Modelos de Simulación

Basic Reservoir
Engineering

Ing. Nelson Cabrera Maráz, Msc

roneven@cotas com bo
roneven@cotas.com.bo
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 EL RESERVORIO Y SU
COMPORTAMIENTO
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 PETROLEUM FLUIDS
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 Typical Petroleum in Reservoirs

GAS GAS CAP

GAS-OIL CONTACT
OIL
OIL ZONE
CLOSURE

OIL-WATER CONTACT

WATER ZONE

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER

EDGE WATER BOTTOM WATER EDGE WATER

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 Types of Reservoir Fluids

• The behavior of a reservoir fluid during

gpproduction is
determined by the shape of its phase diagram and the
position of its critical points

• Type and size of surface equipment, calculation procedures

to determine OOIP or OGIP, estimation of reserves, selection
EOR method all depend
p on the type
yp of reservoir fluids
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 The Five Reservoir Fluids

Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas condensate (condensate)
Wet gas
Dryy g
gas
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 Phase Diagram
g

Bubble point pressure

The pressure at which gas bubbles start to form from liquid
Dew p point pressure
p
The pressure at which liquid droplets start to form from gas
Quality lines
Li
Lines off constant
t t liliquid
id volume
l fraction
f ti
Critical point
A point where gas and liquid properties are identical
Pressure path
Line of constant temperature drawn from reservoir pressure
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 Black Oils – consist of wide variety of chemical species including large,
heavy nonvolatile molecules
heavy, molecules. The phase diagram predictably covers a
wide temperature range.
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 Black Oils

U d
Undersaturated
t t d reservoir
i
Reservoir pressure is above the bubble point

Saturated reservoir
Reservoir pressure is below the bubble point
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 Undersaturated Oil Reservoir
Gas
-Small Vol.
Pressure - Flare or
- use as Fuel
Temperature

OIL

High Press.
&Temp OIL
OIL-WATER CONTACT

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER
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 Saturated Oil Reservoir
Pressure Gas
- Large
Temperature - Sales

OIL

Gas
High Press.
&Temp OIL
OIL-WATER CONTACT

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER
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 Volatile Oils – contain relatively fewer heavy molecules and more
intermediates (defined as ethane through hexanes). Volatile oils have
been called high-
high-shrinkage crude and near
near--critical oil
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 Retrograde Gases – are also called retrograde condensate gases, gas
condensates or condensates
condensates, condensates. The phase diagram of a retrograde gas is
somewhat smaller than that for oils, and the critical points is further down
the left side of the envelope
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 Gas Condensate Reservoir
Gas

Pressure

Temperature

Condensate

Press. Drop

High Press.
&Temp Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER
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 Wet Gases – The entire phase diagram of a hydrocarbon mixer of
predominantly smaller molecules will lie below reservoir temperature.
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 Wet Gas Reservoir
Gas

Pressure

Temperature

Condensate

High Press.
&Temp Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER
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 Dry Gas – is primarily methane with some intermediates.
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 Dry Gas Reservoir
Gas

Pressure

Temperature

Water

High Press.
&Temp Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER
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 PROPERTIES

OF PETROLEUM FLUIDS
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 Properties
p of Oil

S
Specific
ifi gravity
it
Formation volume factor
Solution gas oil ratio
Total formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility of oil
Viscosity
Vi it off oilil
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 Specific
p Gravityy

ρo
γo =
ρw

141.5
o
API = − 131.5
γo
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 Formation Volume Factor of Oil
(volume of oil + volume of dissolved gas) at reservoir conditions
Bo =
volume of oil at standard conditions
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 Solution Gas Oil Ratio
volume of solution solution gas produced at surface at standard conditions
Rs =
volume of oil entering stock tank at standard conditions
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 Total Formation Volume Factor
Bt = Bo + Bg ( Rsb − Rs )
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 Isothermal Compressibility
p y of Oil
1 ⎛ ∂V ⎞ ⎛ ∂ ln V ⎞
co = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
V ⎝ ∂p ⎠T ⎝ ∂p ⎠T
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 Isothermal Compressibility
p y of Oil
1 ⎛ ∂V ⎞ ⎛ ∂ ln V ⎞
co = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
V ⎝ ∂p ⎠T ⎝ ∂p ⎠T
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 Viscosityy of Oil
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 Properties of Gas

