Chapter 1

Part of Speech

Noun
A noun is often defined as a word which names a person, place or thing. Here are some examples of
nouns: boy, river, friend, Mexico, triangle, day, school, truth, university, idea, John F. Kennedy, hospital,
nurse, medicine, movie, aunt, vacation, eye, dream, flag, teacher, class, grammar. John F. Kennedy is a
noun because it is the name of a person; Mexico is a noun because it is the name of a place; and boy is a
noun because it is the name of the thing. Some grammar books divide nouns into 2 groups - proper
nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are nouns which begin with a capital letter because it is the
name of a specific or particular person place or thing. Some examples of proper nouns are: Mexico, John
F. Kennedy, Atlantic Ocean, February, Monday, New York City, Susan, Maple Street, Burger King. If you
see a word beginning with a capital letter in in the middle of a sentence, it is probably a proper noun.
Most of nouns are common nouns and do not begin with capital letter. Many nouns have a special plural
form if there is more than one. For example, we say one book but two books. Plurals are usually
formed by adding an -s (books) or -es (boxes) but some plurals are formed in different ways (child –
children, person-people, mouse-mice).

Noun Test.
1. Which is not a noun? A. yellow B. book. C. face d. dog
2. Which is not a noun? A. dentist B. homework C. said D. room
3. Which is not a noun? A. computer B. under C. pencil D. dream
4. Which is not a plural noun? A. arms B. rooms C. Clothes D. gas
5. Which is not a proper noun? A. beans B. restaurant C. Pizza Hut D. flower
6. How many nouns are in the sentence Pat and Ken live with their mother and father? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Verb
A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being. The verb is the heart of a
sentence - every sentence must have a verb. Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in
understanding the meaning of a sentence. In the sentence The dog bit the man, bit is the verb and the
word which shows the action of the sentence. In the sentence The man is sitting on a chair, even
though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence. In the sentence She is
a smart girl, there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb is. The word be is different
from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb. Unlike most of the other parts of
speech, verbs change their form. Sometimes endings are added (learn - learned) and sometimes the
word itself becomes different (teach-taught). The different forms of verbs show different meanings
related to such things as tense (past, present, future), person (first person, second person, third person),
number (singular, plural) and voice (active, passive). Verbs are also often accompanied by verb-like
words called modals (may, could, should, etc.) and auxiliaries (do, have, will, etc.) to give them different
meanings.

1
One of the most important things about verbs is their relationship to time. Verbs tell if something has
already happened, if it will happen later, or if it is happening now. For things happening now, we use
the present tense of a verb; for something that has already happened, we use the past tense; and for
something that will happen later, we use the future tense.

Simple present tense verbs have a special form for the third person singular. Singular means "one" and
plural means "more than one." Person is used here to show who or what does the action and can have
the following forms:
1st person or the self (I, we)
2nd person or the person spoken to (you)
3rd person or a person not present (he, she, it, they)
The third person singular forms are represented by the pronouns he, she, it.

Verb Test.

1. Which is not past form of verb? A. was B. looked C. spoke D. hear

2. Which is not present form of verb? A. are B. saw C. speak D. talk
3. Which is a verb? A. check B. tell C. goes D. sees

Adjectives
An adjective is often defined as a word which describes or gives more information about a noun
or pronoun. Adjectives describe nouns in terms of such qualities as size, color, number, and kind. In the
sentence The lazy dog sat on the rug, the word lazy is an adjective which gives more information about
the noun dog. We can add more adjectives to describe the dog as well as in the sentence The lazy, old,
brown dog sat on the rug. We can also add adjectives to describe the rug as in the sentence The lazy,
old, brown dog sat on the beautiful, expensive, new rug. The adjectives do not change the basic meaning
or structure of the sentence, but they do give a lot more information about the dog and the rug. As you
can see in the example above, when more than one adjective is used, a comma (,) is used between the
adjectives.
Usually an adjective comes before the noun that it describes, as in tall man. It can also come
after a form of the word be as in The man is tall. More than one adjective can be used in this position in
the sentence The man is tall, dark and handsome. In later lessons, you will learn how to make
comparisons with adjectives.
Most adjectives do not change form whether the noun it describes is singular or plural. For
example we say big tree and big trees, old house and old houses, good time and good times. There are,
however, some adjectives that do have different singular and plural forms. The common words this and
that have the plural forms these and those. These words are called demonstrative adjectives because
demonstrate or point out what is being referred to.
Another common type of adjective is the possessive adjective which shows possession or
ownership. The words my dog or my dogs indicate that the dog or dogs belong to me. I would use the
plural form our if the dog or dogs belonged to me and other people. The chart below shows the forms
of possessive adjectives.
Person is used here as a grammar word and has these meanings:
1st person or the self (I, me, we),
2nd person or the person spoken to (you)
3rd person or the person spoken about (he, she, him, her, they, them).

2
Adjectives Test.
1. Which is not adjective? A. big B. small C. happy D. worker
2. Which is not correct? A. her friend B. sad news C. bigs cars D. my office
3. How many adjectives in this sentence: The old dog is tired and dirty.

Adverb
We have seen that an adjective is a word that gives more information about a noun or pronoun. An
adverb is usually defined as a word that gives more information about a verb, an adjective or another
adverb. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and adverbs in terms of such qualities as time, frequency and
manner. In the sentence Sue runs fast, fast describes how or the manner in which Sue runs. In the
sentence Sue runs very fast, very describes the adverb fast and gives information about how fast Sue
runs. Most, but not all adverbs end in -ly as in But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs (ugly is an
adjective, supply and reply can both be nouns or verbs). Many times an adjective can be made into an
adverb by adding -ly as in nicely, quickly, completely, sincerely.
Adverbs of time tell when something happens and adverbs of frequency tell how often something
happens. Below are some common adverbs of time and frequency which you should learn:

Do it now. I always do my homework

I will see you then. We sometimes get confused.

They will be here soon. He usually gets good grades.

I can't meet you today. I never went skiing.

Let's go tomorrow. She rarely eats a big breakfast.

They told me yesterday. He was once on TV.

Have you traveled recently? He saw the movie twice.

Pronoun

A pronoun is often defined as a word which can be used instead of a noun. For example, instead of
saying John is a student, the pronoun he can be used in place of the noun John and the sentence
becomes He is a student. We use pronouns very often, especially so that we do not have to keep on
repeating a noun. This chapter is about the kind of pronoun called a personal pronoun because it often
refers to a person. Like nouns, personal pronouns sometimes have singular and plural forms (I-we, he-
they).
Unlike nouns, personal pronouns sometimes have different forms for masculine/male, feminine/female
and neuter (he-she-it). Also unlike nouns, personal pronouns have different forms depending on if they
act as subjects or objects (he-him, she-her). A subject is a word which does an action and usually comes
before the verb, and an object is a word that receives an action and usually comes after the verb. For
example, in the sentence Yesterday Susan called her mother, Susan is the subject and mother is the
object. The pronoun she can be used instead of Susan and the pronoun her can be used instead of
mother. The form of a personal pronoun also changes according to what person is referred to. Person is
used here as a grammar word and means:
1st person or the self (I, me, we),

3
2nd person or the person spoken to (you),
3rd person or the person spoken about (he, she, him, her, they, them).

There is also a possessive form of the pronoun. Just as we can make a noun possessive as in the
sentence That is my father's book to mean That is the book of my father, we can make the pronoun
possessive and say That book is his. There are possessive adjective forms (such as my, your, his, her etc.)
that are discussed with other adjectives in chapter 4. Possessive pronouns can stand by themselves
without nouns, but possessive adjectives, like other adjectives, are used together with nouns.
There is also an intensive form of the pronoun which intensifies or emphasizes the noun that it comes
after as in the sentence I myself saw him. The reflexive form of the pronoun looks exactly like the
intensive form but is used when the subject and object of a verb refers to the same person as in the
sentence I saw myself in the mirror. All of this may sound confusing, but if you study this chart below:

Prepositions
A preposition is a word which shows relationships among other words in the sentence. The
relationships include direction, place, time, cause, manner and amount. In the sentence She went to the
store, to is a preposition which shows direction. In the sentence He came by bus, by is a preposition
which shows manner. In the sentence They will be here at three o'clock, at is a preposition which shows
time and in the sentence It is under the table, under is a preposition which shows place.
A preposition always goes with a noun or pronoun which is called the object of the preposition.
The preposition is almost always before the noun or pronoun and that is why it is called a preposition.
The preposition and the object of the preposition together are called a prepositional phrase. The
following chart shows the prepositions, objects of the preposition, and prepositional phrases of the
sentences above.

Prepositional phrases are like idioms and are best learned through listening to and reading as much as
possible. Below are some common prepositions of time and place and examples of their use.
Prepositions of time:
at two o'clock
on Wednesday
in an hour, in January; in 1992
for a day
Prepositions of place:
at my house
in New York, in my hand
on the table
near the library
across the street
under the bed
between the books

Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. In the sentence Bob and Dan are
friends the conjunction and connects two nouns and in the sentence He will drive or fly, the conjunction
or connects two verbs. In the sentence It is early but we can go, the conjunction but connects two
groups of words.
Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence. The most
common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways:

4
and is used to join or add words together in the sentence They ate and drank.
or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence He will be here on Monday or Tuesday.
but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence She is small but strong.
so is used to show result as in the sentence I was tired so I went to sleep.
Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be
discussed more in another class. For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating
conjunctions such as:
after before unless
although if until
as since when
because than while
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. In the sentence Both Jan
and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are correlative conjunctions. The most common correlative
conjunctions are:
both . . .and
either . . . or
neither . . . nor
not only . . . but also

Conjunction Test.
1. Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: He will eat …….. he gets home.
a. or b. because c. when d. and e. since
2. Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: Do you want pizza ……… a hamburger?
a. than b. so c. While d. as e. or
3. Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: I would tell you .......... I knew.
a. and b. unless c. if d. or e. so
4. Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: Come ………… get it.
a. but b. explain c. and d. whene. so
5. Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: He ate …….. he was hungry.
a. if b. so c. or d. although e. because
6. How many conjunctions are in the sentence: After Ben and Sid come, we can leave.

Articles
An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun.
There are only two articles a and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English
accurately.
The word a (which becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u) is called
the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general. The meaning of the article a
is similar to the number one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis. It is possible to say I have a
book or I have one book, but the second sentence emphasizes that I do not have two or three or some
other number of books.
The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing. The difference
between the sentences I sat on a chair and I sat on the chair is that the second sentence refers to a
particular, specific chair, not just any chair.
Many nouns, especially singular forms of countable nouns which you will learn about later, must
have an article. In English, it is not possible to say I sat on chair without an article, but a demonstrative
or possessive adjective can be used instead of an article as in the sentences I sat on that chair and I sat
on his chair.

5
 Whenever you see an article, you will find a noun with it. The noun may be the next word as in
the man or there may be adjectives and perhaps adverbs between the article and the noun as in the
very angry, young man.
Now that you have learned all the parts of speech, you can identify the words in a sentence.
This chapter will give you some clues that will make identification easier.
First of all, a word can be more than one part of speech and you have to look at how the word
works in a particular sentence to know what part of speech it is. The chart below shows examples of
words that have more than one part of speech.
Word Sentence Part of Speech
can I think I can do it. verb
can Don't open that can of beans. noun
only This is my only pen. adjective
only He was only joking. adverb
his That book is his. pronoun
his That is his book. adjective
English Can you speak English? noun
English I am reading an English novel. adjective

Review: Parts of Speech

Identify the part of speech of the highlighted word in each of the following sentences:

1. The clown chased a dog around the ring and then fell flat on her face.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
2. The geese indolently waddled across the intersection.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

6
3. Yikes! I'm late for class.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
4. Bruno's shabby thesaurus tumbled out of the book bag when the bus suddenly pulled out into
traffic.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
5. Mr. Frederick angrily stamped out the fire that the local hooligans had started on his verandah.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
6. Later that summer, she asked herself, "What was I thinking of?"
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
7. She thought that the twenty zucchini plants would not be enough so she planted another ten.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

7
8. Although she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous mound left over frightened her.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
9. Everywhere she went, she talked about the prolific veggies.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
10. The manager confidently made his presentation to the board of directors.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
11. Frankenstein is the name of the scientist, not the monster.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
12. Her greatest fear is that the world will end before she finds a comfortable pair of panty-hose.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

8
13. That suitcase is hers.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
14. Everyone in the room cheered when the announcement was made.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
15. The sun was shining as we set out for our first winter camping trip.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
16. Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
17. Dust covered every surface in the locked bedroom.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

9
18. The census taker knocked loudly on all the doors but nobody was home.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
19. They wondered if there truly was honor among thieves.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
20. Exciting new products and effective marketing strategies will guarantee the company's success.
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

10
 Chapter 2

Daily Conversation

Greeting (Tegur Sapa)

Greeting, dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti tegur sapa, digunakan untuk menyapa seseorang pada waktu
bertemu. Berikut ini beberapa cara penggunaan greeting beserta cara meresponnya.

Sapaan Respon Terjemahan

Good morning Good morning selamat pagi

diucapkan pada waktu bertemu antara pukul 01.00 sampai 11.00

Good day Good day selamat siang

diucapkan pada tengah hari

Good afternoon Good afternoon selamat sore

diucapkan pada waktu bertemu seseorang antara pukul 13.00 sampai 18.00

Good evening Good evening selamat malam

diucapkan pada waktu bertemu seseorang antara pukuk 18.00 sampai 24.00

Good bye Good bye selamat tinggal

diucapkan untuk berpisah di siang hari

Good night Good night selamat berpisah

seelamat tidur diucapkan pada malam hari

Beberapa cara menyampaikan greeting lainnya adalah: Hi!, Hello? untuk perjumpaan, dan Bye-bye,
Cheerio, see you, so long untuk berpisah (leave taking, jawabanny sama dengan ucapannya.
Untuk menanyakan keadaan seseorang digunakan ungkapan beikut:

Sapaan Respon

How do you do? (apa kabar) How do you do?(digunakan saat pertama kali bertemu)
How are you I’m fine, thank you
(saya baik-baik saja, terimakasih)
How are you doing? I am very well too, thanks you.
(saya baik-baik saja, teriimakasih)
How is it going on? Ok
How is life? No complaint
How have you been?(apa kabar) Good

11
Introduction
Memperkenalkan diri sendiri
Ungkapan pengantar untuk memperkenalkan dii sendiri antara lain:
I’d like to introduce myself.
May I introduce myself?
Let me introduce myself.
I want to introduce myself.

Memperkenalkan orang lain

I’d like you to meet …… (name)
This is my friend/boss/manager/boyfriend/husband, etc ……. (name)
have you met ……. (name)
May I introduce you to ……
Let me introduce you to ……
I want to introduce you to …………

Exercise 1.
Complete the empty spaces!
A : Hi, John. How are you?
B :
A : Not bad. What’s up?
B :

Exercise 2.
A : Hello. My name’s Peter. What’s your name?
B :
A :
B : I’m from Seattle. Where are you from?
A : I’m from Madrid.
B : Are you American?
A : Yes, I am. Are you Spanish?
B :

12
 Chapter 3

The Tenses

The Simple Present Tense

Verbs have forms called tenses that tell you when the action happens. If the action happens regularly,
sometimes or never, use the simple present tense.

We always wash our hands before meals.

Joe sometimes lends me his bike.
Dad jogs in the park every day.
We often go to the movies on Saturday.
Mr. Ross takes a train to work.

The simple present tense is also used to state facts.

The sun rises every morning.

Penguins live in the Antarctica.
Dogs love playing in water.
The earth goes around the sun.
Australia is an island.

Use the simple present tense to tell the events of a story that is happening now.
I arrive at school. I see another girl crying. I ask her why she is sad.
She says she hasn’t got any friends to play with. I tell her that she can play with me.

Use the simple present tense to talk about things that will happen in the future.
My little sister starts school tomorrow.
The new supermarket opens this Friday.
Next week I go on holiday to Japan.
We fly to London on Sunday.

13
The train leaves in five minutes.
My family moves to a new house next month.

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the simple present tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1. Winter ________ after autumn. (come)

2. A dog ________. (bark)
3. You ________ tired. (look)
4. Everyone ________ mistakes. (make)
5. Ali ________ in a department store. (work)
6. Judy ________ English very well. (speak)
7. Tim’s knee ________. (hurt)
8. Monkeys ________ bananas. (like)
9. Kate always ________ sandwiches for lunch. (eat)
10. He ________ very fast. (type)

Exercise 2
Use the words in italics to complete the sentences.

1. Pay, always Boris _______________ his bills on time.

2. Cry, seldom Our baby ______________ at night.
3. Study Paul ______________ at the library every night.
4. Stay, usually Jean ______________ home at night.
5. Carry, always Carol __________________ her books to class.
6. Seldom, do Amy __________________ her homework.
7. Go,go Robert ________ downtown every weekend. He and his wife _______
shopping.

14
The Simple Past Tense

Use the simple past tense to talk about things that happened in the past. The simple past tense is usually
made by adding -ed to the verb.

I opened the door and looked inside.

The plane landed ten minutes ago.
My cousin visited us last summer.
We walked to school yesterday.
She laughed when I told her the joke.

