LOVELY PROFESSIONAL

UNIVERSITY

REPORT

TOPIC: Tidal Energy

Submitted: To Submitted By:

Mr. Vishal Kumar Ankit Mehra

Roll. No.:- M4901A20
Class:- BTECH (ME)
Regd.:- 10902646

Tidal Energy
 • Tidal energy is energy that could be obtained from the changing sea
levels. In other words, tidal energy is a direct result of tide shifting from
low to high.
• Tidal energy is considered to be a renewable source of energy since it
only uses the energy from the changing of the tides instead of burning or
consuming any form of energy source. It is also considered to be
inexhaustible because tides always rise and fall due to gravity.
• Tidal power utilization is also considered to be a very reliable source of
energy due to its predictability. Compared to other sources of energy such
as wind or solar energy, tidal changes are easier to predict. They’re also
sure to occur consistently. Unlike solar or wind energy, tidal power does
not depend on the season or the weather type. Instead, tidal energy relies
purely on the orbital kinetic energy that the sun exerts as the earth orbits
around it. The same goes with the moon and earth orbital system. As the
moon orbits around the earth, a gravitational force is experienced by both
bodies.
Consequently, all of the forces that work within the orbital systems create an
imbalance in the earth’s water levels. Thus, some places have higher water
levels while other places have decreased water levels.
How it works

• First generation, barrage-style tidal power plants

• Works by building Barrage to contain water after high tide, then water has to pass
through a turbine to return to low tide

• Sites in France (La Rance), Canada (Annapolis), and Russia

• Future sites possibly on Severn River in England, San Francisco bay,

Passamaquoddy

Disadvantages
• Presently costly
 – Expensive to build and maintain
– A 1085MW facility could cost as much as 1.2 billion dollars to
construct and run

• Connection to the grid

• Technology is not fully developed

• Barrage style only produces energy for about 10 hours out of the day

• Barrage style has environmental affects

– Such as fish and plant migration

– Silt deposits

– Local tides change- affects still under study

Advantages

• No pollution
• Renewable resource

• More efficient than wind because of the density of water

• Predictable source of energy vs. wind and solar

• Second generation has very few disadvantages

– Does not affect wildlife

– Does not affect silt deposits

– Less costly – both in building and maintenance

CAMS
LINKAGES
Easilydesigned to coordinate large numbersof input/output
motion requirements.
Occupy less space.
Dynamic response is sensitive to the manufacturing accuracy of
the cam contour.
Expensive to produce.
Easy to obtain dynamic balance.
Subject to surface wear.

Satisfy limited number of input-output motion requirements.

Occupy more space.
Slight manufacturing inaccuracy has little effect on output.
Less expensive.
Difficult and complicated analysis involved in dynamic.
Joint wear is non critical and quieter in operation.
Cams are used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. The motion created can be
simple and regular or complex and irregular.
As the cam turns, driven by the circular motion, the cam follower traces the surface of the cam
transmitting its motion to the required mechanism.

The transformation of one of the simple motions, such as rotation, into any other motions is often
conveniently accomplished by means of a cam mechanism.
A cam mechanism usually consists of two moving elements, the cam and the follower, mounted
on a fixed frame.
A cammay be defined as a machine element having a curved outline or a curved groove, which,
by its oscillation or rotation motion, gives a predetermined specified motion to another element
called the follower.
An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century BC. The use
of cams was later employed by Al-Jazari who employed them in his own automata. The cam and
camshaft appeared in European mechanisms from the 14th century.

History
The use of cam and follower systems are vital in engines, where they are used to open and close
the inlet valve and the exhaust valve to the cylinder head.The diagram shown opposite shows us a
typical camshaft that could be found in a lawnmower engine.The cam and follower system is a
plate cam and flat follower system, and of course the function of the system is to open and close
the valves at the correct time during the four stroke cycle of the engine (this will be dealt with in
more depth later).If you examine the image close you will see that the peaks of the cams are offset
by approximately 120 degrees. These ensures that the both valves aren't fully open at the same
time.
The function of Cam and follower Systems in Engines
The diagram shown below is another typical cam and follower system that could be used in an
engine.This system incorporates a rocker arm (shown in blue in the image).In this case the motion
the cam imparts on the follower is translated to the valve through a push rod and the rocker arm.

Camshaft of an Engine incorporating a Rocker Arm

The most well known use of cams is in car engines. The Cam operated valve system can be found
in modern car engines and incorporates a number of cams; the valves are opened by cams, four-
and six-lobed cams govern the spark distribution and many car petrol oil pumps are cam driven.
Translating cam –Translating follower
A groove can be milled in the face of cam discs. As the cam rotates, a follower located in the
groove has its motion guided by the groove. This type of cam is called a box cam.

Classification of followers
When contacting end of the follower has a sharp knife edge, it is called a knife edge follower.
This cam follower mechanism is rarely used because of excessive wear due to small area of
contact. In this follower a considerable thrust exists between the follower and guide.
Types of follower motion
Displacement diagram:Displacement is the distance that a follower moves during one complete
revolution (or cycle) of the cam while the follower is in contact with the cam.
It is the plot of linear displacement (s) of follower V/S angular displacement (θ) of the cam for
one full rotation of the cam.
A period is a part of the cam cycle and it includes the following:
Rise (Outstroke)–the upward motion of the follower caused by cam motion.
Fall (Return stroke)–the downward motion of the follower caused by cam motion.
Dwell–the stationary position of the follower caused by cam motion.
Uniform motion (constant velocity)
Since the follower moves with a simple harmonic motion, therefore velocity diagram consists of a
sine curve and the acceleration diagram consists of a cosine curve.
Simple harmonic motion
Since the acceleration and retardation are uniform, therefore the velocity varies directly with time.
Uniform acceleration and retardation
A variety of mechanical systems are available for use by the designer to satisfy a number of
motions and work function requirements. For complex motions wheel mechanisms (such as
gears) and flexible drivers (such as belts and chains) cannot fulfill their purpose. In most
situations, the designer must choose between a cam mechanism and a link mechanism. The
inherent characteristics and the relative advantage of the two types of mechanisms have
being summarized in the next slide.
CAMS Satisfy limited
LINKAGES number of input-
Easily designed output motion
to coordinate requirements.
large numbersof Occupy more
input/output space.
motion Slight
requirements. manufacturing
Occupy less inaccuracy has
space. little effect on
Dynamic output.
response is Less expensive.
sensitive to the Difficult and
manufacturing complicated
accuracy of the analysis
cam contour. involved in
Expensive to dynamic.
produce. Joint wear is non
Easy to obtain critical and
dynamic balance.quieter in
Subject to operation.
surface wear.