TELEMETRY

the efficient transfer of information

Prof. Gunnar Stette

G.Stette@iet.ntnu.no

Slide 1 NAROM 2011

 The functions of telemetry

Telemetry –
the collection of information from distance

Tele (Greek: far away, far off, at a distance) –

can be anything from inside the body to deep space

At Andøya it means receiving information from sounding rockets

travelling to the ionosphere, both from the scientific instruments
and also the position and state of the rocket.

The topic will be covered more broadly, because

telemetry is processing
and transport of information.
Slide 2 NAROM 2011
 Example: Telemetry system

Slide 3 NAROM 2011

 Example: Telemetry from Cassini

Cassini's 12 instruments have returned

a daily stream of data from Saturn's
system since arriving at Saturn in 2004

Slide 4 NAROM 2011

 Telemetry system

Source
Channel Receiver
• parameter extraction
• required resolution • tracking
• encoding • modulation • demodulation
• source compression • channel coding • decoding
• formating • data analysis
• transmission • presentation

Slide 5 NAROM 2011

 Telemetry for a sounding rocket

Slide 6 NAROM 2011

 Telemetry system

Source
Channel Receiver
• parameter extraction
• required resolution • tracking
• encoding • demodulation
• modulation
• source compression • decoding
• channel coding
• formating • data analysis
• transmission • presentation

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 Example: Information source

Slide 8 NAROM 2011

Claude Shannon

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 Source Coding

1
The information content of symbol i with probability pi: H i = log( )
pi
 a1 
a   p1 
Information  2 p 
Symbols   With probabilities  2
source  ai   
a N   pi 
 p N 

The average information content per symbol:

(if the symbols are statistical independent)
1
H average = −
N
∑
i
pi ⋅ log( pi )

If the symbols are NOT statistically independent,

- then source compression
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 A well known example

The signal processing in an ordinary camera

Typical data volume reduction from RAW to JPEG, from 15 to 5 Mbit

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More advanced compression (1)

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More advanced compression (2)

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More advanced compression (3)

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 Formatting of information

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 PICTURE CODING
Scanned TV picture

625 lines
Number of pixels per picture

625 x (625X4/3) = 500 000 pixels

Quantization of each pixel individually, (8+8) bit/pixel

500 000 x 16 = 8 Mbit/picture

Transmisson of 25 pictures per second:

8 Mbit/picture x 25 pictures/s = 200 Mbit/s

Slide 16 NAROM 2011

 Video Coding Evolution and Revolution

6
The «RAW» format data rate
5 is > 200 Mbit/s
Bit-rate (Mbit/s)

MPEG-2
4

3
MPEG-4 part2

1
H.264/AVC

0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

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 Telemetry system

Source
Channel Receiver
• parameter extraction
• required resolution • tracking
• encoding • modulation • demodulation
• source compression • channel coding • decoding
• formating • data analysis
• transmission • presentation

Slide 18 NAROM 2011

 SHANNON on CHANNEL CAPACITY
Information channel
Information
source
R bit/s Channel capacity C bit/s

(2) Defined the INFORMATION CAPACITY of

information channels. Region for
S error free
The channel capacity C = B ⋅ log 2 (1 + ) bit/s

Error probability
transmission
N
S is the signal power and N is the noise
power in the channel.
Forbidden
Important parameters for information transfer are region
- power requirement R bit/s
C
- bandwidth requirement

There is a general trade-off between power-

and bandwidth efficiency

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 Transmission link (Physical layer)

Source A/D FEC MOD AMPL

Distance d
Pr Pt
Noise Low Demod. FEC D/A Sink.
noise a.

Transmit power
Receive antenna
Bit energy Transmit antenna
Wavelength Coding gain
Eb λ 2 1 Gm 1
( ) = ( Psat • Gsat ) × ( ) × × ( ) × × ( KG ) = 10
N0 4π d k Tm R
Data rate
Noise power density Receiver noise temperature ”Typical
Distance Value”
Boltzmanns constant

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 Goldstone – 70 meter antenna

When the source is

far away and the transmit
power limited the
receiver antenna must be
large.

Received power is power

flux density multiplied
by the antenne effective
area

Slide 21 NAROM 2011

 ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying

Slide 22 NAROM 2011

 FSK - Frequency shift keying

Slide 23 NAROM 2011

 PSK – Phase Shift Keying

Shannon

Slide 24 NAROM 2011

 TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE
BPSK (and QPSK) is the most efficient
modulation method for
bit-by-bit transmission.

1 Eb
8PSK Pe= ⋅ erf ( )
2 N0
BPSK
and
QPSK

BPSK QPSK
But we are still far from
SHANNON’s limit,
error free at -1.6 dB

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 CODING

Example:
Code performance
for a particular method,
BCH-codes

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 Convolutional coding

Slide 27 NAROM 2011

Coding gain

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Turbo codes

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Turbo coder

”Closing in on the perfect code”

IEEE Spectrum March 2004
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 Satellite telemetry

OLYMPUS, ESA

Marisat

Slide 31 NAROM 2011

 Deep Space Networks development

Slide 32 NAROM 2011

 Display- according to the application

Slide 33 NAROM 2011