ME8595 – THERMAL ENGINEERING II

UNIT – I STEAM NOZZLE

MUNINATHAN K
Email-muninathankota@gmail.com
M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

Steam nozzle
A steam nozzle is defined as a passage of varying cross section, through which heat energy of steam is
converted to kinetic energy. Its major function is to produce steam jet with high velocity to drive steam
turbines.

TYPES OF NOZZLE

Convergent Nozzle
The cross sectional area decreases continuously from its entrance to exit. It is used in a case where the
back pressure is equal to or greater than the critical pressure ratio

Divergent Nozzle
The cross sectional area of divergent nozzle increases continuously from its entrance to exit. It is used
in a case, where the back pressure is less than the critical pressure ratio

Convergent-Divergent nozzle
The cross sectional area first decreases from its entrance to throat, and then increases from throat to
exit.

Degree of undercooling and degree of super saturation.

The degree of undercooling is then the difference between the saturation temperature and the super
cooled temperature. The ratio of super saturation pressures corresponding to the temperature between
super saturated region is known as the degree of super saturation.

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General shapes of nozzles and diffusers

Critical pressure ratio

The critical pressure ratio is the pressure ratio which will accelerate the flow to a velocity equal to the
local velocity of sound in the fluid. The maximum gas flow through a nozzle is determined by the
critical pressure. The pressure which the area is minimum and discharge per unit area is maximum is
called critical pressure ratio.

List the factors, which influence nozzle efficiency.

When the steam flows through a nozzle the final velocity of steam for given pressure drop is reduced
due to the following reasons
(i)The friction between the nozzle surface and steam,
(ii) The internal friction of steam itself,
(iii)The shock losses.

Effects of friction in nozzle.

In practice, there is friction produced between the steam and the sides of the nozzle; this friction causes
a resistance to the flow which is converted into heat. The heat formed tends drying the steam.
i) The expansion is no more isentropic and enthalpy drop is reduced
ii) The final dryness fraction of steam is increased as the kinetic energy gets converted in to heat
due to friction and is absorbed by steam.
iii) The specific volume of steam is increased as the steam becomes more dry due to this frictional
reheating.

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Nozzle efficiency.
The nozzle efficiency is therefore defined as the ratio of the actual enthalpy drop to the isentropic
enthalpy drop between the same pressures.Nozzle efficiency = (actual enthalpy drop) / (isentropic
enthalpy drop)

Coefficient of velocity in nozzle

The ratio of the actual velocity of gas emerging from a nozzle to the velocity calculated under ideal
conditions; it is less than 1 because of friction losses.

Carry over loss

The velocity of steam at exit is sufficiently high thereby resulting in a kinetic energy loss called Carry
over loss or Leading velocity loss.

Supersaturated flow
When steam flows through a nozzle, it would normally be expected that the discharge of steam
through the nozzle would be slightly less than the theoretical value. But it has been observed during
experiments on flow of wet steam that the discharge is slightly greater than that calculated by the
formula. The converging part of the nozzle is so short and the steam velocity so high that the
molecules of steam have insufficient time to collect and form droplets so that normal condensation
does not take place. Such rapid expansion is said to be metastable and produces a supersaturated state.

Effects of super saturation

(i) There is an increase in the entropy and specific volume of steam
(ii) The heat drop is reduced below that for thermal equilibrium as an consequence the exit velocity is
reduced.
(iii) The dryness fraction of steam is improved.

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CONVERGENT NOZZLE:
𝒊𝒇 𝑷𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝑛
𝑃2 2 𝑛−1
=( )
𝑃1 𝑛+1
n = 1.035 + 0.1x for wet steam
n = 1.135 for saturated steam
n = 1.3 for superheated steam
Inlet Outlet
s1 = s2 (Isentropic Expansion Process)
Types of steam: Mass flow rate at Exit
Wet steam: (pressure or temperature & dryness A2 C2 𝐤𝐠
fraction) ṁ2 = ( )
x2 v2 𝐬
s = sf + (x × sfg ) (kJ/kg.K) Total Mass flow rate
h = hf + (x × hfg ) (kJ/kg) ṁtotal = mass flow rate × power Devlop
v = x × vg (m3/kg) kg
× kW 𝐤𝐠
Dry Saturated Steam: (Inlet pressure or = kW. hr ( )
temperature) 3600 𝐬
Number of Nozzle
s = sg (kJ/kg.K), h = hg (kJ/kg), v = vg (m3/kg) Total mass flow rate 𝑚̇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Superheated Steam: (Inlet pressure and N= =
mass flow rate per Nozzle 𝑚̇2
temperature)
Exit Area
v (m3/kg) (Steam Table 3)
𝑚̇2 × (x2 v2 )
h (kJ/kg) (Steam Table 4) A2 = (𝒎𝟐 )
s (kJ/kg) (Steam Table 5) C2
or Area ratio
𝑇𝑆𝑢𝑝 A2 x2 v2 C1
s = sg + 𝐶𝑃 ln ( 𝑇 ), h = hg + 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇𝑆𝑢𝑝 − 𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡 ) = ×
𝑆𝑎𝑡 A1 C2 x1 v1
Formulae for all three types of steam: Nozzle efficiency
Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected) η = 1 − loss due to friction
C2 = 44.72√(h1 − h2 ) (𝐦/𝐬) 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞 𝛈
Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity considered) Acual Heat Drop
=
Isentropic Heat Drop
C2 = √C1 2 + 2000 (h1 − h2 ) (𝐦/𝐬) h1 − h′2
=
h1 − h2
Neglect nozzle efficiency if not given
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle:
Inlet Outlet 𝒊𝒇 𝑷𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝑛
𝑃2 2 𝑛−1
=( )
𝑃1 𝑛+1
n = 1.035 + 0.1x for wet steam
3 n = 1.135 for saturated steam
1 2 n = 1.3 for superheated steam
s1 = s2 = s3 (Isentropic Expansion Process)
Formulae for all three types of steam: section 1-3 :
Section 1-2:
Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected) Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C2 = 44.72√(h1 − h2 ) 𝐦/𝐬 C3 = 44.72√(h1 − h3 ) 𝐦/𝐬

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity considered) Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity considered)

C2 = √C1 2 + 2000 (h1 − h2 ) 𝐦/𝐬 C3 = √C1 2 + 2000 (h1 − h3 ) 𝐦/𝐬

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Mass flow rate at Exit Mass flow rate at Exit

A2 C2 𝐤𝐠 A3 C3 𝐤𝐠
ṁ2 = ( ) ṁ3 = ( )
x2 v2 𝐬 x3 v3 𝐬
Total Mass flow rate Total Mass flow rate
ṁtotal = mass flow rate × power developed ṁtotal = mass flow rate × power developed
kg kg
× kW 𝐤𝐠 × kW 𝐤𝐠
= kW. hr ( ) = kW. hr ( )
3600 𝐬 3600 𝐬
Number of Nozzle Number of Nozzle
Total mass flow rate 𝑚̇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 Total mass flow rate 𝑚̇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
N= = N= =
mass flow rate per Nozzle 𝑚̇2 mass flow rate per Nozzle 𝑚̇3
Exit Area Exit Area
𝑚̇2 × (x2 v2 ) m3 × (x3 v3 )
A2 = (𝒎𝟐 ) A3 = 𝒎𝟐
C2 C3
Area ratio Area ratio from exit to throat
A2 x2 v2 C1 A3 x3 v3 C2
= × = ×
A1 C2 x1 v1 A2 C3 x2 v2
Nozzle efficiency Nozzle efficiency
η = 1 − loss due to friction η = 1 − loss due to friction
𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞 𝛈
𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞 𝛈
Acual Heat Drop h1 − h′3
Acual Heat Drop = =
= Isentropic Heat Drop h1 − h3
Isentropic Heat Drop Note:
h1 − h′2 Neglect nozzle efficiency if not given
=
h1 − h2 Note:
Note:  𝑃2 should be greater than 𝑃3 for C-D Nozzle
Neglect nozzle efficiency if not given
 If it is lesser than 𝑃3 then it is convergent
Nozzle (neglect calculated 𝑃2 and take given
outlet pressure as 𝑃2 )
Supersaturated steam: Exit Specific volume:
1
Exit Velocity for convergent Nozzle: P2 𝑛
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 ( )
n−1 P1
2n P2 n
C2 = √ P 𝑣 [1 − ( ) ] ( m/s) Mass flow rate at Exit
n−1 1 1 P1
A2 C2 𝐤𝐠
𝑁 ṁ2 = ( )
P1= Inlet Pressure (𝑚2 ) 𝑣2 𝐬
𝑚3
v1 = Inlet Specific volume ( 𝑘𝑔 )
𝑁
P2= Exit Pressure (𝑚2 )

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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

STEAM NOZZLES
Part -B
1. Derive the expression for condition of maximum mass flowrate and velocity.

