
y
x
∆φ 2∆φ N∆φ
MLC = (RN∆φ−1M’RN∆φ)….(R2∆φ−1M’R2∆φ)(R∆φ-1M’R∆φ)
e − jδ / N 0
where M'=
e jδ / N
0
11
πd∆n
with δ = = d∆k
λ
k −k π∆n
where ∆k = e o =
2 λ
So MLC = RΦ−1(M’R∆φ)N
N
A B AU N − U N −1 BU N
=
C D CU N DU N − U N −1
sin NΩ
where UN =
sin Ω
and cos Ω = ½ (A + D)
12
∆k Φ
cos βd − i sin βd sin βd
(M’R∆φ)N = β βd
Φ ∆k
− sin βd cos βd + i sin βd
βd β
a −ib −c −id
MLC =
c −id a + ib
Φ
where a = cos Φ cos βd + sin Φ sin βd
βd
∆k
b= cos Φ sin βd
β
Φ
c = sin Φ cos βd - cos Φ sin βd
βd
∆k
d= sin Φ sin βd
β
Properties:
(1) MLC is normalized, i.e. M LC = 1 . (Check it.)
13
(2) MLC is unitary. i.e. MLC*T = MLC-1 . (Check it). Recall
from matrix algebra: the eigenvalues of unitary
matrices have forms ejα (or unit length).
(3) MLC changes if we change the twist sense, i.e.
Φ → −Φ. The off-diagonal elements changes sign. But
the properties remains the same. (e.g. the eigenvalues
and eigenvectors are the same.) Therefore it does not
matter how we define the twist sense, as long as it is
consistent.
(4) If the wave propagates in the opposite direction, i.e. we
have a left-handed coordinate system, then MLC
becomes MLC*. Proof: if z → -z, then M’ → Μ’*. This is
a useful result for reflective displays.
(5) It can be shown that
−iβd
−1 e 0
MLC = Rφ−1 Τ Τ
0 iβd
e
cos χ − i sin χ
where T = and sin 2χ = φ/βd.
− i sin χ cos χ
g* h
Write (M’R∆φ)N =
− h g
14
∆k
where g = cos βd + i sin βd
β
Φ
and h= sin βd
βd
g * −λ h
−h =0
g − λ
β + ∆k
β
v1 =
2
β − ∆k
− j
2 β
β − ∆k
2β
and v2 =
β + ∆k
j
2 β
15
−iβd−1 e 0
(M’R∆φ) = Τ
N
Τ
0 eiβd
cos χ − i sin χ
where T = and sin 2χ = φ/βd.
− i sin χ cos χ
cos χ sin χ
and
− i sin χ i sin χ
∆k >> φ)
(1) Low twist large birefringence limit (d∆
In this case β ∼ ∆k
16
1
v1 ~
0
0
v2 ~ j
1
φ >> d∆
(2) High twist limit small birefringence limit (φ ∆k)
1 1
v1 ~
2 − j
1 1
v2 ~
2 j
17
7.6 Parameter space
2
cosα
T = T(α, γ, φ, d∆n) = (cos γ sin γ ) • M LC •
sin α
18
2
1.5
1
d∆n
0.5
0
-400 -200 0 200 400
Twist angle
Each line represents a constant transmittance contour.
The increment is 10% transmittance. The shaded part
represents T>90%. The series of peaks show the Mauguin
modes. The series at 90o twist is the normal TN display.
The series at 270o shows the STN display. The series at
180o does not show near 100% transmittance. It is called
the OMI mode. It has a maximum transmittance of 41%,
but has other advantages such as B/W operation and low
dispersion.
Nomenclature:
19
LCD Mode Twist Angle Polarizer Angle
ECB 0o 45o
TN 90o 0o
HTN 120-150o 15o
STN 180-240o 45o
SBE 270o -32.50
OMI 180o 0o
20
21
The parameter space can also be plotted with α and d∆n
as the free parameters. They are useful for designing new
LCD operating modes. For example, the following PS
shows the 240o twist STN display with cross polarizers.
The optimum d∆n of 0.75µm, and optimum polarizer angle
of 30o can be obtained easily. This is in agreement with
the best design.
2.5
1.5
d x delta n
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80
Polarizer angle
22
Case 1: α = 0, γ = Φ+π/2.
2
1
T = (cos(Φ + π / 2) sin(Φ + π / 2) ) • M LC •
0
Therefore
Φ2 1
T= sin 2 βd = sin 2 βd
β 2d 2 1 + u2
δ πd∆n d∆k
where u= = =
Φ λΦ Φ
Φ2
T= sin 2 βd
β 2d 2
Case 2: α = 0, γ = Φ.
2
1
T = (cos Φ sin Φ ) • M LC •
0
23
Therefore
1
T= {u2 + cos2 βd}
2
1+ u
Here is a plot for φ = 90ο, 180ο and 270ο. These are the
waveguiding modes.
