UCSP REVIEWER

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of needs(1943) - belonginess is the 3rd highest necessity a human needs , next to
physiological and safety needs.

LESSON 10 GROUPS -vital in society

Richard Schafer (1979)- group is number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations and regularly interact
with one another.

-not a group if rarely interact

-groups have rules and regulation, values and norms and set of objectives. Ex. Greenpeace, red cross, PETA, SSS, DOH.

-groups promote their belief through terrorism Ex. Al Qaeda and Islamic State (IS).

-Political organizations established KKK during spanished colonization 1897.

-Guerrila Groups sprouted in diff. parts of country during american and japanese occupations.

LESSON 11 GROUP VARIATIONS

Schaefer (1979) 4 types:

Primary Group – small group characterized by intimate , face to face association and cooperation among the members.
(Immediate support system) ex. Family and barkada.

Secondary Group- group which not closely bonded with face to face interactions. Formal and impersonal group, little
social intimacy or mutual understanding. Ex group of student reviewing for entrance exam.

Groups also refer to feeling of belongingness. William Graham Sumner (1959)- in-group & out-group.

In-group – people feel they belong in a close group. Collective terms like we, us or tayo. Ex. Small community with same
cultural values and practices. (Solidarity).

Out-group- people feel they should not have been in that specific group.

In-groups tend to ignore other group that cause discrimination.

Reference Group- person can be member of many groups which are all influential in how he perceives and views social
realities . People use group as a standard by evaluating members and behavior. Function is it serves as basis for setting
standards or norms to be observed by he person. Also make comparative comparison. Ex. Teachers.

Networks- affiliated with a group

- Structure of connection of an individual with oneself, other ind./s and group/s.

- Can be small, vast intrapersonal, interpersonal emergent and complex.
- Ex. Parent-Teacher Association
- By Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies (1980’s)
- Georg Simmel (nature of networks, 1908)

General Levels:
Micro-level -start from single individual, expanding with other individuals Ex. Barkadahan
Meso-level- Not only individuals affiliated with their fellow individuals. Has low density of connections. More
complicated. Ex. Parent-Teacher
Macro-level- most complex level of networks. High density of connections. Individuals rarely exhibit social
interaction compared to micro and meso.
 Rallying- way of group to make their obj./s heard in public.

LESSON 12 KINSHIP

Karl Marx (1848)- institution are influenced by the mode of production of a society

Max Weber (1949)- institutions are dependent, but there are no single social institutions that decides alters the other
institutions.

Emile Durkheim (1893) – institutions are primarily significant for the promotion of social solidarity

KINSHIP- relationship with his blood relatives , where it is biologically deeper than with the people gained while growing
up. (Ex. Ties blood, bonds like marriage, adoption, religious rituals)

CONSAGUINEAL OR LINEAL KINSHIP

Consanguineal relative- kin by blood. Learn consanguineal kin learn through decent.

Bilateral descent- learn through both paternal and maternal ancestors

Unilateral descent-only one lineage ( 3 types)

Patrilineal descent- follows father lineage

Matrilineal descent- influence in mothers side

Ambilineal descent- consider either or both the paternal and maternal sides

AFFINAL KINSHIP

- Bond between husband and wife, type of kinship caused by marriage. Made by their families as well.

-ex. Bale and bayaw

-Marriage is a legal foundation of the family that exist in all cultures. Legal contract between 2 people committing in a
permanent affinal kinship.

ENDOGAMY AND EXOGAMY

Endogamy- marriage between members of the same group ( ex. Filipino with Filipina)

Exogamy- marriage of two people fro different groups (ex. Filipino with Australian)

MONOGAMY AND POLYGAMY

Monogamy-marriage where two people are involved.

Bigamy- marriage of man with two women.

Polygamy- man marries more than two women (ex in Muslim culture)

Polyandry- marriage of woman in more than one man.

DIVORCE, ANNULMENT AND LEGAL SEPERATION

Divorce-court decree that terminates or dissolves a marriage. Given back single status and can remarry. In the phil.
This is not allowed. ( allowed in USA)

Annulment- nullifies marriage as of it never existed. Allowed in the Philippines.

Valid grounds before the court can have their marriage annulled:

Bigamy-either party already married to another person at time of marriage.

Forced consent-one of married forced into marriage.

Fraud- one of the marriage couple agreed to marriage through the lies of the other.

Marriage prohibited by law- incestuous marriage

Mental illness-one or both spouses were mentally ill or emotionally disturbed at the time of marriage.

Mental incapacity-one or both spouses were under influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of marriage.

Inability to consummate marriage- either spouse are impotent physically incapable having sexual relations during
marriage.

Underage marriage- either spouse was a minor at the time of marriage without parental consent or court approval.

LEGAL SEPERATION- separation of married husband and wife. Husband and wife cannot remarry. Certain grounds:

(Attempt on the life, repeated physical violence, infidelity, abandonment)

De facto separation - husband and wife separated without sanction of the court.

FICTIVE, OR COLLATERAL KINSHIP

Fictive kinship-personal kinship based on neither consaguineal nor affinal ties. It occur in several instances such as
adoption or religious ritual.

Adoption- child needs not to be legal adoptee of a person to be considered as a fictive kin.

Fictive kinship- happens in religious rituals (baptism). Baptized child becomes fictive kin of the godparent. Godparent
also becomes fictive kin of kumare/kumpadre or the parents of baptized child.

THE FAMILY

-first group and network an individual acquires his lifetime.

-universal constitution in society

Schaefer (2009) – family is a set of people connected by blood marriage or adoption.

Major function of family

To provide a place rear children. To provide sense of belonging among members. To create identity. To transmit
culture to next generations.

Child rearing- important function of family. Ex in Japan and Singapore, having child is expensive because of high cost
lobbing, education, and medical services.

1987 Philippine constitution- family is the basic autonomous social institution that should be protected and
strengthened by the State.

TYPES OF FAMILIES:
 FAMILY NUCLEUS in United Nations

A married couple w/o children, a married couple with one or more unmarried children, a father or a mother with
one or more unmarried children.

NUCLEAR FAMILY

- Never married family

- Separated family
- Same sex family (un) married couple without children
- Same sex parent family (un) married couple with one or more unmarried, biological children.

Isolated Nuclear family- nuclear family that interactions are often less frequent.

EXTENDED FAMILY

-Composed of two or more blood-related nuclei

-has a matrifocal structure if they involve women like grandparent, female parent or female children

-on the other hand patrifocal focuses on men.

2 TYPES:

VERTICALLY EXTENDED- family consists of three generations ( grandparents, parents, children)

HORIZONTALLY EXTENDED- composed of two or more family nuclei, whom oldest member belong to the generations of
the parents. ( uncles, aunts, parents, children, cousins)

RECONSTITUTED FAMILIES

- Separated couples with children who remarry

- Also known blended family
- Constitution of two adults have children from previous relationship ( Cinderella’s family)

FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD

FAMILY- requires close relations by blood or by law.

HOUSEHOLD- term use by cencus or bureaus to refer set of individuals ( related or unrelated blood shares common
residence)

According to UN it has 4 TYPES:

SINGLE HOUSEHOLD- individuals lives in solitude. Individual in single household. May experienced a death or separation
from family or personally chosen to be recluse.

NUCLEAR HOUSEHOLD- single family nucleus. Nuclear family without househelpers.

EXTENDED HOUSEHOLD- Ex. Roommates sharing a house or an apartment

COMPOSITE HOUSEHOLD- most complicated type.

THE FILIPINO FAMILY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION

- Filipino family known a closely-knit relationship and strong attachment

- Values of respect, love and honor
- According to Philippine Overseas Employment Administration POEA almost 2 million OFW’s leave the country
every year since 2011.
KINSHIP IN POLITICS

- Behavioral codes is called a system of law.

- Legal system is the basis of interaction, like economic or political activities for the majority of the people.

LESSON 13 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

- Alpha is the leader of all in the group

- Alpha is responsible for leading his/her members. ( hunting and protecting )
- Leader of political group is similar to alpha.
- Leader has the commanding influence or authority among his/her members

KINDS OF POLITICAL GROUP

BANDS- small groups of self-sufficient hunters. Approximate more or less 100 persons who associated by kinship. Band
leaders use informal bases for their power ( hunting, public speaking )

- Experienced limited supply of food or sexual rivalry for mate.

- Band Fissioning- branching out new brands cause of this conflicts.
- In colder regions, women in band is the one who supply food for their group.
- Men engaged in hunting
- All group of people have live in bands before the great civilizations.

TRIBES

- Similar to bands in terms pf population

- Possess social, legal, political, moral and religious beliefs.
- Tribe societies is self-sufficient.
- Have economic equilibrium because they just extract resources for their immediate needs and do not produce
surplus.
- More focus on reproducing existing practices that changing current situation and aiming for innovation.
- Morton Fried ( 1975) “ The Notion of the Tribe”, conclude that tribes are generally characterized by fluid
boundaries where heterogeneity and dynamism are present.
- Tribal society integrated by means of pantribal or non-kin associations. (Association refer to as a council of elders
women or men)
- Elders are the leaders but have limited authority.
- Leadership based on age or seniority
- With small scale population the bond and unity among members are very strong and coherent because of
adherence to the values system.

CHIEFDOMS

- Type of political organization that is composed of different tribes or villages which are in alliance with one another
under one political leader or the chief.
- CHIEFS are the leaders who make decisions.
- CHIEFDOM has social stratification that is hereditary.
- Age is crucial factor in determining social status of the leaders.
- In phil. Example of chiefdom is SULTANATE.
- Chiefs came from lineages determinant of their social status.
- Commoners occupy the lower echelon of society.
- Unlike tribes and bands there are more diverse people and less commonalities.
- Trial by ordeal one way to determine truthfulness.
STATES

- A large community of people occupying a definite territory having a government of their own.
- In ancient state, people ranked based on their wealth, power and prestige.
- Social pyramid characterized social ranking wherein people occupying upper position were the people in power.
- Upper classes (datu, king, emperor) inherited their position and wealth.
- Lower class were the commoners who comprised majority of the population.( slaves, artisans, farmers).
- Middle class born from group of businessmen.
- Another set of middle class is bureaucats who were appointed in the government to rule and run the government.