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2. Supersaturated Flow or Metastable Flow through Nozzle

When dry saturated steam is expanded adiabatically or isentropically, it becomes wet and is shown by
a vertical line on Mollier diagram.

 If the steam is initially superheated, the condensation should start after it has become dry
saturated.
 This is possible when the steam has proceeded through some distance in the nozzle and in a
short interval of time.
 But from practical point of view, the steam has a great velocity (sometimes sonic and even
supersonic). Thus the phenomenon of condensation does not take place at the expected rate.
 As a result of this, equilibrium between the liquid and vapour phase is delayed and the steam
Continues to expand in a dry state. T
 he steam in such a set of conditions, is said to be supersaturated or in metastable state.
 It is also called supercooled steam, as its temperature at any pressure is less than the saturation
temperature curresponding to the pressure.
 The flow of supersaturated steam, through the nozzle is called supersaturatedflow or
metastable flow.
Effects of Supersaturation
 The folllowing effects in a nozzle, in which supersaturation occurs, are important from the
subject point of view;
 Since the condensation does not take place during supersaturated expansion . so the
temperature at which the supersaturation occurs will be less than the saturation temperature
corresponding to the pressure. Therefore, the density of supersaturated steam will be more
than for the equilibrium conditions, which gives the increase in the mass of steam discharged.
 The supersaturation increases the entropy and specific volume of the steam.
 The supersaturation reduces the heat drop (for the same pressure limits) below that for thermal
equilibrium. Hence the exit velocity of the steam is reduced.
 The supersaturation increases dryness fraction of steam.
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o
3. Steam expands isentropically in a nozzle from 1 MPa, 250 C to 10 KPa . The flow rate of the
steam is 1 kg/ s. Find the following when the inlet velocity is neglected, (i) Quality of steam, (ii)
Velocity of steam at the exit of the nozzle, (iii)Exit area of the nozzle.
Given Data: P1 = 1 MPa, T1 = 250 ℃, P2 = 10 kPa ṁ = 2510 kg/s
Find: i)Quality of steam, ii)C2 iii) A1 ,
Solution:
INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚 = 𝟏𝟎𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 ℃,
𝐤𝐉 𝐤𝐉
𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟑 , 𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟔 , 𝐯 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠,
𝐤𝐠 𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝟏
Where, s1 = s2
EXIT:
From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝐤𝐏𝐚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝐛𝐚𝐫
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf2 = 191.8 , hfg2 = 2392.9 , sf2 = 0.649 , sfg2 = 7.502 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vg2 = 14.675 m3 /kg,
From equation,
s2 = s1 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 6.926 = 0.649 + x2 × 7.502 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟕
𝐤𝐉
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2 h2 = 191.8 + 0.837 × 2392.9 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟔
𝐤𝐠

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C2 = 44.72√η(h1 − h2 ) C2 = 44.72√1(2943 − 2193.96) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2
ṁ m×ẋ 2 v2 1×(0.837×14.675)
A2 = A2 = A2 = 𝐀𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝐦𝟐
ρ 2 C2 C2 1223.92

4. Steam at a pressure of 10.5 bar and 0.95 dry is expanded through a convergent divergent
nozzle. The pressure of steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85 bar. Find the velocity of steam at throat
for maximum discharge. Take n=1.135. also find the area at the exit and the steam discharge if
the throat area is 1.2 cm2. Assume the flow is isentropic and there are no friction losses.
Given Data: P1 = 10 bar, x1 = 0.95, P3 = 0.85, n = 1.135, 𝐴2 = 1.2𝑐𝑚2
Find: i)C2 , ii) 𝐴3 iii) 𝑚̇,
Solution:

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INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫,
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf1 = 772 , hfg1 = 2006 , sf1 = 2.159 , sfg1 = 4.407 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf1 = 0.001130 m3 /kg, vg1 = 0.18548 m3 /kg,

From equation, 𝐱 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
kJ
s1 = sf1 + (x1 sfg1 ) s1 = 2.159 + (0.95 × 4.407) 𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟔 kgK
𝐤𝐉
h1 = hf1 + (x1 hfg1 ) h1 = 772 + (0.95 × 2006) 𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟕. 𝟕 𝐤𝐠

Where, s1 = s2
THROAT:
Throat pressure
n n 1.135
P2 2 n−1 2 n−1 2 1.135−1
=( ) P2 = ( ) × P1 = ( ) × 10.5 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫
P1 n+1 n+1 1.135+1