If a verb ends in e, just add d to make the simple past tense.

Who closed all the windows?

We lived in that house when I was a baby.
She smiled when she saw me.
We raced each other on our bikes.

If a verb ends in y, change the y to i before adding ed.

I carried my mom’s shopping bag.

My brother cried when he fell off his bike.
We hurried to the station to catch the train.
Dad tried to help me with my homework.

With some short verbs that end in a consonant, you must double the consonant before adding ed.

I climbed over the fence and ripped my shirt.

The stranger grabbed my arm.
The dog wagged its tail when it saw the biscuits.
He slammed the door and walked off angrily.

15
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences. Use the words in the list; use the simple past tense or present tense.
Ask rain wait dream

Cook shave walk smile

Watch erase stay work

1. It often _________ in the morning. It _______ yesterday.

2. I _________ to school every morning. I ___________ to school yesterday morning.
3. Sue often ___________ questions. She ________ a question in class yesterday.
4. I _________________ a movie on television last night. I usually ________ TV in the evening
because I want to improve my English.
5. Mike _______ his own dinner yesterday evening. He _______ his own dinner every evening.
6. I usually _________ home at night because I have to study. I _______ home last night.
7. I have a job at the library. I ______ at the library every evening. I _______ there yesterday
evening.
8. When I am asleep, I often __________. I ___________ about my family last night.
9. Linda usually ________ for the bus at a bus stop in front of her apartment building. She
__________ for the bus there yesterday morning.
10. The lecturer ____________ some words from the board a couple of minutes ago. He used his
hand instead of an eraser.
11. Our teacher is a warm, friendly person. She often ________ when she is talking to us.
12. Rick does not have a beard anymore. He _______ every morning.

The Future Tense

To show future action use the verbs shall and will with another verb that describes the action.
- You can use either shall or will with the pronouns I and we.
- Use will with the pronouns you, he, she, it and they.
- Will is also used with singular nouns like ‘my dad’ and with plural nouns like ‘all the boys in my
class’.

16
I shall do my homework after dinner.
I will miss you when you leave.
We shall take the dog for a walk later.
We will visit Grandma this weekend.
He will be home later.
John and I shall be glad when the exams are over.

To make the negative form, use will and shall with not. The contraction for will not is won’t.
I will not help you unless you help me first.
It won’t be very sunny again until next summer.
You won’t like this food. It’s horrible!
We shall not go to the party without you.

The Present Continuous Tense

The present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen. Make the
present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing.
I am learning how to swim.
I am eating my lunch.
She is reading a book.
Dad is baking a cake.
The dog is barking in the garden.
We are singing our favorite song.
My brother and I are playing a computer game.
The teachers are showing us a film.

The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future.
I am going to the library tomorrow.
My sister is giving me her bike when she gets her new one.
We can’t go to the movies tomorrow because my mom is working.
We are having a barbecue on Sunday.
All my friends are coming to my party next week.
We’re taking my cousin to the zoo later today.

17
The ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participle with am, is or are to
make the present progressive tense.
am + watching
(present participle)
is + listening
(present participle)
are + playing
(present participle)

Fill in the blank spaces with the present progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses.
Try to use contractions such as I’m, she’s and they’re where you can.
1. We (go) to the zoo tomorrow.
2. He (fix) my bike in the garage.
3. I (help) Mom in the kitchen.
4. My sister and I (watch) television.

Complete the following sentences with either 1) the simple present form of the verb, or 2) the present
progressive form of the verb.
1. The teacher always (give) us interesting project work.
2. The wind (blow) very strongly today.
3. I (like) chocolate ice cream.
4. Be quiet! We (try) to listen to the radio.
5. Let’s go inside now. It (begin) to rain.
6. Penguins (eat) fish.
7. Dad never (let) us play in the street when it’s dark.
8. The children (go) swimming every day.
9. We’re trying to catch the ball that (roll) down the hill.
10. My teacher (know) a lot about plants and animals.

18
The Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense shows action in the indefinite past. The present perfect tense is also used to
show action begun in the past and continuing into the present. To make the present perfect tense, use
have or has and a verb that ends in ed. The present perfect also when used with for or since expresses a
situation that began in the past and continues to the present.

Since + a particular time (since seven o’clock)

For + a duration of time (for three years)

We have lived in this house for five years.

(= and we still live there)

Your plane has already landed.

(= and it’s still on the ground)

She has dirtied her new shoes.

(= she made them dirty and they’re still dirty)

The teacher has pinned a notice on the board.

(= and the notice is still there)

You don’t need your key. I’ve already opened the door.
(= and it’s still open)

Exercise 1

Complete the sentence with the present perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1. The children (make) the house very messy.
2. I (see) that actor in several movies.
3. The boys (drink) all the soda in the refrigerator.
4. Our dog (hurt) its leg.
5. One of the workmen (fall) off his ladder.

19
6. She’s sad because her friends (go) to the park without her.
7. Dad (have) a shower already.
8. I’ve been shouting so much that I (lose) my voice.
9. My sister’s boyfriend (buy) her a diamond ring.
10. Alan (do) this jig saw puzzle so many times that he could do it with his eyes shut.

Exercise 2Exercise
Draw a circle around the correct past participle in each sentence below.
1. Your child has (broke/broken) my window!
2. Have you (eaten/ate) all your dinner?
3. I have (known/knew) Sally since we were in kinder garden.
4. Michael has (drew/drawn) a picture for his grand dad.
5. The new girl seems nice, but I haven’t (spoke/spoken) to her yet.
6. We’ve (drank/drunk) all the milk.
7. The ball has (went/gone) over the garden fence.
8. Has Tom (did/done) all his homework?
9. You have (been/was) late for school every day this week.
10. Help! I’ve (fell/fallen) down a hole.

The Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past.
For example:
a. My parents had already eaten by the time I got home.
b. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it.
c. The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door.
If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the
time relationship is already clear. For example:
a. Sam had already left when we got there.
b. Sam had left before we got there.
c. Sam left before we got there.
d. After the guests had left , I went to bed.
e. After the guests left, I went to bed.

20
 Chapter 4
Describing

English Speaking Activities - learn to describe people and things

In English, adjectives are used to describe color, material, shape, size, amount, price, quality, origin, personality,
weight, temperature, weight, age, direction, etc.

English adjectives are words used to describe people and things, words like tall, short, beautiful, ugly ... are
adjectives. Learn more about English adjectives with Free English exercises to practice using adjectives.

Common question for describing people/things: What does she/he look like? / What is he/she like? / What is it
like? / what does it look like?

1. Describing people in English using English adjectives

Shape: thin, slim, fat, tall, big, small, short

Example:

 What's Tim like? He is 178 centimeters tall. He is very tall boy.

 What does Mary look like? She is slim and short.

Hair: dark, short, long, curly, blonde, straight

Example:

 What does Pete look like? He has a long hair. He has blue eyes and a beard.
 What is Mrs. Loh like? She has a short, straight hair. She's wearing jeans.

Find out about our English online course.

2. Describing things / objects using English Adjectives

Shape: round/circle, square, triangular

Example:

 This box is square.

 The ball is round.

Size: big, small, thick, thin

Example:

 The elephant is big. The mouse is small.

21
 Weight: light, heavy

Example:

 Wood is light. Metal is heavy.

1. What does Martha look like? She's tall, dark and beautiful.
2. What else can you tell me? Well, she has long, black hair and blue eyes.
She's kind of chubby and wears glasses.

3. What is George like? He's funny, cute and really rich.

He reminds me of that guy on the Morning Show.

4. Tell me about your new

apartment. Well, it's pretty small.
It only has two rooms and a bathroom. But it's comfortable
5. What did you think of the enough for me.
Himalayas?
Well, the view was gorgeous.
Of course, it took two days to get there, and the weather was
freezing!

Like / Would like / Look like / Be like

Would like vs. (Do) like

What kind of food do you like? (Facts, personal preferences)
I like ice cream, bananas, soda pop.
I like Chinese food.

22
What kind of food would you like? (If you could choose)
I would like Italian food.

What kind of friend(s) do you like?

I like someone who is easygoing.
I like a person who has talent.
I like people who are kind.
What kind of person would you like to marry?
I would like someone who has a lot of money.
I like a man/woman/person who is friendly.

Be like vs. Look like

What does John like? (What are his personal preferences?)
He likes horror movies, basketball, chocolate ice cream...
What does John look like? (Physical description)
He is tall, dark and handsome. He has black hair and wears glasses.
What is John like? (Description of personality)
He is a nice guy. He is very kind and friendly.

Describing Objects Position/size/shape/composition/usage/color

Position

 on /in / under / next to / to the left/right behind /in front of

 between / in the middle of / on /in the corner of / hanging over
 Size: What size is it?
 Shape: What shape is it? / What does it look like?
 Composition: What is it made of?
 Usage: What is it used for?

Describing Animals

 What does it look like? (size, color, body parts, etc.)

 What does it eat? (diet)
 Where does it live? (Habitat)

Describing people Height/weight/age/hair/clothing /Asking for a description

 Description: What does he/she look like?

 Age: How old is he/she?
 Hair: What color is his/her hair? /What’s his/her hair like?
 Clothing: What does he/she have on?/What is he wearing?

23
Exercise: Describe the pictures!

24
 Chapter 5
Telling Time

1. How to tell the time?

We use at with time:

- at 7 o’clock
- at midnight
- at breakfast time

We usually leave out at when we ask (at) what time:

- What time are you operating this evening?

We also use at with these expressions:

- at night
- at the moment
- at the museum
- at the same thing
- at the end of

For example:

I don’t like to be on call at night.

Dr. Knight is operating at the moment.

We use in for long periods time:

- in June
- in 1997
- in Summer
- we also say in the morning, in the afternoon

2. How to tell the day and date?

We use on:
- on October 9th
- on Monday
- on Sunday afternoon
- on weekends (at weekends for British)

25
How to Tell Time in English
Read the short description below:

I usually get up at a quarter past seven - that's seven fifteen in the morning. I have breakfast at
eight o'clock and then take the bus to work at half past eight. I usually arrive at work at a
quarter to nine. Sometimes, the bus is late and I arrive at about nine. My morning is usually
pretty busy and I like taking a coffee break at twenty to eleven if possible. I then work to
lunchtime at noon. In the afternoon, I usually have another break at three fifteen. I usually
finish work at a quarter to five and arrive home around six in the evening. At night, I usually go
to bed at eleven o'clock.

Look at the rules for telling time in English.

We use "to" to say times

In English we use "past" to say
before the hour from 31
times after the hour until half
minutes until the full
past, or 30 minutes past the hour.
hour.
We can also just say the
In English we use o'clock only at
numbers in groups of
the full hour. Example: It's eight
two. Example: It's seven
o'clock
twenty-five
When speaking about the
Be careful! In English we
different times of the day we
use at night NOT in the
often use: in the morning, in the
night
afternoon, in the evening

26
 Chapter 6

Asking Direction

Here are some phrases and expressions for asking directions in English.
# Where is (the) . . . ? (This is also used in asking about location.)
# How do you get to (the) . . . (from here)?
# How do I get to (the) . . . ?
# Can you tell me how to get to (the) . . . ?
# Can you give me directions to (the) . . . ?
# What's the best way to get to (the) . . . ?

