1 - Sewerage Chapter - Final (31-3-2019)

Water Supply and Sewerage, 2018-2019 Sewerage/Wastewater Eng. Asst. Prof. Dr.
Shuokr Qarani Aziz
SEWERAGE/WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
GLOSSARY/VOCABULARY
Sewerage: The works that include collections, treating and disposal of sewage.
Sewage: Contaminated water.
Sewer: Pipe that conveys sewage.
Storm sewer: Carries storms sewage only.
Sanitary sewer: Carries sanitary sewage only.
Sanitary wastewater or sanitary sewage: Wastewaters contaminated with human wastes.
Combined sewer: Carries domestic, industrial and storm sewage.
Combined system: A system composed of combined sewers.
Separate system: In this system storm sewers are separated from sanitary sewers, Figure 12-1.
Commercial wastewater: Wastewater produced in the course of conducting business.
Domestic wastewater: Sanitary wastewaters generated in residences.
Industrial wastewater: Wastewaters produced in the process of manufacturing.
Institutional wastewater: Water produced from institutional facilities like hospitals, prisons,
schools, and rest homes.
Residential wastewater: Wastewater produced in homes and residences.
1. WHAT IS WASTEWATER?
Wastewater can be defined as any water or liquid contains impurities or pollutants in the form of
solid, liquids or gases or either combinations in such a concentration that is harmful if disposed into
the environment. Impurities in wastewater are mainly due to the presence of solids in the water. The
solids may be organic or inorganic and may be present in suspended, colloidal and dissolved.
“Wastewater, “also known as “ sewage originates from household wastes, human and animal
wastes, industrial wastewaters, storm runoff, and groundwater infiltration. Wastewater, basically, is
the flow of used water from a community. It is 99.94% water by weight. The remaining 0.06% is
material dissolved or suspended in the water. It is largely the water supply of a community after it
has been fouled by various uses.
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Water Supply and Sewerage, 2018-2019 Sewerage/Wastewater Eng. Asst. Prof. Dr. Shuokr Qarani Aziz
Figure 12-1: Combined and separate sewer systems
2. VARIATION OF SEWAGE FLOW

Sewage flow is the total quantity of wastewater generated daily and to be treated every day. .Figure
12-2 shows a typical daily variation for municipal sewage, indicating two maxima and two
minimum during the day. Such flow rate variations with time during the day as per the variation in
consumption of water is known as daily variation and follows a typical diurnal pattern similar to that
shown in figure 12.2. Discharge flows of industrial wastewaters will also show variability they are,
in general, extremely variable and “explosive” in nature, however. They can show variation by the
hour, day, or even by the minute.
Despite this seemingly uncorrelated variability of flows from municipal and industrial wastewaters,
some form of pattern will emerge. For municipal wastewaters, these patterns are well behaved. For
industrial discharges, these patterns are constituted with unreliable behavior, but they are patterns
nonetheless and are amenable to analysis. Observe Figure 12-3 This figure definitely shows some
form of pattern, but is not of such a character that meaningful values can be obtained directly for
design purposes. If enough data of this pattern is available, however, they may be subjected to a
statistical analysis to predict design values, or probability distribution analysis, which uses the tools
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of probability. Only two rules of probability apply to our present problem: the addition rule and the
multiplication rule.
Figure 12-2: A typical variation of sewage flow
Figure 12-3: A three-day variation of sewage flow