From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫

kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf2 = 670.4 , hfg2 = 2085.1 , sf2 = 1.931 , sfg2 = 4.827 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf2 = 0.001101m3 /kg, vg2 = 0.31546 m3 /kg,
From equation,
s2 = s1 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 6.346 = 1.931 + (x2 × 4.827) 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟓
𝐤𝐉
h2 = hf + x2 hfg h2 = 670.4 + (0.915 × 2085.1) 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟖. 𝟑 𝐤𝐠

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C2 = 44.72√η(h1 − h2 ) C2 = 44.72√1(2677.7 − 2578.3) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟑𝐦/𝐬
Discharge:
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2
A2 C2 (1.2×10−4 ×445.93)
ṁ2 = ṁ2 = ṁ2 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝐤𝐠/𝐬
x2 v2 0.915×0.31546

EXIT:
From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf3 = 398.6 , hfg3 = 2269.8 , sf3 = 1.252 , sfg3 = 6.163 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf3 = 0.001040m3 /kg, vg3 = 1.9721 m3 /kg,

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From equation,
s3 = s1 = sf3 + x3 sfg3 6.346 = 1.252 + (x3 × 6.163) 𝐱 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟕
𝐤𝐉
h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3 h3 = 398.6 + (0.827 × 2269.8) 𝐡𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟗 𝐤𝐠

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C3 = 44.72√η(h1 − h3 ) C3 = 44.72√1(2677.7 − 2274.69) 𝐂𝟑 = 𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟕𝟔𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2 = ρ3 A3 C3
ṁ m×ẋ 3 v3 0.185 (0.827×1.9721)
A3 = A3 = = 𝐀𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐
ρ 3 C3 C3 897.7

5. In a steam nozzle steam expands from 16 bar to 5 bar with initial temperature of 3000C and
mass flow of 1 kg/s. Determine the throat and exit areas considering (i) expansion to be
frictionless and, (ii) friction loss of 10% throughout the nozzle.
Given Data: P1 = 16bar, T1 = 300 ℃, P3 = 5bar, ṁ = 1 kg/s,
Find: A2 , A3
Solution:

INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ℃,
𝐤𝐉 𝐤𝐉
𝐡𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟔. 𝟐 , 𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟕
𝐤𝐠 𝐤𝐠𝐊
THROAT:
Throat pressure
n n 1.3
P2 2 n−1 2 n−1 2 1.3−1
= (n+1) P2 = (n+1) × P1 = (1.3+1) × 16 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫
P1

From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟑 ≈ 𝟖. 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫

kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf2 = 681.5 , hfg2 = 2076.7 , sf2 = 1.956 , sfg2 = 4.780 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf2 = 0.001104m3 /kg, vg2 = 0.29680 m3 /kg,
From equation
s2 = s1 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 7.034 = 1.968 + (x2 × 4.757) 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔
Since 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔, Steam is Superheated

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Use Mollier Diagram chart

At Throat:
kJ
h2 = 2891.39 ,
kg
v2 = 0.2559m3 /kg
At Exit:
kJ
h3 = 2777 ,
kg
v3 = 0.3882m3 /kg

Throat Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C2 = 44.72√(h1 − h2 ) C2 = 44.72√(3036.2 − 2891.39) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
Throat Area:
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2
A2 C2 (A2 ×538.15)
ṁ2 = 1= 𝐀𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐
v2 0.2559

EXIT:
Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)
C3 = 44.72√(h1 − h3 ) C3 = 44.72√(3036.2 − 2777) 𝐂𝟑 = 𝟕𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2 = ρ3 A3 C3
ṁ ̇ 3
m×v 1 (0.3882)
A3 = A3 = = 𝐀𝟑 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐
ρ 3 C3 C3 719.98

Considering Expansion to have 10% heat loss:

Nozzle Efficiency:
η = 1-Friction loss η = 1- 0.1 η =0.9
Throat Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)
C2 = 44.72√η(h1 − h2 ) C2 = 44.72√0.9(3036.2 − 2891.39) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝐦/𝐬
Throat Area:
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2
A2 C2 (A2 ×510.53)
ṁ2 = 1= 𝐀𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐
v2 0.2559

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EXIT:
Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)
C3 = 44.72√η(h1 − h3 ) C3 = 44.72√0.9(3036.2 − 2777) 𝐂𝟑 = 𝟔𝟖𝟑. 𝟎𝟑𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2 = ρ3 A3 C3
ṁ ̇ 3
m×v 1 (0.3882)
A3 = A3 = = 𝐀𝟑 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐
ρ 3 C3 C3 683.03

6. A convergent-divergent nozzle is required to discharge 2 kg/s of steam. The nozzle is supplied with steam
at 7 bar and 180ºC and discharge takes place against a back pressure of 1 bar.the expansion upto the
throat is isentropic and the frictional resistance between=n the throat and the exit is equivalent to 63
kJ/kg of steam.Taking approach velocity of 75m/s and throat pressure of 4 bar estimate suitable areas
for throat and exit and Overall Efficiency of the nozzle based on the enthalpy drop between the actual
inlet pressure and temperature and the exit pressure.
Given Data: ṁ = 2 kg/s, P1 = 7bar, T1 = 180 ℃, P3 = 1bar,
h′3 = ℎ3 + 63kJ/kg, C1 = 75 m/s, P3 = 4bar,
Find: A2 , A3 , Coefficient of velocity
Solution:

INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟕𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎℃,
𝐏𝐚 = 𝟕𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝐚 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎℃, (After)
𝑘𝐽
ha = 2844.2 kJ/kg, sa = 6.886 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾

𝐏𝐛 = 𝟕𝐛𝐚𝐫 and Dry saturated, (Befter) (Not available in Super heated Steam Table)
𝑘𝐽
𝐓𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓℃, hb = 2762kJ/kg, sb = 6.705 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾

By interpolation
hR −hb TR −Tb hR −2762 180−165 𝐤𝐉
= = 200−165 𝐡𝐫 = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐠 = 𝐡𝟏
ha −hb T𝑎 −T𝑏 2844.2−2762
sR −sb TR −Tb sR −6.705 180−165 𝐤𝐉
= = 200−165 𝐬𝐫 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐠.𝐤 = 𝐬𝟏
sa −sb T𝑎 −T𝑏 6.886−6.705

Where, s1 = s2
THROAT:
From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf2 = 604.7 , hfg2 = 2132.9 , sf2 = 1.776 , sfg2 = 5.118 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf2 = 0.001084m3 /kg, vg2 = 0.46220 m3 /kg,

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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

From equation
s2 = s1 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 6.783 = 1.776 + (x2 × 5.118) 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟖
𝐤𝐉
h2 = hf + x2 hfg h2 = 604.7 + (0.978 × 2132.9) 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐠

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C2 = √𝐶12 + 2000(h1 − h2 ) C2 = √752 + 2000(2797.23 − 2691.34) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟒𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟕𝐦/𝐬
Discharge:
From continuity equation, ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2
A2 C2 (A2 ×466.27)
ṁ2 = 2= 𝐀𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟐
x2 v2 0.978×0.46220

EXIT:
From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟑 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf3 = 417.5 , hfg3 = 2257.9 , sf3 = 1.303 , sfg3 = 6.057 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf3 = 0.001043m3 /kg, vg3 = 1.6938 m3 /kg,
From equation,
s3 = s1 = sf3 + x3 sfg3 6.783 = 1.303 + (x3 × 6.057) 𝐱 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟗
𝐤𝐉
h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3 h3 = 417.5 + (0.9 × 2257.9) 𝐡𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐠

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C3 = √𝐶12 + 2000(h1 − h3 ) C3 = √752 + 2000(2797.23 − 2460.31) 𝐂𝟑 = 𝟖𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2 = ρ3 A3 C3
ṁ m×ẋ 3 v3 2 (0.9×1.6938)
A3 = A3 = = 𝐀𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟐
ρ 3 C3 C3 824.3

If frictional Loss is considered:

h′3 = ℎ3 + 63 h′3 = 2460.31 + 63 𝐡′𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)
𝐶3′ = √𝐶12 + 2000(h1 − h′3 ) C3′ = √752 + 2000(2797.23 − 2523.31) 𝐂𝟑′ = 𝟕𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟓𝐦/𝐬
Overall Nozzle Efficiency:
h1 −h′3 2797.23−2523.31
𝛈𝑵 = η𝑁 = 𝛈𝑵 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟑%
h1 −h3 2797.23−2460.31

Coefficient of velocity:
C′ 743.95
Coefficient of velocity = C3 Coefficient of velocity = 824.3
𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟑
3

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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