24
The 90o TN cell with cross polarizers is a special example
of this case. Here the transmission is given by
Φ2
T=1- sin 2 βd
β 2d 2
2
1 1
T = (1 − 1) • M LC • = b 2 + c 2
4 1
25
Case 4: α = 0, γ = π/2
2
1 1
T = (0 1) • M LC • = c 2 + d 2
4 0
L(z) ∆z
φ = qz
26
φm = km ∆z
∆k = π∆n/2λ
δ = ∆k ∆z
− jδ
jφ m −1 e 0
L( z ) = e Rφ R
jδ φ
0 e
Therefore
As ∆z 0,
1 − jδ 0
L( z ) ≈ (1 − jφm ) Rφ −1 Rφ
0 1 + jδ
Simplifying, we get
j∆k 0
L( z ) = (1 − jkm∆z ) I − Rφ −1 Rφ ∆z
0 − j∆k
27
dJ ( z ) j∆k 0
= − jkm − Rφ −1 Rφ J ( z )
dz 0 − j∆k
Let J R ( z ) = e jkm z Rφ J ( z )
dJ R ( z ) − ∆k − jq
= j J R ( z)
dz jq ∆k
− ∆k − β − jq
=0
jq ∆k − β
which gives
β = ± ∆k 2 + q 2
28
β − ∆k
β
v+ =
2
β + ∆k
j
2β
β + ∆k
β
v- =
2
and
β − ∆k
− j
2β
J R + ( z ) = v +e jβz
J R − ( z ) = v −e jβz
J + ( z ) = e− j ( km − β ) z Rφ −1v +
and J − ( z ) = e− j ( km + β ) z Rφ −1v −
29
The wave propagation approach is especially useful for
cholesteric case if we take into consideration continuous
reflection inside the cell. It will give the reflection of the
circular polarized light, which we cannot get here.
30
Chapter 8. LCD Optical Modes
LCD can operate in many modes. Every point in the
parameter space can be a quiescent operating point for
the LCD. Depending on the polarizer angle, an LCD can
be in either the ECB, or waveguiding or mixed mode of
operation.
31
d
T = sin 2 ∫
0
π∆n( z )
λ
dz
T= 1 - sin 2 ∫
0
π∆n( z )
λ
dz
0.8
0.6
Transmission
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
d∆n
32
As the retardation depends on V, so the transmission will
also depend on V. The shape of the curve depends on the
initial retardation value. For example, d∆n(0)=2 µm:
ECB cell
0.50
Transmittance
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Voltage
T = b2 + c 2
33
In particular, if Φ = 0, it can be easily shown that
T = sin 2 δ
It should noted that the STN and SBE modes with near
45o polarizer angles, are actually general ECB modes.
They are not waveguiding and are dispersive (colored).
1
0.9
0.8
Transmission
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Retardation
34
For ECB mode, there can be several maxima and several
minima. If the initial retardation value is reduced, it can
have just one peak.
Dispersion:
d∆n 1
=M+ for M = 1, 2, 3,…
λo 2
2 1 πλ o
So =
T sin ( M − ) for the ON states
2 λ
Similarly,
πλ o
T = sin 2 M for the OFF state
λ
Note that the ECB cell is designed to be either normally on
or normally off, but not both, obviously.
35
1
M=1 M=2
0.8
transmittance 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
wavelength (nm)
36
90o, the polarization also twist by 90o. This rotation is
supposedly independent of wavelength.
y
Dout, Pout
DIn, Pin
x
37
We have shown above that the transmission is given by
the famous Gooch and Tarry formula.
1
T= {u2 + cos2 βd}
2
1+ u
Φ2
T=1- sin 2 βd
β 2d 2
π πd∆n
2 2
βd = +
where
2 λ
d∆n
A plot of T vs
λ shows several peaks.
0.8
Transmission
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
d∆ n
38
The transmission is 100% when
βd = Nπ for N = 1,2,3…
d∆n 1
= 4N 2 −1
λ 2
d∆ n
First minimum 0.475 µm
39
Recall from the discussion on refractive index of LC that
most LC have ∆n of 0.07-0.2. Therefore one can choose
the right combination of cell gap and ∆n to make first or
second minimum cells.
40
8.4 Reflective modes: MTB (mixed TN and
birefringence mode)
Mirror
Pol
2
cosα
R = (cosα sin α ) • RΦ M LC*RΦ −1M LC •
sin α
41
The minima in reflectance are called the TN-ECB modes,
the MTN modes for α = 0. For nonzero α they are called
MTB modes.
1.5 1.5
1.2 1.2
d∆n TN-ECB-2 d∆n
0.9 0.9
RSTN
HFE
0.6 0.6 MTN
TN-ECB-2 RTN
0.3 0.3
TN-ECB-1 α=0♣ α=15♣
0 0
-360 -240 -120 0 120 240 360 -360 -240 -120 0 120 240 360
Twist angle Twist angle
1.5 1.5
1.2 1.2
d∆n d∆n
0.9 0.9
0.6 0.6
RSTN
42
There are a lot of interesting physics contained in these
parameter space diagrams. For the case of α = 45o. the zero
twist modes are exactly the ECB modes. For the case of α = o,
the TN-ECB modes can be derived exactly.
1 2u
χ = tan sin −1 sin 2 Φ 1 + u 2
2 1 + u2
π
Φ = (2 N − 1) where N=1,2,3…
2 2
d∆n = λΦ/π
43