1. Excuse me. Is there a grocery store around
here?
2. Can you tell me how to get to Phoenix?
3. Where's Tanner's Leather Shop?
4. How do you get to the bank?
Yeah. There's one right across the street.
Sorry. I don't live around here.
It's on the corner of Holly and Vine. Next to the
library.
Go straight down this street for two blocks. Turn
left when you get to Maple Street. Stay on
Maple for half a block. It's on the left hand side.

Here are some sample phrases and expressions to use in giving directions in English.

(First,) go down this street (for ____ blocks).

(Then,) turn left/right at the traffic light.
(After that,) go straight on _____ Street until you get to the ______.
(When you get to the _____,) turn left/right again.
(Then,) stay on_______Avenue for about _______ yards/meters.
It's on your left, next to the __________. You can't miss it!

1. Excuse me. Is there a grocery store around
here?
2. Can you tell me how to get to Phoenix?
3. Where's Tanner's Leather Shop?
4. How do you get to the bank?
Yeah. There's one right across the street.
Sorry. I don't live around here.
It's on the corner of Holly and Vine. Next to the
library.
Go straight down this street for two blocks. Turn
left when you get to Maple Street. Stay on
Maple for half a block. It's on the left hand side.

27
Where is the bank?
It's on Main Street.
It's next to the post office.
It's between the bakery and the barber shop.
It's on the corner of Ninth Street and Pine (Street).

Where's Lagoon?
It's in Davis County, near Kaysville.
It's on I-15, between Farmington and Kaysville.
It's ten miles north of Salt Lake City.

How do you get to the sporting goods store?

(on foot)
First, go down State Street until you get to 4th South.
Then, turn left.
Then, go down 4th South for three blocks.
It's on the right side of the street next to Wendy's.
(by car)
Take State Street to 4th South.
At 4th South, turn left.
Stay on 4th South for about three blocks.
The sporting goods store will be on the right, next to Wendy's.

How do you get to (your house in) Lehi?

Take I-15 south about 20 miles.
After you cross the mountain, watch for the signs to Lehi.
Take the first Lehi exit.
When you get off the freeway, make a right turn at the stop sign.
Follow the road (15th East) for five blocks.
Make a left turn on Royal Drive.
Continue on Royal Drive until you see the big oak tree.
My house is on the left hand side.
It's a two-story, red brick house with a large front yard.

28
Exercise:

1. Where is Alfa?
2. Where is pohon kepuh?
3. Where is SMAN 2 Denpasar?
4. Where is pasar Sanglah?
5. Where is STIMI Handayani
6. Where is ALFA?
7. How can get to Panjer?

29
1. Where is University Housing?
2. Where is Macquarie Shopping Centre?
3. Where is the Australian film, TV, and Radio School?
4. Where is SAM building?
5. Where is Macquarie University?
6. Where is Lighthouse Theater?
7. Where is library?

30
 Chapter 7

The Modals

Auxiliary, or helping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. For example,
you use auxiliary verbs to say:
 that someone is able to do something,
 that someone is allowed to do something, or
 that someone has to do something.
The helping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may,might and must.

 can and could

Use can and could to say that someone is able to do something.

She can draw really good pictures.

Philip can run faster than Matt.
Can you ride a bike?
Can you help me with my homework?
She could already read before she started school.
Our teacher said we could go home early.
I ran as fast as I could.
Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill.

You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something.

My mom says you can come to our house for dinner.

Dad says I can’t walk to school on my own.
You can’t go in there without a ticket.
Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner.
The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn’t go in.

Can and could are also used for asking for information or help, for offering something, and for
suggesting something.

Can you tell me if this train goes to Topeka?

Could you show me where the accident happened?
Could you open that window, please?
You can borrow my pen, if you like.
Your sister could come with us, if she wanted to.
I could lend you my football.
We can go to the library instead.
You could ask your dad to help us.
John can borrow his brother’s skates.

31
  will and would

Use will and would when you are asking someone to do something.

Will you please stop making that noise?

Would you pass me that book, please?
Please, will you close the door?

You can also use will and would to offer something or to suggest something.

Will I hold this end of the rope?

Will I carry the bag for you?
Would you like another drink?
Which cake would you like?

 shall and should

You can use shall and should to ask for advice, offer something and suggest something.

Should I bring waterproof clothes? Shall I go by car, or will it be better to walk?

Should I phone the police? Shall I help you with that heavy bag?
Shall we go home now? You should try that new French restaurant.

 ought to

You use ought to to make strong suggestions and talk about someone’s duty.

You look tired. You ought to go to bed early tonight.

I ought to get more physical exercise.
We ought to lock the door when we leave home.
You ought to turn off the computer when you’re not using it.
You ought to know how to spell your own name.
The teacher ought to make his classes more interesting.

 must
Use must to talk about things that you have to do.

I must mail this letter today.

You must speak louder. I can’t hear you.
Children must not play with matches.
Go to bed now. Oh, must I?
Why must I do my homework tonight?

32
  may and might

Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something and to tell someone that they are allowed to do
something.

“May I go out to play now?” “Yes, you may.”

May I borrow your pen?
Please may I see your ticket?
John may leave now, but Sally may not.
May Kenny come with us to the movies?

Use may and might to talk about things that are possible or likely.

Take an umbrella. It might rain.

I may not have time to go swimming tonight.
We might go to the party later.
If you’re not careful, you may hurt yourself.
“Are you going to the concert?” “I don’t know. I might or I might not.”

Translate into English!