7. In a nozzle steam expands from 12 bar and 300˚C to 6 bar with flow rate of 5 kg/s. Determine throat and
exit area if exit velocity is 500 m/s and velocity at inlet to nozzle is negligible. Also find coefficient of
velocity at exit. Coefficient of velocity is the ratio of actual velocity of fluid at nozzle exit to the velocity at
exit considering isentropic flow through nozzle.
Given Data: P1 = 12bar, T1 = 300 ℃, P3 = 6bar, ṁ = 5 kg/s,
C3′ = 500 m/s
Find: A2 , A3 , Coefficient of velocity
Solution:

INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ℃,
𝐤𝐉 𝐤𝐉
𝐡𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟔. 𝟗 , 𝐬𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟒
𝐤𝐠 𝐤𝐠𝐊
THROAT:
Throat pressure
n n 1.3
P2 2 n−1 2 n−1 2 1.3−1
= (n+1) P2 = (n+1) × P1 = (1.3+1) × 12 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
P1

From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 ≈ 𝟔. 𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫

kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf2 = 681.5 , hfg2 = 2076.7 , sf2 = 1.956 , sfg2 = 4.780 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf2 = 0.001104m3 /kg, vg2 = 0.29680 m3 /kg,
From equation
s2 = s1 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 7.034 = 1.968 + (x2 × 4.757) 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔
Since 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔, Steam is Superheated
Use Mollier Diagram chart
At Throat:
kJ
h2 = 2900.5 , T = 224.5℃, v2 = 0.3466m3 /kg
kg 2
At Exit:
kJ
h3 = 2882.5 , T = 215.15℃, v3 = 0.3647m3 /kg
kg 3

Throat Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C2 = 44.72√(h1 − h2 ) C2 = 44.72√(3046.9 − 2900.5) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟒𝟏 𝐦/𝐬
Throat Area:
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2
A2 C2 (A2 ×541)
ṁ2 = 5= 𝐀𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟐
v2 0.3466

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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

EXIT:
Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)
C3 = 44.72√(h1 − h3 ) C3 = 44.72√(3046.9 − 2882.5) 𝐂𝟑 = 𝟓𝟕𝟑. 𝟒𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2 = ρ3 A3 C3
ṁ ̇ 3
m×v 5 (0.3647)
A3 = A3 = = 𝐀𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟐
ρ 3 C3 C3 573.4

Coefficient of velocity:
C′ 500
Coefficient of velocity = C3 Coefficient of velocity = 573.4 𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕
3
[

8. An impulse turbine of 1 MW has steam entering at 20 bar and 3000C and steam consumption of 8 kg per
kWh. Steam leaves at 0.2 bar and 10% of total heat drop is lost in overcoming friction in diverging
portion of nozzle. If throat diameter of each nozzle is 1 cm then determine (i) The number of nozzles
required (ii) exit diameter of each nozzle.
Given Data: P=1MW, P1 = 20bar, T1 = 300 ℃, SSC = 8 kg/kWh
P3 = 0.2bar, 𝜂N = 1 − 10%, 𝑑2 =1cm
Find: 𝑑3 , The number of nozzles
Solution: Where, s1 = s2
INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ℃,
𝐤𝐉 𝐤𝐉
𝐡𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟓 , 𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟎
𝐤𝐠 𝐤𝐠𝐊
THROAT:
Throat pressure
n n 1.3
P2 2 n−1 2 n−1 2 1.3−1
= (n+1) P2 = (n+1) × P1 = (1.3+1) × 20 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫
P1

From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫

kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf2 = 781.1 , hfg2 = 1998.6 , sf2 = 2.179 , sfg2 = 4.371 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf2 = 0.001133m3 /kg, vg2 = 0.17739 m3 /kg,
From equation
s2 = s1 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 6.770 = 2.179 + (x2 × 4.371) 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓
Since 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓, Steam is Superheated

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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

Use Mollier Diagram chart

At Throat:
kJ
h2 = 2883 ,
kg
T2 = 233.5℃,
v2 = 0.2m3 /kg
Throat Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)
C2 = 44.72√(h1 − h2 ) C2 = 44.72√(3025 − 2883) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟑𝟐. 𝟗 𝐦/𝐬
Throat Area:
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2
A2 C2 ((0.01)2 ×π×532.9)
ṁ1 = ṁ1 = 𝐦̇𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝐤𝐠/𝐬
v2 4×0.2

Number of Nozzle:
1×103 ×8
Total Mass Flowrate = Power × SSC Total Mass Flowrate = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝐤𝐠/𝐬
3600
Total Mass Flowrate 2.22
Number of Nozzle= Mass flowrate in one Nozzle = 0.21 = 10.54 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞𝐬

EXIT:
From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝐛𝐚𝐫
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf3 = 251.5 , hfg3 = 2358.4 , sf3 = 0.832 , sfg3 = 7.077 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf3 = 0.001017m3 /kg, vg3 = 7.6498 m3 /kg,
From equation,
s3 = s1 = sf3 + x3 sfg3 6.770 = 0.832 + (x3 × 7.077) 𝐱 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒
𝐤𝐉
h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3 h3 = 251.5 + (0.84 × 2358.4) 𝐡𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐠

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C3 = 44.72√𝜂(h1 − h3 ) C3 = 44.72√0.9(3025 − 2230.33) 𝐂𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟗𝟔𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2 = ρ3 A3 C3
ṁ ̇ 3
m×v 0.21 (6.43)
A3 = A3 = = 𝐀𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟐 𝐝𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝒄𝒎
ρ 3 C3 C3 1195.96

9. A nozzle is supplied with steam at 0.7 mPa and 2750C. Determine temperature and velocity at
throat considering no losses. If diverging portion of nozzle is 6 cm long and throat diameter of
0.5 cm, determine the angle of cone in nozzle so that steam leaves nozzle at 0.1 MPa. Assume
heat utilization in diverging portion to be 85%. Solve using mollier diagram.
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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

Given Data: P1 = 7bar, T1 = 250 ℃, P3 = 1bar, L=6cm, d𝑡 = 0.5cm,η=80%

Find: angle of cone in nozzle , velocityand temperature at throat
Solution:

INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟕𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓℃,
𝐏𝐚 = 𝟕𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝐚 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎℃, (After)
𝑘𝐽
ha = 3059.8 kJ/kg, sa = 7.300 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾

𝐏𝐛 = 𝟕𝐛𝐚𝐫 and 𝐓𝐛 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎℃, (Befter)

𝑘𝐽
hb = 2954kJ/kg, sb = 7.107 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾

By interpolation
hR −hb TR −Tb hR −2954 275−250 𝐤𝐉
= = 300−250 𝐡𝐫 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟔. 𝟗 𝐤𝐠 = 𝐡𝟏
ha −hb T𝑎 −T𝑏 3059.8−2954
sR −sb TR −Tb sR −7.107 275−250 𝐤𝐉
= = 300−250 𝐬𝐫 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐠.𝐤 = 𝐬𝟏
sa −sb T𝑎 −T𝑏 7.300−7.107

THROAT:
Throat pressure
n n 1.3
P2 2 n−1 2 n−1 2 1.3−1
= (n+1) P2 = (n+1) × P1 = (1.3+1) ×7 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫
P1

From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟐 ≈ 𝟑. 𝟖

kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf2 = 596.7 , hfg2 = 2138.6 , sf2 = 1.758 , sfg2 = 5.154 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf2 = 0.001082m3 /kg, vg2 = 0.48502 m3 /kg,
From equation
s2 = s1 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 7.2035 = 1.758 + (x2 × 5.154) 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟕
Since 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟕, Steam is Superheated
Use Mollier Diagram chart
At Throat:
kJ
h2 = 2869 ,
kg
T2 = 203℃,
v2 = 0.58m3 /kg
Throat Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)
C2 = 44.72√(h1 − h2 ) C2 = 44.72√(3006.9 − 2869) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 𝐦/𝐬

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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

Throat Area:
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2
A2 C2 ((0.005)2 ×π×525.34)
ṁ1 = ṁ1 = 𝐦̇𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐠/𝐬
v2 4×0.58

EXIT:
From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟑 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf3 = 417.5 , hfg3 = 2257.9 , sf3 = 1.303 , sfg3 = 6.057 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf3 = 0.001043m3 /kg, vg3 = 1.6938 m3 /kg,
From equation,
s3 = s1 = sf3 + x3 sfg3 7.2035 = 1.303 + (x3 × 6.057) 𝐱 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟒
𝐤𝐉
h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3 h3 = 417.5 + (0.974 × 2257.9) 𝐡𝟑 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟔 𝐤𝐠

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C3 = 44.72√𝜂(h1 − h3 ) C3 = 44.72√0.85(3006.9 − 2617.06) 𝐂𝟑 = 𝟖𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟔𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2 = ρ3 A3 C3
ṁ ̇ vg3
m×x× 0.01778 (0.974×1.6938)
A3 = A3 = = 𝐀𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐
ρ 3 C3 C3 814.06