C
Compressibility
ibilit factor
f t
Density of real gas
Apparent molecular weight
Specific gravity of gas
Gas formation volume factor
I th
Isothermal l compressibility
ibilit off gas
Viscosity of oil
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 Compressibility factor

pV = znRT
Vactual
z=
Videal
p pc = ∑ y j pcj T pc = ∑ y jTcj
j
j

p
p pr = Tpr =
T
p pc Tpc
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 Gas Compressibility Factor
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 Physical
y Constants
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 Pseudocritical Pressure
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 Pseudocritical Pressure
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 Pseudocritical Temperature
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 Pseudocritical Temperature
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 Densityy of Gas
m pM
ρg = =
V RT

Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas

Ma = ∑ y jM j
j

Specific
p Gravityy of Gas
pM g
ρg Mg Mg
γg = = RT = =
ρ air pM air M air 29
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RT
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 Gas Formation Volume Factor

VR
Bg =
Vsc

zT cu ft
Bg = 0.0282
p scf

zT res bbl
Bg = 0.00502
p scf
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 Gas Formation Volume Factor
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 Isothermal compressibility
p y of gas
g

1 ⎛ ∂V ⎞
cg = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
V ⎝ ∂p ⎠T

1 1 ⎛ ∂z ⎞
c g = − ⎜⎜
p z ⎝ ∂p ⎠T
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 Isothermal compressibility
p y of gas
g
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 Gas Viscosityy
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 Gas Viscosityy
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 Fluid Sampling
p g

Subsurface Sampling
- Subsurface sampling chamber
- Repeat formation tester (RFT)
- Modular dynamic testing tool (MDT)
S f
Surface S
Sampling
li
- Take samples of the two phases (gas and liquid)
- Recombine the two fluids
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 Reservoir Fluid Studyy (PVT
( Analysis)
y )

Flash Vaporization

- A sample is placed in a laboratory cell

- Pressure is adjusted to a value equal to or greater than
initial reservoir pressure
- Temperature
e pe atu e iss set at reservoir
ese o te temperature
pe atu e
- Pressure is reduced by increasing the volume in increments
- No gas or liquid is removed from the cell
- At each step
step, the pressure and volume are measured
- These measurements are used to determine fluid properties
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 Reservoir Fluid Studyy (PVT
( Analysis)
y )

Differential Vaporization

- A sample
p is placed
p in a laboratoryy cell
- Pressure is adjusted to the bubble point pressure
- Temperature is set at reservoir temperature
- Pressure is reduced by increasing the volume in increments
- Gas is removed from the cell while the pressure is held
constant by reducing the cell volume
- At each
h step, the
h quantity andd specific
f gravity off the
h gas
and the volume remained the cell are measured
- These measurements are used to determine fluid p properties
p
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 Rock Properties
p
Porosity
Fraction of the void space in the reservoir rock
Fluid Saturation
Fraction of the pores of the rock that are filled with
specific fluids
Permeabilityy
Ability to allow fluid to flow through interconnected
pores
Rock Compressibility
Ability of the rock to compress or expand as the pore
pressure increases or decreases
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 Porosityy
V b − V gr V
φ = =
p

Vb Vb

φ = porosity, fraction
Vb = bulk volume of the reservoir rock
Vgr = grain volume
Vp = p
pore volume
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 Fluid Saturation
Vo Vg Vw
So = S g = Sw =
Vp V p Vp

So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
Sw = water saturation
i
Vo = volume of oil in the rock
Vg = volume of gas in the rock
Vw = volume of water in the rock
Vp = pore volume of the rock
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 Permeabilityy
kA ∆ p
q = −
µ L

q = flow rate
k = permeability
A = cross sectional area
µ = viscosityy
∆p = change in pressure
L = length
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 Rock Compressibility
p y

1 ⎛ ∂V p ⎞
cr = ⎜⎜ ⎟
Vp ⎝ ∂p
∂p ⎠

cr = rock compressibility
Vp = pore volume
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 Fluid Flow in Porous Media

D
Darcy’s
’ llaw
- Linear flow
- Radial flow
Vogel model
Fetkovich model
J
Jones, Blount,
Bl t andd Glaze
Gl model
d l
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 Darcy’s
y Law for Linear Flow

1 . 127 × 10 k o A ( p1 − p 2 )
−3
qo =
µ o Bo L
8 .93 Z µ g L T 1 .247 × 10 − 16 β Z L T γ g
p12 − p 22 = q sc + 2
q sc2
kg A A
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 Darcy’s
y Law for Radial Flow
0 . 00708 k o h ( p e − p wf )
qo =
µ o B o ln (re / rw )

qo =
(
0 . 00708 k o h p R − p wf )
µ o B o ln (0 . 472 re / rw )

q sc =
703 × 10 −6
( 2
k g h p R − p wf2 )
l (0 .472 re / rw )
µ g Z T ln
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 Reservoir Pressure Profile
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 Productivityy Index ((PI))

qo 0 . 00708 k o h
Jo = Jo =
p R − pwf µ o B o ln (0 . 472 re / rw )

qg 703 × 10 −6 k g h
Jg = Jg =
2
p R − p wf2 µ g Z T ln (0 .472 re / rw )
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 Vogel
g Equation
q
For saturated reservoirs,
2
qo p wf ⎛ p wf ⎞
= 1 − 0 .2 − 0 . 8 ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
q o , max pR ⎝ pR ⎠
For undersaturated reservoirs,

(
q o = J o p R − p wf )
J pb ⎡ p wf ⎛ p wf ⎞ ⎤
2

qo = qb + ⎢1 − 0 .2 − 0 .8 ⎜⎜ ⎥
1 .8 ⎢ pb ⎝ p b ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
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 Vogel’s
g Dimensionless IPR
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 Inflow Equation
q
Fetkovich Model

( 2
q = c pR − p 2
wf ) n

Jones, Blount, and Glaze Model

p R − p wf = A q + B q 2
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 Drive Mechanisms

Gas reservoirs
Volumetric
l depletion
d l
Water drive
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 Volumetric Depletion Gas Reservoir
Gas

Pressure

Temperature

High Press.
&Temp Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT
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 Water Drive Gas Reservoir
Gas

Pressure

Temperature

Water

High Press.
&Temp Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER
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 Drive Mechanisms

Oil reservoirs
Solution gas drive
Gas capp drive
Water drive
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 Solution--Gas Drive Reservoir
Solution
Gas
-Small Vol.
Pressure - Flare or
- use as Fuel
Temperature

OIL

High Press.
&Temp OIL
OIL-WATER CONTACT
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 Gas--Cap Drive Reservoir
Gas
Pressure Gas
- Large
Temperature - Sales

OIL

Gas
High Press.
&Temp OIL
OIL-WATER CONTACT
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 Water--Drive Undersaturated Reservoir
Water
Gas
Pressure -Small Vol.
- Flare or
Temperature - use as Fuel
OIL
Water

High Press.
&Temp OIL
OIL-WATER CONTACT

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER
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 Water--Drive Saturated Reservoir
Water
Pressure Gas
- Large
Temperature - Sales
OIL
Water

Gas
High Press.
&Temp OIL
OIL-WATER CONTACT

SPILL POINT

WATER WATER
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 Recovery Factor

„ S l ti Gas
Solution G DDrive
i 5 – 20
20%
%
„ Gas Cap Drive 20 – 40
40%%
„ Water Drive 40 – 60
60%%
„ Compaction
p Drive Up
p to +10
+10%
%
„ Also depend on reservoir rock and fluid
properties development plan
properties, plan, and
economic conditions
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