1. Kamu tidak boleh mengerjakan PRmu di sekolah.

2. Saya harus tiba tepat waktu.
3. Kami boleh hadir di pesta itu nanti malam.
4. Apakah seharusnya dia laki-laki membantumu?
5. Kamu dapat berjalan dengan cepat.
6. Apakah kamu seharusnya menyirami tanaman itu dengan teratur?
7. Dia perempuan dapat datang ke rumahmu setelah dia menyelesaikan Prnya.
8. Saya boleh duduk di sini bersamamu.
9. Mereka dapat bermain sepak bola di halaman sekolah setiap sore.
10. Dia laki-laki seharusnya mentaati peraturan sekolah dengan sungguh-sungguh.
11. Mereka tidak harus makan sebelum pergi ke sekolah.
12. Kamu harus mengendarai sepeda motormu dengan hati-hati.
13. Anak-anak itu tidak boleh bermain di dekat laut.
14. Anak-anak perempuan itu seharusnya memasak di dapur dengan rapi.
15. Ibu kami seharusnya tinggal bersama kami.
16. Dapatkah gurumu menerangkan soal yang sulit dengan jelas?
17. Bolehkah anak-anak kecil itu menonton TV setiap malam?
18. Apakah mereka seharusnya membawa buku-buku itu?
19. Angsa-angsa itu dapat berenang di sungan dengan gembiranya.
20. Perawat-perawat itu seharusnya membantu dokter-dokter itu dengan langsung.
21. Anak-anak laki-laki itu boleh menunggu ayah mereka di sekolah dengan sabar.
22. Apakah dia perempuan seharusnya menyiapkan makan siang kami dengan segera?
23. Bolehkah dia laki-laki bekerja di sini?
24. Dapatkah mereka mengunjungimu sekarang?
25. Saya tidak boleh makan di kelas selama istirahat.

33
 Chapter 8

Question Words

There are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions and question-word questions.

 yes or no questions
When you ask a yes or no question, you want the answer yes or the answer no. Use the verbs be, have
and do along with helping verbs such as can, will and should when you ask these questions. Here are
some examples of yes or no questions, with answers.

Is this your seat? May I sit here?

Yes. Yes.

Can you ride a bike? Don’t you like pizza?

No. No.

Do you like swimming? Are we late?

Yes. No.

In questions, the helping verb comes before the subject. The other verb comes after the subject. The
verb be also comes before the subject when it is an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb. Here are
some examples of statements and the questions you can make from them. Notice that the helping verbs
are printed in bold and the subjects are in italic.

statement question
Dad is ill today. Is Dad ill today?
She has finished her homework. Has she finished her homework?
The cat doesn’t like noise. Doesn’t the cat like noise?
Michael can ride a bike. Can Michael ride a bike?
Sally could borrow your pencil. Could Sally borrow your pencil?
You may leave now. May I leave now?
I think it will rain tomorrow. Do you think it will rain tomorrow?
I saw Tom at the football game. Did you see Tom at the football game?
Miss Lee sang a song. Did Miss Lee sing a song?
The computer needs to be repaired. Does the computer need to be repaired?

 Question-word questions

Use the question words what, which, who (sometimes whom), whose, when, where and how to ask for
information. The verbs be, have and do, and helping verbs such as can, will and should are also used in
questions. The helping verb comes before the subject, as it does in yes or no questions.
Here are some examples. Again, the helping verb is printed in bold and the subject is printed in italic.

What is your name?

What date is it today?
Which boy is your brother?

34
Which house do you live in?
Who is the boy next to Alan?
Who (or Whom) did he ask?
Whose book is this?
When can I come to visit you?
When does the spring vacation start?
Where is the pencil that I left on my desk?
Where do the birds go when they fly away in winter?
How can Grandma read without her glasses?
How does a plane stay in the sky?

Sometimes the wh-word itself is the subject of the sentence. In this case, don’t use do to form
questions.

Who wants to come with me?

What caused the accident?
Which is the fastest car?
I’ve got my coat. Whose is this?

Exercise 1
Rewrite the following statements as yes or no questions. The first one has already been done for you.
1. It is raining again. (Is it raining again?)
2. She can speak Japanese.
3. Margaret is at home.
4. My mom works in an office.
5. The teacher told the children a story.
6. Philip has got a new bike.
7. She is Sumiko’s best friend.
8. Tom could sit with David.
9. Dad will help Jennifer with her homework.
10. We will be late.

35
Exercise 2
Choose one of the question words from the box to complete the sentences below.
You may use some of the words more than once. The first one has been done for you.

What who when why

Which whose where how

1. _______________ are my keys?

2. _______________ is the tall boy at the back of the class?
3. _______________ time did they arrive?
4.________________ is the problem?
5. _________________ “are we going to the zoo?” “Tomorrow.”
6.__________________ do you know the answer?
7. _________________ do the stars twinkle?
8. _________________coat is this?
9. _________________would you like for dinner?
10. ________________ did you open the door without a key?
11. _________________ is your favorite singer?
12. __________________does this train leave?
13. ___________________ bike is that over there?
14. ___________________cafe do you prefer?
15. ____________________ can we find a restaurant?

36
 Chapter 9

Telephoning and Inviting

The Conversation 1:

Operator : Good afternoon. Pacific Computer System. May I help you?

Caller : Hello. Is it possible to speak to Mr. Bradley, extension 321, please?
Operator : Just a moment, please. I will connect you.
(pause, clicks)
I’m trying to connect you.
(Engaged tone)
I’m sorry, the number is engaged. Would you like to hold?
Caller : No, it’s all right. I’ll call back.

The Conversation 2:

Operator : Good morning. Pacific Computer Systems. may I help you?

Susan : Hello, could I speak to John Brown, please?
Operator : Hold the line a moment please.
I’ll put you through to his secretary.
It’s ringing for you now.
Mary : Hello. John Brown’s office. Mary’s speaking.
Susan : Hello. I’m Susan Miller of Jakarta Banking.
I’m phoning to fix an appointment with Mr. Brown. Would ten tomorrow be all
right?
Mary : I’m afraid not. She’s got rather full day tomorrow.
Susan : Could you make it at eleven o’clock?
Mary : Sorry, but that’s taken too.

The Conversation 3:

Susan : Will you able to see me tomorrow?

Mr. Brown : What time is it?
Susan : At two o’clock.
Mr. Brown : No, I’m afraid I can’t.
Susan : How about three o’clock?
Mr. Brown : Yes, that’s fine.
Susan : Ok. I’ll see you then.