𝜋𝑑32 𝜋𝑑32
A3 = 3.6 × 10−5 = 𝐝𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
4 4

Cone Angle(2α):
d3 −d2 6.77−5
tanα = tanα = 𝛂 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓° Cone angle , 𝟐𝛂 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗°
2×60 2×60

PROBLEMS ON SUPER SATURATED FLOW:

10. A convergent-divergent nozzle operates with 5 kg of steam per minute being discharged at 1
bar. For the steam supplied to nozzle being at 10 bar and 2000C and supersaturation occurring
up to throat and normal afterwards, determine, (i) the diameter of nozzle at exit, (ii) the
maximum degree of supersaturation, (iii) the amount of undercooling at throat. For
supersaturation take Pv1.3 = constant and P / T 1.3/0.3 = constant.
Given Data:ṁ = 5 kg/min, P3 = 1bar, P1 = 10bar,
T1 = 200 ℃,
Find: 𝑑3
Solution: Where, s1 = s2

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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure P1 = 10bar and T1 = 200 ℃,
kJ kJ 𝑚3
h1 = 2826.8 kg , s1 = 6.692 kgK, v1 = 0.2059 𝑘𝑔

THROAT:
Throat pressure
n n 1.3
P2 2 n−1 2 n−1 2 1.3−1
= (n+1) P2 = (n+1) × P1 = (1.3+1) × 10 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫
P1

For Supersaturation Flow:

𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
ℎ1 − ℎ2′ = (𝑛−1) 𝑃1 𝑣1 [1 − (𝑃 ) ]
1

1.3−1
1.3 5.46 1.3
2826.8 − ℎ2′ 2
= (1.3−1) 10 × 10 × 0.2059 × [1 − ( 10 ) ]

𝒉′𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
From Steam Table, At Pressure P2 = 5.46bar
By interpolating
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf2 = 654.6 , hfg2 = 2095.6 , sf2 = 1.8936 , sfg2 = 4.8989 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vg2 = 14.675 m3 /kg,
From equation,
ℎ2′ = hf2 + x2 hfg2 ℎ2′ = 654.6 + (x2 × 2095.6) 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟔
𝐤𝐉
𝑠2′ = sf2 + x2 sfg2 𝑠2′ = 1.8936 + (0.976 × 4.8989) 𝒔′𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝐤𝐠𝐊

EXIT:
From Steam Table at pressure 𝐏𝟑 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫
kJ kJ kJ kJ
hf3 = 417.5 , hfg3 = 2257.9 , sf3 = 1.303 , sfg3 = 6.057 ,
kg kg kgK kgK
vf3 = 0.001043m3 /kg, vg3 = 1.6938 m3 /kg,
From equation,
s3 = 𝑠2′ = sf3 + x3 sfg3 6.6749 = 1.303 + (x3 × 6.057) 𝐱 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟔𝟗
𝐤𝐉
h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3 h3 = 417.5 + (0.8869 × 2257.9) 𝐡𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝐤𝐠

Exit Velocity (if inlet velocity neglected)

C3 = 44.72√(h1 − h3 ) C3 = 44.72√(2826.8 − 2420.01) 𝐂𝟑 = 𝟗𝟎𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝐦/𝐬
Area at Exit
From continuity equation
ṁ = ρ1 A1 C1 = ρ2 A2 C2 = ρ3 A3 C3
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M8595 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering

ṁ ̇ vg3
m×x× 5 (0.8869×1.6938)
A3 = A3 = = 𝐀𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐
ρ 3 C3 C3 60×901.96

𝜋𝑑32 𝜋𝑑32
A3 = 1.388 × 10−4 = 𝐝𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝐦
4 4

Throat temperature:
n−1 1.3−1
T2 P2 n T2 5.46 1.3
= (P ) = ( 10 ) 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝐊 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟖℃
T1 1 473

11. The flow rate through steam nozzle with isentropic flow from pressure of 13 bar was found 60
kg /min. steam is initially saturated. Determine the throat area. If the flow is super saturated,
determine the increase in flow rate.
Given Data:ṁ = 60 kg/min, P1 = 13bar, ,
Find: 𝐴3
Solution: Where, s1 = s2
INLET:
From Steam Table, At Pressure P1 = 13bar
kJ kJ 𝑚3
h1 = 2785.4 kg , s1 = 6.491 kgK, v1 = 0.15114 𝑘𝑔

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