LESSON 14: THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

AUTHORITY- power of an individual or a group to enforce rules upon members of the certain group

- German sociologist Max Weber (1922) there are THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

- Concerned with how a political institution can be maintained by the leader personality
- CHARISMATIC LEADER has a charisma in galvanize a diverse group of people to follow his course of action.
- Charismatic leader sees as possessing exceptional or supernatural qualities and not possess good values.
- Superhuman qualities are factors that ignite loyalty from the followers.
- Group rest on DEVOTION they tend to follow him out of fear without questioning his ideas and beliefs.
- Ex. Mahatma Gandhi of India, Nelson Mandela of South Africa, Martin Luther King Jr. of USA, Che Guevara of
Nicaragua, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, and Kim Jong Un of North Korea.

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

- Concerned with how a political system can be maintained by the constant reference to customs, traditions, and
conventions.
- Rest on the established belief, traditions, and legitimacy.
- Leader is dominant and his authority depends on traditions or customs.
- Traditions, convention, and customs are not stable since vary and change over time.
- Problem in Traditional Authority is domination, a common issue for leaders.
- Ex. King of the kingdoms of Saudi Arabia and the datus in indigenous groups of Mindanao.

LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY

- Based on well-defined laws

- People follow laws because of legitimacy and validity of laws.
- Bureaucratic organizations are born in legal-rational authorized societies.
- BUREAUCRACY- formal organization in which written rule are the bases of action and decisions.

5 MAJOR QUALITIES

-DIVISION OF LABOR – Ex. An instructor who specialize in language may handle courses in Filipino or English.
Disadvantageous results is trained incapacity.

-HIERARCHY AUTHORITY- which the person appointed at the highest position will oversee the entire bureaucracy.

- WRITTEN RULES AND REGULATIONS - Bureaucracy is governed through written rules and regulations which serve as
communication system. Bureaucratic decisions are based on laws or rules.

- IMPERSONALITY - Buraecrats are generally formal and impersonal. Attends to the needs of the public.

- MERITOCRACY - Hiring and promotion of official in bureaucratic org. are based on merits or qualifications.
The legal system is likened to a non religious morality wherein people obey and behave according to set of legal rules.

LESSON 15 ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

TWO ECONOMIC SYSTEM THAT ADRESS ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

1. free market company

2. Central planning

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION- provide production and distribution of goods and service to the people.

2 MAJOR ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

1. CAPITALISM (more dominant)

2. SOCIALISM

- MIXED ECONOMY ( combination of capitalism and socialism ) - most used economic system worldwide. Categorized itp
TWO:

1. Market. 2. Command

CAPITALISM - Investment and means of production, distribution and exchange is under control of small minority private
individuals and corporation.

- Capitalist class - group of people owns means of production

- Proletariat - majority of population. Working class don't have a power over resources except their labor.

- capitalist gain profit through means of production and labor of proletariat.

- Proletariat works to produce goods and services in exchanges for wages from capitalist.

- Proletariat receives minimum wages, capitalist accumulates more wealth.

- basic premise of capitalism is pursuit self- interest and right tp own private property.

- capitalism is propelled by ideology of profit.

- primary for producing goods and services in the market not the satisfaction of the people.

2 MODEL VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM

-1.Welfare capitalism- characterize d by market-based or free market economy with an extensive social welfare program
for the proletariat. It exist in the Philippines

-2.state capitalism- resources and production are privately controlled and owned by individuals and corporation

2. SOCIALISM - resources and production are controlled and owned by the state.

LESSON 19 RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM

RELIGION - belief of the supernatural, dominant in social institution in every society.

2 TYPES:

- ORGANIZED (islam and catholicism), follow specific set of rules.

- UNORGANIZED - Animism rules vary form region to region.

ANIMISM - oldest form of religion in the world.

- belief that physical objects are sacred and inhabited by spirits.

- Animistic people performed rituals, customs, and ceremonies.

-Shaman- person who have ability to communicate to the the spirits.

POLYTHEISM- Deities in polytheism is recognizable and have personalities and histtories unlike Animism.

-Rituals and ceremonies are done in worshipping.

MONOTHEISM- progress in economic activities led to urbanization which gave birth to another transformation in
spiritual beliefs.

ATHEISM, AGNOTICISM, APATHEISM

Atheism- belief that supernatural beings do not exist

Agnosticism- gray line between belief and nonbelief. Agnostics are the one who suppose that concept of supernatural
belief and religions can be totally known or explained. Agnostic Theist thinks that a supreme beings exists. They do not
believe in the existence of supernatural beings but she open to idea taht maybe she is wrong.

Apatheism- total apathy towards the concept of supernatural belief. Apatheist do not involve in debates of atheist,
theists and agnostics. Believing in supernatural is the least of their concerns.

RELIGION IN SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES.