Index

Sr Topic Page
No No.
1 Introduction 1
2 According to ayurved 1
3 Yoni 1
4 Garbhashaya 2
5 Artavavaha dhamani 3
6 Dimb granthi 3
7 Peshi 4
8 According to modern 5
9 Vagina 5
10 Uterus 8
11 Fallopian tube 12
12 Ovary 14
13 Reference book 17
 Anatomy of female internal genital organ
According to Ayurveda
 In the female internal genital organ Yoni, Garbhashaya,
Aartavavahi dhamani, Dimbgranthi included according to ayurvedic
samhita.
 The description about Yoni and Garbhashaya are found directly
from samhita where as indirect description given in samhita about
Aartavavahi dhamani and Dimbagrathi.

 Yoni

 Nirukti
 मज
ु ् dhatu + नन pratyaya = मोनन

 मज्
ु मनि इनि मोनन।

o According to Acharya Sushruta

 एिान्मेव स्त्रीणाभयाणण च रीणण द्वे स्त्िनमोयधस्त्िाद्रक्िवहं च।
[सु.सं.शा.5/9]
 Female have three ducts or canal. One of them which caries off
menstrual blood. Thats called Yoni. This description also given by
the Acharya Vagbhat. Acharya Sushruta was used the term
Apatyapath for yoni because the fetus comes out of this passage.
 मोननस्त्िु शङखनाभ्माकृनिस्त््माविाा। [सु.सं.शा. 5/48]
 The yoni of a woman resembies the nabhi of a conch-shell in
shape and is possessed of three avarta.

 Nadi of Yoni
 भनोबवागायभुखेऽफरानां निस्त्रो बवन्न्ि प्रभदाजनानाभ ्।

सभीयणा चन्द्रभुखी च गौयी.........सयु िोऩववष्टा।। [बा. प्र. ऩव

ू ा 3/17-20]

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 In manobhavagar mukh of females there are three nadis samirana,
chandramukhi, gauri.
 At madanatpatra (clitoris) is mainly samirana, shukra falling over it
become futile.
 The women having mainly chandramukhi in kandarpageha (mid
vaginal canal) is easily satisfied with coitus and delievers female
children.
 Sexual satisfaction to the women possesing gauri nadi in
upasthgarbha (depth of vaginal canal) is attained with difficulty and
she delevers usually male children.

 Garbhashay
o According to Acharya Sushruta
 शङखनाभ्मा....िस्त्मास्त्िि
ृ ीमे त्वाविे गबाशय्मा प्रनिन्ष्ििा।।

मथा योहहिभत्स्त्मस्त्म भख
ु ं बवनि रुऩि:।

िि ् संस्त्थानां िथारुऩां गबाशय्मां ववदफ

ु ध
ुा ा:।। [सु.सं.शा. 5/48-49]

 The garbhashaya is situated at the third avart of yoni. The shape

of garbhashaya resembles the mouth of a rohit fish.

o According to Acharya Vagbhat

 स्त्रीणां वऩिऩक्वाशमोभाध्मे गबााशमोऽष्टभ:। [अ.सं.शा. 5/28]

 Women posses one extra eighth ashaya as garbhashaya which is

situated in third avarta of yoni in between pittashaya and
pakwashaya. Acharya Vagbhat gives description of garbhashaya
same as Acharya Sushruta.

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o According to Acharya Kashyapa

 स्त्रीणां गबााशमोष्टभ ् ।। [का. सं. णख. 9/16]

 The eighth ashaya in female is garbhashaya.

 Aartavavahi dhamani
o According to Acharya Sushruta
आर्त वहे द्वे , र्योर्मत लं गर्भत शय आर्त ववभहहन्यश्च धर्न्यः|

र्त्र हवद्धभयभ वन्ध्यभत्वं र्ै थुनभसहहष्णुत्वर्भर्त वनभशश्च ||[सु.सं.शा. 9/12]

 Aartavvahi dhamani are two in number having roots in

garbhashaya, injury to these produces infertility, dyspareunia and
amenorrhoea.

 Dimb granthi
 In the samhita the dimb granthi compared to the mushka strotos
that description given in Sushruta samhita.

 भूरवहशुक्रवहभुष्कस्त्रोिोभूरप्रसेकसेवनीमोननगुदवस्त्िीनष्टौऩरयहये ि ्।

[सु.सं.चच.7/37]

 Mutravaha, shukravaha, mushkavaha, mutraparesek, sevani, yoni,

guda and basti should carefully guarded at the performing
operation. Here Dimb granthi is taken in female equivalent to
mushka because they are two in number.
 सेवनी शुक्रहयणी स्त्रोिसी परमोगद
ुा भ ्।

भूरसेकं भूरवहं मोननवान्स्त्िस्त्िथाष्टभ:।। [सु.सं.चच. 7/39]

 Marma seated in eight strotas such as sevani, shukraharani,

phalastrotas and mutravahani, mutraseka, yoni, basti because the

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 dimbgranthi equivalent to mushka here the word phalastrota taken
as a dimbgranthi which has marma.

 Peshi
 स्त्रीणां िु ववंशनियचधका। दश िासां स्त्िनमोये कैकन्स्त्भन ् ऩञ्च ऩञ्चेनि,

मौवने िासां.........................शक्र
ु ािावप्रवेशशन्मन्स्त्िस्त्र एव।।

[सु.सं.शा. 5/44]

 Women poses twenty extra peshis ten in breast four in

apatyapatha two spreading inside and two situated in orifice in
circular fashion, garbhachhidra or garbhamarga has three and
three are responsible for entry of shukra and aratav.
 Here acharya give the description about garbhachhidra and
garbhamarga.
 ऩुंसा ऩेश्म: ऩुयस्त्िाद्मा: प्रोक्िा रऺणभुष्कजा: ।

स्त्रीणाभावत्ृ म निष्िन्न्ि परभन्िगािं हह िा:।। [बा.प्र.ऩूवा 3/146]

 Analogus to the peshis of lakshana and mushka of males, the

female have three more covering internally situated phala. Here
the phala denotes the Dimbgranthi.

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 According to modern

 The internal genital organ in female includes vagina, uterus,

fallopian tubes and the ovaries.

 Vagina
 The vagina is a fibromuscular tube from the vulva to the uterus
forming an angle of 60° with the horizontal plane.
 It is organ of copulation and forming the birth canal of partution.
 Vagina is directed superiorly and posteriorly, where it attaches to
the uterus.
 Diameter of vaginal canal is 8-9 cm
 It being widest in uppar part and narrowest at its introitus.

 Vaginal walls
 Vagina has got an anterior, posterior and two lateral wall. Anterior
and posterior wall opposed together but lateral walls are

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 comparatively stiffer especially at its middle as such, it looks ‘H’
shaped on transverse section.
 Length
 Anterior wall is 8-9 cm
 Posterior wall is 10-11 cm

 Fornices
 The fornices are the clefts formed at the top of vagina due to the
projection of the uterine cervix.
 There are four fornices – 1 Anterior

2 posterior

3 lateral
 Posterior fornice is deeper and anterior is shallow.

 Relations
o Anteriorly
 Upper 1/3 – trigone of uterine bladder
 Lower 1/3 – urethra
o Posteriorly
 Upper 1/3 – peritoneum of douglas pouch
 Middle 1/3 – ampulla of rectum
 Lower 1/3 – peritoneal body
o Laterally
 Upper 1/3 – pelvic cellular tissue at base of broad ligament
 Middle 1/3 – blended with levator ani
 Lower 1/3 – bulbocavernosus muscles, vestibular bulb and
bartholin's glands.

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 Structure
 There are three layers
1) Mucosa – formed of squamous epitgelium without glands
2) Musculosa – which is fibromuscular with some fibres from the

levator ani inserted into it.

3) Adventitia – which is connective tissue continuous with the

laracolpos.

 Vaginal secretion
 Vaginal pH from puberty to menopause is acidic because of the
presence of Doderlein's bacilli. The pH varies with the estrogenic
activity and ranges between 4 and 5.

 Blood supply
o Arterial supply
 Vaginal artery from internal iliac artery
 Additional branches from internal iliac artery
 Middle rectal artery from internal iliac artery
 Inferior rectal artery (from the internal pudendal artery of the
internal iliac artery).
o Venous drainage
 A plexus around the vagina drain into internal iliac vain by veins
that accompany their corresponding arteries.

 Lymphatic drainage
 Lower 1/3 drains to inguinal lymph nodes.
 Upper 1/3 follow lymphatic drainage of cervix.

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  Middle 1/3 drains in both upper and lower direction.
 Nerve supply
 Pudendal nerve.

 Uterus
 The pear shaped hollow muscular h.
organ situated in the pelvis between
bladder in front and the rectum
behind.
 Position
 Its normal position is one of
anteversion
and anteflexion.
 Dextrorotation – uterus usually inclines to right.
 Levorotation – uterus comes in close relation with left side.

 Measurements
 Uterus is about 8 cm long, 5 cm wide at fundus and 1.25 cm thick.
 Weight – 50 to 80 gm

 Parts
1. Body or corpus
 It lies above the internal os.
 The superolateral angles of the body of the uterus project
outwards from the junction of fundus and body is called the cornua
of uterus.

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 The uterine tube, round ligament and ligament of ovary are
attached to it.
2. Isthmus
 An area 4-5 mm in length that lies between the anatomical internal
os above and the histological internal os below. It is lined by low
columnar epithelium and few glands.
 The isthmus expands during pregnancy forming lower uterine
segment during last trimester.
3. Cervix
 The elongated lower part of the uterus.
 Measuring 2.5-3 cm.
 The cervical canal is the cavity that communicates above with
uterine cavity at internal os and below with vagina at external os.
4. Cavity
 Cavity of body is triangular on coronal section with base abive and
the apex below.
 Normal length of uterine cavity is usually 6.5-7 cm.

 Relations
 Anteriorly - The bladder and vesicouterine pouch
 Posteriorly – The pouch of douglas
 Laterally – The broad ligament on each side.

 Structure
o Body – the wall consist of three layers from outside inwards.
1. Endometrium
 lined by simple cubical or columnar epithelium
 Contain tubular gland

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 Shows cyclic changes with the menstrual cycle under the influence
of ovarian hormones.
2. Myometrium – 3 layer
 Outer longitudinal muscle layer
 Middle layer of interlacing criss cross muscle fibres surrounding
blood vessels
 Inner circular muscle layer
3. Parametrium
 It is serous coat which invests the entire oxygen expect on the
lateral border.
 The anterior and posterior peritoneal coverings blend as the
anterior and posterior layers of the broad ligaments.
o Cervix
 It composed mainly of fibrous connective tissue. The vaginal part
of cervix is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. The
squAmocolumnar junction is situated at the external os. Cervix
have endocervix, muscle layer and ectocervix.

 Secretion
 Endometrial secretion is scanty and watery secretion of cervical
gland is alkaline and thick, rich in mucoprotein, fructose and
sodium cloride.

 Blood supply
o Arterial supply
 Uterine arteries
 2 branch – Ascending, Descending

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 Ascending branches pass between the two layers of broad
ligament to end by anastomosing with branches of the ovarian
arteries near the uterine cornu.
 Descending cervical branch supplies the lower cervix.
o Venous drainage
 Pampiniform plexus communicate with vesical plexus and drains
into uterine and ovarian vain.

 Lymphatic drainage
 Body – To the internal then external iliac lymph node
 Cervix – External iliac through paracervical lymph node
 Internal iliac groups

 Nerve supply
 The cervix and body are relatively insensitive to touch, cutting and
burning.
 The cervix is sensitive to dilatation and the body is sensitive to
distension.
 Parasympathetic from S2, S3, S4
 Sympathetic from T5 and T6 (motor)
 T10, T11, T12 and L1 (sensory)
 Both reach the uterus through branches of inferior hypogastric
plexus.

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 Fallopian tube
 These are two tortuous tubes lie in
the medial three forth of upper free
margin of broad ligament.
 Measurement – 10 cm
 Tube has two openings, one communicating with the lateral angle
of uterine cavity called uterine opening measures 1 mm in
diameter. Lateral end of tube called pelvic opening or abdominal
ostium and measures about 2 mm in diameter.

 Parts
 From medial to lateral there are 4 parts.
1. Interstitial – lying in uterine wall
o Measurement - 1.25 cm length
1 mm diameter
 It is very narrow, no peritoneal covering, no outer longitudinal
muscles.
2. Isthmus – straight, narrow, thick walled portion
o Measurement – 3 to 4 cm length
2 mm diameter
3. Ampulla – widest, tortuous part

5 cm length

4. Infundibulum – trumpet shaped outer end opens into peritoneal

cavity by Tubal ostium
 The ostium is surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is long and
directed towards the ovary called fimbria ovarica.

