POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

 It is defined as the ability of the electric system to withstand sudden disturbances such as electric short
circuits or unanticipated loss of system elements.
 Power System Security is the probability of the system to remain within its operating point and given the
probabilities of changes in the system due to unexpected incident and its environment.
 The ability of the system to operate within system constraints [permissible bus voltage, current
magnitudes and power flow over the lines] in the events outages of any components like transmission
lines or certain generator.
The PSS may be divided into three modes:-
1. Study State security which deals with the study state conditions.
2. Transient security which concerns the transient stability of a system when it is subjected to a
disturbance.
3. Dynamic security which pertains to the system responses of the order of a few minutes.
OPERATING STATE OF PSS:-
Power System Security is decided by its ability to withstand various emergency conditions and the adverse
effect of various contingencies.
A system is said to secure only we a continuous monitoring is done on a given set of variable quantities and
when it will effectively resists the occurrence of violation of these limits due to various contingencies.
The various starts in which a power system operates can be divided in these states:
1. Normal Operating State: When an operating state of a power system fulfills load demand at
acceptable level of voltage and frequency without violating ratings of generators and transmission
equipment than the state of power system is Normal Operating State.
2. Emergency Operating State or conditions:- when an operating state of power system is such that
the system loads are met but:-
Some system components are overloaded.
The specified quality of the power system can’t be maintained.
The system is in the process of passing synchronism, then the state of the system is said to be
emergency operating state.
3. Restorative operating State: - When the power system is not able to fulfill the system load demand
but is operating in such a way that all other constraints such as voltage frequency and power flow
through generator and transmission equipment are satisfied, then the state of the system is called
restorative operating state.
 ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM SECURITY:-
There are basically three major functions that are carried out for the Security analysis in power system:
 POWER SYSTEM STATE ESTIMATION
“State estimator is an important tool for online monitoring, analysis and control of power systems. State
estimation is used in all Energy Management Systems (EMS) to identify the present operating state of a
system”
Power System State Estimation is a process whereby telemetric data from network measuring points to a
central computer, can be formed into a set of reliable data for control and recording purposes.
A static state estimate is obtained from measurements taken within a time interval of about 0-5 s. This is the
commonly used state estimator.
Obviously, a state estimator of this type essentially gives a steady state snapshot of the system.
A dynamic state estimate is obtained from measurements in a relatively shorter time (say 0.01 s). Moreover,
all such measurements are synchronized or "time stamped" using a common clock and communicated from
geographically distant locations to a load dispatch centre. These measurements could be used for advanced
control schemes which we shall see later.
The main concern in state estimation is the reliability of the measured data. Usually to minimize the errors,
the data is crosschecked using more measurements than necessary (redundant measurements).
FUNCTIONS OF STATE ESTIMATOR
State Estimation (SE) is mainly used to filter redundant data, to eliminate incorrect measurements and to
produce reliable state estimates.
State Estimation is a necessary part of the underlying hardware and software structure which supports power
system operation. The concept of security control cannot be fully realized without a complete information
base which is derived from the voltage magnitudes and phase angles of all buses in a power system. State
Estimation is a simple and efficient way of providing that information base.
It allows the determination of the power flows in parts of the power system which are not directly metered.
The bus voltage magnitude, real power injections, reactive power injections, active power flow, reactive
power flow and line current flows are common measurements available in SCADA systems.
SE is a very useful tool for the economic and secure operation of transmission networks. From early days of
Schweppes, developments of SE are done as a notion of robust estimation, hierarchical estimation, with and
without the inclusion of current measurements, etc.
The state variables of State estimation are the voltages and phase angles. Once the estimates of the state
variables are known proper actions, if required (during emergency, normal insecure states), can be taken to
bring the system back to its normal secure state.
For proper monitoring of the system, the intervals at which the telemetry data are collected and the estimates
of the state variables made must be very less. As the size of a power system increases, collecting data and
solving the state estimation problem in a very short time in one control centre, not only becomes very
difficult, but also requires extra investment in setting up long telemetry and communication lines.