Surveying: the art and science of determining angular and linear Radian – angle subtended by an arc of a circle having

le having a length equal

measurements to the radius of the circle

Kinds of Surveys: 2 pi rad – 360 degrees

1. Plane Surveying - is that type of surveying in which the
earth is considered to be a flat surface.
2. Geodetic Surveying - are surveys of wide extent which take
into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
Scope and Application:
Grad – 1/400th of a circle – 0.9 degree
Centesimal minutes – 1/100th grad
Centesimal seconds – 1/100th c

•Engineering Error - difference between the true value & the measured value
•Scientific Mistakes - inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some
•Commercial aspect of a surveying operation is performed by a surveyor with
•Architectural carelessness, inattention, poor judgment, and improper execution.

•Geographic
•Navigational Types of Errors
•Exploratory work
1. Systematic - can be eliminated – for sources are usually
known
Types of Surveys: 2. Accidental - improper execution

•Cadastral Survey - in urban and rural locations for the purpose of

determining property lines and boundaries, corners and areas. General Classification of Sources of Errors:
•City Surveys - areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning
1. Instrumental
expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing
reference monuments. 2. Natural
•Construction Surveys - undertaken at a construction site to provide 3. Personal
data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground
Accuracy - indicates how close a given measurement is to the
configuration.
absolute
•Forestry Surveys - executed in connection with forest management
and mensuration.
•Hydrographic Surveys - surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, Precision - degree of refinement and consistency with which any
harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water. physical measurement is made.
•Industrial Surveys - known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of
surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of
aircraft. Most Probable Value - mpv =x =[sum (x)]/n = (x1+x2+x3+....+xn)/n
•Mine Surveys- determine the position of all underground
excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of
mining claims. Residual - referred to as the deviation, difference between any
•Photographic Surveys - makes use of photographs taken with measured value of a quantity and its most probable value or v = x-x
specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
•Route Surveys - determination of alignment, grades, earthwork Probable Error –
quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection
Relative Precision - total amount of error in a given measurement
with the planning, design and construction of highways.
should relate to the magnitude of the measured quantity in order to
•Topographic Surveys - determining the shape of the ground, and
indicate the accuracy of a measurement.
the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.

Measurements: Measurement of Horizontal Distances

Type of Measurements: Pacing - counting the number of steps or paces in a required
distance.
1. Direct - a comparison of the measured quantity with a
standard measuring unit
2. Indirect - when it is not possible to apply a measuring Stride – two paces
instrument directly to a quantity to be measured
Under average conditions, a good pacer will have little difficulty in
pacing distances with a relative precision of 1/200.
Units of Measurement:

1 hectare – 10,000 sq.m. Taping - use of a graduated tape

Taping may vary from a relative precision of about 1:1000 to
1 are – 100 sq.m. 1:25000 or better.
Measuring Tape:

1. Steel Tape – surveyor’s / engineer’s tape

2. Metallic Tape
3. Non-metallic Tape
4. Invar Tape – made of an alloy of nickel and steel. Have
very low coefficient of thermal
5. Lovar Tape
6. Fiberglass Tape
7. Wires
8. Builder’s Tape
9. Phosphor – Bronze Tape
10. Nylon – coated Steel Tape

Taping Accessories:

1. Range Pole
2. Tape Clamping Handles
3. Chaining Pins
4. Tension Handles
5. Tape Thermometer
6. Plumb Bob
7. Wooden Stake or Hub
8. Leather Thongs
9. Hand Level and Clinometer
10. Tape Repair Kit
11. Crayons Distance by Tachymetry - It is based on the optical geometry
of the instruments employed and is an indirect method of
Composition of Taping Party:
measurement. A transit or a theodolite is used to determine
1. Head Tapeman subtended intervals and angles on a graduated rod
2. Recorder
3. Flagman
Stadia Method - determined by this method will yield a relative precision of only
4. Rear Tapeman between 1/300 and 1/1000. (D = Ks + C)
5. Chief of Party
6. Assistant Chief of Party Subtense Bar Method - bar is a convenient and practical device used for
quick and accurate measurement of horizontal distances. The bar, which
Procedure of Taping is precisely 2 meters long, consists of a rounded steel tube through
which runs a thin invar rod.
1. Aligning the Tape
2. Stretching the Tape
3. Plumbing GEODIMETER – acronym for Geodetic Distance Meter
4. Marking Full Tape Lengths
Tellurometer - utilized high frequency microwave
5. Tallying Taped Measurements
6. Measuring Fractional Lengths transmission and was capable of measuring distances
up top 80km day or night.
Breaking the Tape - This requires the measurement of shorter
distances which are accumulated to total a full tape length.

Slope Taping - may be made directly along the slope when the
ground is of uniform inclination and fairly smooth, rather than break
tape every few meters.

Corrections: