Abu Bakr

 After Prophet’s demise, Muslims were in chaos.  Prophet dispatched Firuz Al-Dhulaymi.

 Umar was emotionally charged & refused to accept tragic  Firuz won & Aswad was killed.

reality.  After Prophet’s demise, supporters recollected under

 Abu Bakr calmed people: Qais ibn Yaghus.

 Whoever worshipped Muhamad, he was dead but those who  Firuz dispatched to deal with them.

worship Allah, and He’s alive & shan’t die.  Won & troops surrendered.

 Election

 Childhood friend of Prophet.  Tulayha Al-Asadi

 Closest companion of Prophet.  Wealthy leader - Banu Ghatafan & Asad

 First man to embrace Islam.  Initially accepted Islam.

 Prophet’s father-in-law.  Rebelled
 Led prayer in Prophet’s illness.  Defeated by Khalid ibn Al-Walid.

 As-Siddiq.  Fled to Syria.

 Pilgrimage leader.  Embraced Islam.

 “I have been given authority over you & I’m not the best of you. If  Sajjah Al-Harith

I do well help me; & if I do wrong set me right… Obey me as long as  Taghlib Tribe.

I obey Allah & His messenger. But if I disobey Allah & His  Arab Christian.

messenger, you owe me no obedience.”  Tribe rejected Islam.

 Claimed Prophethood.

 Al-Aswad Al-Ansi  Marched with 4,000 soldiers.

 Anas Tribe  Heard of Tulayha’s defeat so retreated.

 Black man = Aswad.  Married Musailama.

 Create mystery = Veiled Prophet.  Khalid killed her forces.

 Invaded Yemen & Najran.  Accepted Islam after husband’s defeat.

  Musailamah Al-Kadhab / Battle of Yamama  Expedition to Persia

 Claimed prophethood in Prophet’s time.

 Volunteer force of 18,000.
 Called arch-liar.
 Khalid = leader.
 Married Sajjah.
 From March to May, 633, won 4 battles.
 Army of 40,000 Bedouin.
 Secured provincial Capital, Hira.
 Muslim army 13,000.
 July 633 Al-Anbar was secured.
(1)
 Killed by Wahshi ibn Harb.
 Battle of Firaz; Khalid crushed 3 coordinated attacks.
 Defeated by Khalid.
 Persians, Byzantines & Arab Christians.

 Compilation of Quran  December 633, Persians rule in Iraq concluded.

 Many Huffaz died.

 ‘Umar persuaded Abu Bakr to compile the Quran.  Abu Bakr’s Death

 Hesitant to do what Prophet did not do.  Fell ill in August 634. Never recovered.

 Zayd bin Thabit was appointed.  “If I was asked by Allah as to whom I appointed my

 Collected Quran from papyrus, stones, pulp leaves, successor, I will say I have appointed the best of your

shoulder blades of animals, leather, wooden boards & men.”

hearts of men.  Died last week of August.

 Copied into sheets called suhuf.  Buried next to Prophet.

 Passed from Abu Bakr to ‘Umar to Hafsa.

 Expedition to Byzantine Empire

 Heraclius sent army led by brother, Theodorus.

 Khalid & 9,000 men marched in 18 days from Iraq.

 Won Battle of Ajnadayn.

(1)
A slave hired by Abu Sufyan’s wife who killed Hamza in Uhud. Embraced Islam later.
Umar ibn Al-Khattab  Battle of Qadissiya

 636
 Amir Al-Mu’minin
 Muslim leader = Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqas
 “In this task, I seek your assistance. If I follow the right path
 Persian leader = Yazdgird
follow me. If I deviate from the right path, correct me so that
 Commander = Rustam
we are not led astray.”
 Muslim = 30,000

 Persian = 60,000
 Battle of Marwa
 Sa’ad sent 14 Muslims to negotiate.
 634
 Yazdgird ridiculed them mentioning:
 Muslims made bridge of boats.
 Arabs’ poverty
 Muslim leader = Abu Ubaydah Thaqafi
 lack of refinement
 Persian leader = Rustam.
 backwardness
 Persian army 4,000 + elephants.
 Contingent of 6,000 supported Muslims.
 Elephants destroyed bridge.
 Sa’ad made best use of archers.
 Thaqafi died & kinsmen.
 On 3rd & final day, Rustam was captured & killed while
 Muthanna saved Muslims by holding bridge.
swimming to safety.

 Sa’ad chased remaining troops to Babal.

 Battle of Buwayb
 In 2 months, Capital, Ma’adin, was captured.
 635
 Persians lost 2/3 of army.
 Defeat fresh in Muslims minds
 Muslims lost only 1/5.
 Muthanna severly wounded yet led.
 Sa’ad led 1st Friday prayer at Chosroes I palace.
 Persian leader = Mehran Hamadani.
 No sculptures / statues were destroyed.
 Muslims + Christian Arabs.
 Battle of Fihl
 Persians 12,000
 Jordan, west of Lake Tiberius.
 Mehran killed by young man from Taghlib tribe.
 Offers of jizya & surrender sent but futilely.
 Southern Iraq under Muslim’s rule.
  Khalid saw through Roman tactics.  Muslims outnumbered 3:1.

 Retreated drawing Romans in.  Persians put spikes & thorns.

 Attacked ferociously.  Muslims front lines were killed.

 Romans suffered high causalities. Fled.  Muslims turned on Persians surrounding them.

 30,000 Persians killed.

 Battle of Yarmouk

 Heraclius was mad.  Fall of Alexandria

 Wanted to recover Holy Land.  635

 Khalid regrouped his troops.  Fustat governor surrendered.

 Both sides invoked their faith.  Alexandria:

 Christians with banners & emblems.  Thousand years old.

 Muslims reciting Quran.  Well-defended.

 Romans suffered great loss & defeat.  Large population.

 Muslims lost 3,000.  Numerous public buildings.

 ‘Amr ibn Al-‘As continued siege on Jerusalem.  Historic Lighthouse.

 Abu ‘Ubaydah reinforced him.  Muslims initially failed.

 People agreed to surrender but only to Caliph himself.  ‘Umar wrote letter to ‘Amr ibn Al-‘As expressing displeasure.

 Umar rode there with slave taking turns on camel.  Letter read to army.

 Close to their arrival, it was slave’s turn.  Stormed into city.

 ‘Umar refused to sit on camel.  By 643

 Entered Jerusalem leading camel while slave rode.  Isfahan & Khorasan.

 Mu’awiya, ‘Uthman’s nephew, appointed governor of Syria.  Ray, Fars & Sindh captured.

 Battle of Nihawand

 642

 Persian ruler mobilized troops.

 Umar knew so collected army.

  ‘Umar’s Death  Appointed Zayd bin Thabit to make one accurate copy.

 644 (10 years reign).  Compared with Mushaf Hafsa.

 Abu Lu’Lu’a stabbed from behind during prayer.  Different copied were burnt.

 Stabbed 13 other Muslims.  Criticized despite intention that only real Quran is read.

 7 died.
 Unrest
 ‘Umar died few days later.
 People erupted.
 Appointed a panel of six. Anyone of them could be Caliph.
 Iraq Kufa Egypt

 Delegations sent.
‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan
 Egyptians arrived 1st.

 Consensus chose ‘Uthman.  Besieged ‘Uthman’s house.

 Persia, Armenia & North Africa conquered.  ‘Uthman agreed to their demands so they left.

 Appointed relatives as Governors & Advisors.  Hearing he tricked them, Egyptians returned.

 Wanted to increase loyalty to himself.  ‘Uthman’s messenger to governor of Egypt caught.

 People assumed he was unfairly favoring his family.  Letter ordered leaders of delegation to be killed.

 Criticisms grew alienating him from hid people.  ‘Uthman denied letter.

 Decided to divide booty amongst governors not army.  Muslims attempted to help Caliph.

 Place funds for state purposes.  Hasan & Husayn brought him water.

 Strong disapproval.  ‘Uthman’s Death

 1/5 given to cousin, Marwan ibn Hakm.  Egyptian force led by Abu Bakr’s son entered the house.

 Surrounded by bad advisors.  Murdered Caliph. Buried in secrecy.

 Took advantage of his age & weakness.  35AH. (12 years reign)

 Na’ila, ‘Uthman’s wife, was injured.

 Compilation of Mushaf Al-‘Uthmany  Mu’awiya sent support that arrived too late.

 Knew that soldiers from different places read Quran

differently.
Ali bin Abi Talib  Battle of Siffin

 Conflict between ‘Ali & Mu’awiya grew to climax.

 Election  Forces met at Siffin in 37AH.

 Proclaimed Caliph.  Mu’awiya’s forces seemed to be losing.

 Mu’awiya disagreed & called for avenging of ‘Uthman’s  Mu’awiya ordered soldiers to fix Quran to their lances.

death.  Signaling that matter should be decided by

 Changes consultation of Quran.

 Replaced governors appointed by ‘Uthman.  ‘Amr bin Al-‘As = Mu’awiya

 Divided wealth kept aside.  Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari = ‘Ali

 Slow response to ‘Uthman’s death due to lack of evidence.  Kharijites (3000 – 4000) refused arbitration.

 Battle of Camel  La hukma illa lillah (lit. No decision except Allah’s).

 35AH  Kharijites rode to Al-Nahrawan.

 ‘Aisha, Talha & Zubayr openly denounced ‘Ali.  ‘Ali followed & killed many.

 Ali sent new governor to Makkah. People refused him.  Arbitrators came to PRIVATE decision.

 People set out to Iraq for more supporters.  Both step down

 ‘Ali forced to pursue them.  New Caliph elected.

 Armies met at Basra.  PUBLIC announcement.

 Peaceful negotiations interrupted by extremist.  Abu Musa abided to his word.

 Battle began around ‘Aisha’s Camel.  ‘Amr claimed that ‘Ali should step down &

 Named Battle of Camel Mu’awiya remains Caliph.

 Talha & Zubayr killed.  No decision.

 ‘Aisha escorted back to Madinah.  ‘Ali’s Death

 New governor appointed in Basra.  ‘Abd Ar-Rahman ibn Muljam attacked ‘Ali.

 ‘Ali moved headquarters to Kufa for more supporters.  ‘Ali died 2 days later, 40AH.

 Buried in secret.

 Khulfa’ Ar-Rashidun era came to an end.