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3. TYPES OF WASTEWATER
Characteristics of wastewater change according to the type of wastewater. Types of wastewaters are:
 Domestic Wastewater
 Industrial Wastewater
 Commercial Wastewater
 Refinery Wastewater
 Slaughterhouse Wastewater
 Tannery Wastewater
 Landfill Leachate
 Black water
 Grey Water
 etc.
Characteristics of various kinds of wastewaters are given in Table 12-1 and 12-2.
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Table 12-2: Characteristics of different types of wastewaters (Aziz and Ali, 2018)
Type of wastewater
Analysis Unit
SWW TWW MWW MLL DWW+ Standards
o
Temperature C 22.6 18.86 21.86 12.58 21.53 <35*, 40**
pH - 7.5 10.2 6.78 7.28 7.09 6-9.5*
Turbidity FTU 174 289 19.77 9.87 504
EC µs/cm 1793.5 12500 582.6 800 800
Total salts mg/L 1147.8 8000 372.9 512 512
Total acidity mg/L 4000 0 40 60 60
Total alkalinity mg/L 3300 4660 206 34.68 260
Total hardness mg/L 2000 2600 194 480 620
Chloride mg/L 800 6938 30.5 209.9 70 750 **
BOD5 mg/L 400 320 44 273 650 <40*
COD mg/L 600 1207 - - 951 <100
BOD5/COD - 0.67 0.26 - - 0.68
Total solids mg/L 2000 13200 10000 1200 1200

TSS mg/L 1200 2000 1800 600 600 60*, 35**
TDS mg/L 800 11200 8200 600 600
SWW: Slaughterhouse wastewater

TWW: Tannery wastewater
MWW: Municipal wastewater
MLL: Municipal landfill leachate
DWW: Dairy wastewater
4. COMPONENTS OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

1) Sewers and Drainage
Sewers collect wastewater and transport it to treatment plants. The drainage system discharges storm
water for flood control.
2) Pumping Stations
Water collected in the sewers passes through pumping stations where it is sent to wastewater
treatment plants. Another important function is to guard against flooding. Pumping stations act to
quickly discharge water from heavy rains into bays and rivers.
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3) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
5. APPURTENANCES
The major appurtenances used for the wastewater collection systems are:
 Street (storm water) inlets
 Manholes
 Building connection
 Junctions
 Pumping station
 etc.
5.1 Street Inlets

 Structures to transfer storm water and street cleansing wastewater to the storm sewers
 Location and design of inlets should consider traffic safety (for both pedestrian and vehicle)
and comfort.
 Gutter inlet is more efficient than curb inlet in capturing gutter flow, but clogging by debris
is a problem. Combination inlets are better.
 Various manufactured inlets and assembled gratings are available.
 Street inlets are generally placed near the corner of the street, depending on the street length.
The distance between inlets depends on the amount of storm water, the water depth of the
gutter, and the depression to the gutter.
5.2 System Layout

 Sewers that collect wastewater from residences and industrial establishments almost always
operate as open channels or gravity flow conduits.
 Pressure sewers are used in a few places, but these are expensive to maintain and are useful
only when there are severe restrictions on water use or when the ground is such that gravity
flow conduits cannot be efficiently maintained.
 A typical system for a residential area is shown in Figure 12-4.
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Figure 12-4: Typical wastewater collection system layout
5.3 Manholes
 Provide an access to the sewer for inspection & maintenance operations
 Serve as ventilation, multiple pipe intersection, & pressure relief
 Cylindrical in shape
 The manhole cover must be secured so that it remains in place and avoids a blow-out during
peak flooding period.
 Leakage from around the edges of the manhole cover should be kept to a minimum
 For small sewers (specified as 0.6 m or 2 ft), a minimum inside diameter of 1.2 m (4 ft) at
the bottom tapering to a cast-iron frame that provides a clear opening has been widely
adopted.
 For sewers larger than 0.6 m (2 ft), larger manhole bases are needed
 The maximum spacing of manholes is 90–180 m (300–600 ft) depending on the size of the
sewer and the sewer cleaning equipment.
 Manholes, however, should not be located in low places where surface water can enter. If
such locations are unavoidable, special water-tight manhole covers should be provided.
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 Manholes should be located at the end of the line (called terminal cleanout), at sewer
intersections, and at changes in grade and alignment except in curved sewers as shown in
Figures 12-5 to 12-7.
Figure 12-5: Profile of sanitary sewers
Figure 12-6: Typical manholes used for collecting sewers

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Figure 12-7: Typical design of manholes
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6. DESIGN OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
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Example: Q3, Final first exam, 2013-2014
The following data is available regarding various types of area and the corresponding
impermeability factors of a town:
No. Type % Area Impermeability coefficient

1 Roofs 15 % 0.9
2 Pavements 20% 0.8
3 Gardens 40 % 0.15
4 Unpaved 15 % 0.2
5 Wooded 10 % 0.05
Total area of the district is 20 hectares. Intensity of rainfall is 50 mm/h. Velocity of water inside
sewer is 0.8 m/s. Slope of the sewer is 0.5 %. N= 0.013. Determine:
1) The average coefficient of runoff.
2) Maximum storm water flow (m3/s).
3) Diameter of sewer (cm).
Solution:
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Example: Q4, Final second exam, 2017-2018:
Solution:
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

A typical wastewater treatment plant is shown in Figure 12-8.
Figure 12-8: A typical wastewater treatment plant
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8. CONCEPT OF TREATMENT
The treatment of wastewater, in general, means the partial reduction or removal of excessive
impurities (solids) present in wastewater. The excessive impurities imply to the constituent
concentration that is more than the acceptable levels for final disposal or suitable reuse of the
treated wastewater.
8.1 Treatment Methods
Usually, physical, chemical or biological means are applied for wastewater treatment and all
treatment units separately or combined to be designed to perform the treatment. Based on the
means used, treatment methods classified as unit operations and unit processes.
8.1.1 Unit Operations
The physical applications used in the treatment are known as unit operations. Major
components come under this method are as following:
 Screening
 Mixing
 Flocculation
 Sedimentation
 Floatation
 Facum filtration
 Heat treansfer and drying
8.1.2 Unit processes

The types of treatment in which the removal of contaminants is brought about by the addition
of chemicals or the use of biological mas or microbial activates are known as unit processes.
Base on the type of approaches used, these are further classified as follows:
8.1.2.1 Chemical unit process
Removal or reduction is brought about by using chemical reactions and consists of the below
categories:
 Chemical neutralization, to control or adjust the system pH
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 Chemical coagulatiom: To remove collides particles by chemical destabilization and

flocculation.
 Chemical Precipitation: to enhance the removal of suspendedsolid,phosphorou, heavy
metals and BOD in spesific system conditions.
 Chemical oxidation: to remove greases, ammonia, BOD, COD and for odour control.
 Chemical disinfection: to kill pathaogens in influent and treated effluents..
The chemical processes are expensive due to cost of chemicals that are used and the expenditure that
occurs in handling the large volume of sludge generated.
8.1.2.2 Biological processes
Reduction and removal is brought about by microorganisms. and consists of the below categories:
 Suspended growth process: Activated Sludge Process, Aerated Lagoon, Oxidation
Pond, Aerobic and Anaerobic Digesters, etc.
 Attached growth process: Trickling Filter, Rotating Biological Contactors, Bio
Towers, etc.
Figure 12-9 shows suspended and attached growth processes.
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Figure 12-9: Suspended and attached growth processes
9. TREATMENT SYSTEMS
The type of combination used from the available unit operations and processes for treatment of a
particular wastewater is known as the treatment system. Normally a wastewater treatment plant is
designed for either of the following treatment systems:
9.1 Preliminary Treatment System
Preliminary treatment system is mainly selected to remove floating materials and large inorganic
particulate contents of wastewater that usually cause maintenance or operational problems in
primary and secondary treatments. It is also known as pretreatment process. The preliminary
treatment system includes:
 Sump and Pump unit: City wastewater is ususally collected in a sump or holding tank
and pumped to the higher levels of reatemnt units.
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 Approach channel: To conveyand dampen the flow of wastewater pumped to

treatment plant.
 Screen chamber; To emove large size floating materials.
 Grit chamber: To remove up to 0.20 mm size suspended settleable solids of specific
gravity 2.60.
 Skimming tank (oil and grease traps): To remove excessive oiL and grease from the
wastewater.Primary
9.2 Primary Treatment System
The primary treatment system includes all the units of preliminary treatment system and the primary
Sedimentation Tank (PST), also known as primary clarifier, when only these units are provided for treatment;
it is called primary treatment of wastewater, Figure 12-10.
Figure 12-10: Primary and secondary treatment processes
In the primary treatment system, the removal of most of the large floating materials take place in the
screen chamber, and most of the heavy suspended soil are separated in the grit chamber. The
primary clarifier (PST) then reduces about 60-70% of fine settleable suspended solids, which
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include about 30-32%of organic suspended solids. It should be noted that colloidal and soluble
(dissolved)organic content of wastewater is not removed in this system.
9.3 Secondary Treatment System
This process is responsible for the removal of colloidal and soluble organic matter present in
wastewater . Normally biological processes are employed to remove the remaining colloidal and
soluble organic contents, the treatment system provided usually Activated Sludge Process, Figure
12-11.
Figure 12-11: Location of unit operations and unit processes in awastewater treatment plant
9.4 Tertiary or Advanced Treatment System
This process is used when the quality of conventionally treated wastewater (secondary effluent) is
unsuitable for final disposal requirement into the body of water or into the land. Also when the
concentration of residual organic materials or suspended solid require further reduction or complete
removal for specific reuse or recycling of wastewater after the secondary treatment. Furthermore
when the concentrations of residual nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous ids high for final
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disposal or reuse/recycling of wastewater, Figure 12-10. Different techniques are available for the
tertiary treatment as given below
Table 12-2: Different techniques for tertiary treatment
# Techniques For complete removal or further reduction

impurities
1 Granular- media filtration, Ultra filtration Residual suspended solids
and Micro-strainers
2 Biological nitrification/denitrification, Ion Removal of nitrogen, chlorine and dissolved gases
exchange and air stripping
3 Biological and chemical processes Residual nitrogen and phosphorous
4 Ion exchange, Reverse osmosis, Electro Residual dissolved inorganic solids, refractory
dialysis, chemical precipitation, adsorption organics, toxic and complex orgnic compounds
10. SELECTION OF TREATMENT SYSTEM
Selection of a particular treatment system mainly depends of the degree of treatment required to
bring the quality of raw wastewater to permissible level of treated wastewater. Other significant
factors that will influence the selection of a treatment system are as following;
 Avialabilty of fundsand land at the treatment site.

 The topography of land at the treatment site.
 Non-availability of suitable mechanical equipment and skilled personal for running and
maintaining the plant.
10.1 SCREENING
Figure 12-5 shows a bar rack and a traveling screen. Bar racks (also called bar screens) are
composed of larger bars spaced at 25 to 80 mm apart. The arrangement shown in the figure is
normally used for shoreline intakes of water by a treatment plant. The rack is used to exclude large
objects; the traveling screen following it is used to remove smaller objects such as leaves, twigs,
small fish, and other materials that pass through the rack. The arrangement then protects the
pumping station that lifts this water to the treatment plant. Figure 12-6 shows a bar screen installed
in a detritus tank. Detritus tanks are used to remove grits and organic materials in the treatment of
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raw sewage. Bar screens are either hand cleaned or mechanically cleaned. The bar rack of Figure
12-12 is mechanically cleaned, as shown by the cable system hoisting the scraper; the one in Figure
12-13 is manually cleaned.
Figure 12-12: Bar rack and traveling screen.
Figure 12-13: Bar screen in a detritus tank.

10.2 OUTLET CONTROL OF GRIT CHANNELS
Grit channels (or chambers) are examples of units that use the concept of discrete settling in
removing particles. Grit particles are hard fragments of rock, sand, stone, bone chips, seeds, coffee
and tea grounds, and similar particles. In order for these particles to be successfully removed, the
flow-through velocity through the units must be carefully controlled. Experience has shown that this
velocity should be maintained at around 0.3 m/s. This control is normally carried out using a
proportional weir or a Parshall flume. A grit channel is shown in Figure 12-14.
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Figure 12-14: A grit channel
10.3 MIXING
Is a unit operation that distributes the components of two or more materials among the
materials producing in the end a single blend of the components. This mixing is accomplished by
agitating the materials.
10.4 FLOCCULATION
Is a unit operation aimed at enlarging small particles through a very slow agitation of the water
suspending the particles. The agitation provided is mild, just enough for the particles to stick
together and agglomerate and not rebound as they hit each other in the course of the agitation.
Flocculation is effected through the use of large paddles such as the one in flocculators used in the
coagulation treatment of water.
10.5 FILTERING MEMBRANE