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  Structure
 It consist 3 layer
a. Serosa – the extra uterine part is covered by peritoneum in the
upper margin of broad ligament.
b. Muscular – Outer longitudinal and inner circular involuntary smooth

muscles. It is thick at isthmus and thin at ampulla.

c. Mucosa – It has 3 different cell types and is thrown into

longitudinal fold
i. Columnar ciliated epithelial cells are predominant near the ovarian
end if tube. these cells compose 25% of mucosa cells.
ii. Secretory columnar cells present at isthmic segment and compose
60% of epithelial cells.
iii. Peg cells found in between above two cells.

 Function
 Ovum pick up at the time of ovulation, by their free fimbrial end
pick the ovum.
 Transport of ova through the tubal lumen by their peristaltic and
ciliary movements
 Production of secretions – Necessary for facilitate fertilization and
survival of zygote.

 Relations
 Bounded above by loops of intestine
 Below by broad ligament.
 Medially they blends with cornu of uterus
 Laterally they bounded by lateral pelvic wall

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 Blood supply
o Arterial supply
 Branches from both the uterine artery and ovarian artery.
o Venous drainage
 It is through the pampiniform plexus into ovarian veins.

 Lymphatic drainage
 Lymphatics run along the ovarian vessels to para-aortic nodes.
 Nerve supply
 Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres of uterine and ovarian
nerves.
 It is very much sensitive to handling.

 Ovary
 These are paired sex glands.
 Each gland is oval in shape and
pinkish
gray in colour and the surface is
scarred
during reproductive period.
 Measurement – 3 cm length
2 cm breath
1 cm thick
 Position - It lies in ovarian fosaa on the lateral pelvic wall.
 It is intraperitoneal structure.
 it present two ends – tubal and uterine two borders – mesovarium
and posterior two surfaces – medial and lateral

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 Relations
o Mesovarium
 A peritoneal fold that suspends the ovary to back of broad ligament
is attached to anterior border through which ovarian vessels and
nerves enter the hilum of gland.
o Posterior border
 It is free and related to tubal ampulla. It is separated by peritoneum
from the ureter and internal iliac artery.
o Medial surface
 It related to fimbrial part of tube.
o Lateral surface
 It contact with ovarian fossa on lateral pelvic wall.

 Structure
 It is covered by single layer of cubial cell known as germinal
epithelium.
 It is sub divided into cortex, medulla, and hilum.
o Cortex
 Outer active part of ovary that produces hormones and oocytes.
 The surface epithelium of cuboidal cells, called germinal
epithelium, covering the free surface of ovary.
 Connective tissue strome composed of dense connective tissue
containing oocytes. It is condensed on surface to form tunuca
albuginea.
o Medulla
 It consist of loose connective tissue.
 It is central core of the ovary continuous with hilum.

15
o Hilum
 It is site of attachment of mesovarium that carries blood vessels,
nerves and lymphatics entering and leaving the ovary.

 Relations
 Bounded medially by Fallopian tube
 Laterally by lateral pelvic wall
 Superiorly and anteriorly surrounded by small intestine
 Inferiorly by ovarian fossa where ureter and internal iliac vessels
pass
 Blood supply
o Arterial supply
 Ovarian artery a branch of abdominal aorta.
o Venous drainage
 Ovarian veins accompany the arterial supply and join with
pampiniform plexus of veins and uterine vein.

 Lymphatic drainage
 Through ovarian vessels drain to para-aortic lymph node.

 Nerve supply
 Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves T10 and T11 through
preaortic plexus that accompany the ovarian vessels.
 Ovaries are sensitive to manual squeezing.

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 Reference
 Acharya Sushruta samhita english translated by kaviraj kunjalal
bhishagratna & edited by Dr.Laxmidhar dwivedi, published by
chowkhamba sanskrit series office,varanasi on 9 july 1998
 Bhavprakash english translated by Prof.K.R.Srikantha murthy,
published by chowkhamba krishnadas academy, varanasi.
 Astanga samgrahha english translation by K. R. Srikantha Murthy,
published by Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi on 1 january
2008.
 Kashyap Samhita by Pandit Hemraj Sharma, published by
chaukhambha sanskrit, banaras
 DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics by Hiralal Konar, 9th Edition
published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd.
 Anatomy and physiology by Gerard J. Tortora and Bryan
Derrickson, 2014 india edition
 http://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/publication_11_1219_496.

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