Figure 12-15 shows a cut section of an electrodialysis filtering membrane. The filtering
membranes are sheet-like barriers made out of high-capacity, highly cross-linked ion exchange
resins that allow passage of ions but not of water.
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Figure 12-15: Cation filtering membrane (a); the electrodialysis process (b).
10.6 ADSORPTION
Adsorption is the process of accumulating substances that are in solution on a suitable
interface, it is a mass transfer operation in that the element (constituents) in the liquid phase
transferred to the solid phase. The adsorbate is the substance that is being removed from the liquid
phase at the interface. The absorbent is the, solid, liquid, or gas onto which the adsorbate
accumulates.
Types of adsorption:
Depending upon the nature of forces existing between adsorbate molecules and adsorbent,
the adsorption can be classified into two types:
1. Physical adsorption (physisorption): If the force of attraction existing between

adsorbate and adsorbent are Vander Waal’s forces, the adsorption is called physical
adsorption. It is also known as Vander Waal’s adsorption. In physical adsorption the
force of attraction between the adsorbate and adsorbent are very weak, therefore this
type of adsorption can be easily reversed by heating or by decreasing the pressure.
2.
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2. Chemical adsorption (chemisorption):

If the force of attraction existing between adsorbate and adsorbent are almost same strength
as chemical bonds, the adsorption is called chemical adsorption. It is also known as Langmuir
adsorption. In chemisorption the force of attraction is very strong, therefore adsorption cannot be
easily reversed.
Factors affecting adsorption:

The extent of adsorption depends upon the following factors:
1. Nature of adsorbate and adsorbent.
2. The surface area of adsorbent.
3. Activation of adsorbent.
4. Experimental conditions. E.g., temperature, pressure, etc.
Solids are formed because of the attraction of the component atoms within the solid toward
each other. In the interior of a solid, attractive forces are balanced among the various atoms making
up the lattice. At the surface, however, the atoms are subjected to unbalanced forces—the ones
toward the interior are attracted, but the ones at the surface are not. Because of this unbalanced
nature, any particle that lands on the surface may be attracted by the solid. This is the phenomenon
of adsorption, which is the process of concentrating solute at the surface of a solid by virtue of this
attraction.
Adsorption may be physical or chemical. Physical adsorption is also called van der Waals
adsorption, and chemical adsorption is also called chemisorption. In the former, the attraction on the
surface is weak, being brought about by weak van der Waals forces. In the latter, the attraction is
stronger as a result of some chemical bonding that occurs. Adsorption is a surface-active
phenomenon which means larger surface areas exposed to the solutes result in higher adsorption.
The solute is called the adsorbate; the solid that adsorbs the solute is called the adsorbent. The
adsorbate is said to be sorbed onto the adsorbent when it is adsorbed, and it is said to be desorbed
when it passes into solution, Figure 12-16.
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Figure 12-16: Raw carbon material on the left transforms to the carbon on the right after activation.
10.7 AERATION, ABSORPTION, AND STRIPPING

Aeration, absorption and stripping are unit operations that rely on flow of masses between
phases, Figure 12-17. When a difference in concentration exists between two points in a body of
mass, a flow of mass occurs between the points. When the flow occurs between two phases of
masses, a transfer of mass between the phases is said to occur. This transfer of mass between phases
is called mass transfer.
Absorption is a unit operation that removes a solute mass or masses from a gas phase into a
liquid phase. Aeration of water dissolves air into it; thus, aeration is absorption. Another example of
absorption is the “washing” of ammonia from an ammonia-polluted air. In this operation, ammonia
is removed from the air by its dissolution into the water. The reverse flow of masses from the liquid
phase into the gas phase is called stripping. In stripping, the solute molecule is removed from its
solution with the liquid into the gas phase.
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Figure 12-17: An activated sludge aeration tank at Back River wastewater treatment plant,
10.8 SOFTENING
Is the term given to the process of removing ions that interfere with the use of soap. These
ions are called hardness ions due to the presence of multivalent cations, mostly calcium and
magnesium. In natural waters, other ions that may be present to cause hardness but not in significant
amounts are iron, manganese, strontium, and aluminum.
10.9 ION EXCHANGE REACTIONS

Ion exchange is the displacement of one ion by another. The displaced ion is originally a part
of an insoluble material, and the displacing ion is originally in solution. At the completion of the
process, the two ions are in reversed places: the displaced ion moves into solution and the displacing
ion becomes a part of the insoluble material. Two types of ion exchange materials are used: the
cation exchange material and the anion exchange material. The cation exchange material exchanges
cations, while the anion exchange material exchanges anions.
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11. LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT

Leachate produces from municipal solid waste landfill sites. Figure 12-18 shows a diagram for
landfill leachate treatment techniques.
Figure 12-18: Diagram of landfill leachate treatment techniques (Aziz, 2011).
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Water Supply and Sewerage, 2018-2019 Sewerage/Wastewater Eng. Asst. Prof. Dr.

Shuokr Qarani Aziz

Figure 12-1: Combined and separate sewer systems

2. VARIATION OF SEWAGE FLOW

Figure 12-2: A typical variation of sewage flow

Figure 12-3: A three-day variation of sewage flow

BOD5 mg/L 400 320 44 273 650 <40*

COD mg/L 600 1207 - - 951 <100

BOD5/COD - 0.67 0.26 - - 0.68

Total solids mg/L 2000 13200 10000 1200 1200

SWW: Slaughterhouse wastewater

4. COMPONENTS OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

3) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)

 Street (storm water) inlets

5.1 Street Inlets

 Various manufactured inlets and assembled gratings are available.

5.2 System Layout

 A typical system for a residential area is shown in Figure 12-4.

Figure 12-4: Typical wastewater collection system layout

 Serve as ventilation, multiple pipe intersection, & pressure relief

Figure 12-5: Profile of sanitary sewers

Figure 12-6: Typical manholes used for collecting sewers

Figure 12-7: Typical design of manholes

6. DESIGN OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Example: Q3, Final first exam, 2013-2014

No. Type % Area Impermeability coefficient

Example: Q4, Final second exam, 2017-2018:

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Figure 12-8: A typical wastewater treatment plant

8.1.1 Unit Operations

8.1.2 Unit processes

 Chemical coagulatiom: To remove collides particles by chemical destabilization and

8.1.2.2 Biological processes

Figure 12-9: Suspended and attached growth processes

9.1 Preliminary Treatment System

 Approach channel: To conveyand dampen the flow of wastewater pumped to

9.2 Primary Treatment System

Figure 12-10: Primary and secondary treatment processes

9.3 Secondary Treatment System

9.4 Tertiary or Advanced Treatment System

Table 12-2: Different techniques for tertiary treatment

# Techniques For complete removal or further reduction

10. SELECTION OF TREATMENT SYSTEM

 Avialabilty of fundsand land at the treatment site.

Figure 12-12: Bar rack and traveling screen.

Figure 12-13: Bar screen in a detritus tank.

Figure 12-14: A grit channel

10.5 FILTERING MEMBRANE

1. Physical adsorption (physisorption): If the force of attraction existing between

2. Chemical adsorption (chemisorption):

Factors affecting adsorption:

10.7 AERATION, ABSORPTION, AND STRIPPING

10.9 ION EXCHANGE REACTIONS

11. LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT

Figure 12-18: Diagram of landfill leachate treatment techniques (Aziz, 2011).

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