37
Useful Expressions:
Answering a call
Good morning/afternoon/evening, ABC Company. Can I help you?
Hello. Production Department. Clara’s speaking. May I help you?

Making a call
Could I speak to Mr/Ms ……………?
Is it possible to speak to Mr/Ms …………….?
Could you put me through to Mr/Ms ………………..?
Could I have extension 123, please?

Possible situations
Who’s calling?
I’m sorry, Mr/Ms ………….. is out. May I know who’s speaking?
I’m afraid, Mr/Ms …………. is having a meeting. Is there something I can do?
Mr/Ms ……………. is taking on another telephone. Will you wait a moment?

Transferring a call
Just a moment, please. I’ll put you through.
Hold on, please. I’ll connect you immediately.
You are through now.

If you didn’t hear, you can say

I’m sorry. I didn’t catch what you said.
Sorry, I can’t hear. It’s a bad line.
Could speak up, please?
Could you repeat what you said, please?
Could you say that again?

Inviting
Invitation digunakan untuk mengajak melakukan sesuatu:
Let’s + V1
Why don’t we ……. ?
How about ……..?
Would you care for ……..?
I’d like to invite you to ………..?
Would you like to …………….?
I wonder if you’d like to ………………. ?

38
Put these sentences in the correct order to make a short conversation.

_______ Yes, please. Would Tuesday the 26th be convenient?

_______ Good morning, Mr. Mane. This is Peter Brien.
_______ It’s quite all right. I’ll look forward to seeing you on Thursday the 28 th, then.
_______ I’m calling about our appointment on the 25th. I’m afraid I can’t make it.
_______ Fine. Thank you. Goodbye.
_______ Good morning, Mr. Brien. How can I help you?
_______ Yes, I can manage the 28th. I’m sorry to be a nuisance.
_______ Shifali Mane.
_______ it’s not a problem. Would you like to fix another time, then?
_______ I’m afraid I’m tied up on the 26th. How about the 28th?

39
 Chapter 10
Like and Dislike

Like Dislike
Do you like it/travelling? yes, I love it No, I don’t like it very much
yes, very much No, I hate it
it’s all right
I am keen on it

What do you think of the food? It’s very good I don’t like it. It’s too hot
How so you like the food? I like it. It’s delicious it’s not very good
It’s all right it’s awful
it’s excellent I think it is terrible

Sample Conversations:

1. Do you like basketball?

Yes I do./ No, I don't.

2. What kind of food do you like?

I like Italian food.

Conversation practice:

1. With a partner, practice asking and answering questions about sports, activities, or food that
you like/don't like.

2. Talk about what your friends like/don't like.

Example: Does Kindra like bowling? No. She doesn't.

What kinds of food does Sam like?

He likes meat and potatoes.*

40
3. Talk about movies or music that you like.

*Note:

When speaking generally, it's easiest to use plurals with count nouns:

Example:

I like apples. (count - plural)

I don't like radishes. (count -plural)
I don't like soda pop. (non-count)

Exercise:
Let’s practice in a dialogue, describe the thing that you like and dislike.

41
 Chapter 11

The Praising

Praising (Memuji)

Untuk memberikan pujian pada seseorang dapat dipergunakan ungkapan-ungkapan sebagai berikut:

Pujian Respon

You are great excellent

wonderful

lovely

marvelous

perfect

Terrific thanks

thank you

really

It’s very kind of you to say so

oh, you should say so

Congratulating (Mengucapkan Selamat)

Congratulating merupakan ucapan pelengkap sopan santun pergaulan dalam bahasa Inggris, bisa
berupa ucapan selamat ulang tahun, selamat atas keberhasilan seseorang, dan lain sebagainya. Respon
untuk ungkapan-ungkapan umumnya adalah:

A : Happy birthday to you. Selamat berulang tahun.

B : Thank you

A : Happy new year. Selamat tahun baru.

B : Thank you and the same to you.

42
A : Good luck! Selamat berjuang/bekerja, semoga berhasil.

B : Thank you. I need it.

A : Have a nice holiday. Selamat berlibur.

B : Thank you very much.

A : Congratulation/Well done. Selamat atas keberhasilan anda.

B : Thank you very much.

Expressing Symphaty (Menyatakan rasa simpati)

Ungkapan-ungkapan perasaan simpati atas musibah yang dialami orang lain, diantaranya”

- I’m sorry to hear that.

- oh, that’s so bad. I am sorry to hear that.
- That’s a shame.
- How awful!
- How terrible!
- How horrible!
- Poor

A : My father is in hospital He is going to have an operation.

B : I’m sorry to hear that.

A : I scratched the door of his new car.

B : Oh, that is too bad.

43
 Chapter 12

The Question Tag

A tag question is a short question added to the end of a positive or negative statement.
For example:-

He is, isn't he?

He does, doesn't he?
He will, won't he?
He can, can't he?

Normally a positive statement is followed by a negative tag, and a negative statement is followed by a
positive tag. For example:-

+ -
You're English, aren't you?
- +
You're not
are you?
German,

The statement and the tag are always separated by a comma.

Treat any statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative statements.
The verb in the statement should be the same tense as the verb in the tag.
For example:-

Present tense | present tense

You are a good singer, aren't you?
Past tense | past tense
You didn't go to work
did you?
yesterday,
| present perfect
Present perfect tense
tense
You have been to London, haven't you?

44
If the verb used in the statement is an auxiliary verb, then the verb used in the tag must match it. If a
modal (can, could, will, should, etc.) is used in the statement, then the same modal is used in the tag
part. If the statement doesn't use an auxiliary verb, then the auxiliary do is used in the tag part.

for example:-

Auxiliary verb !Note

She is from England, isn't she?
They aren't very nice, are they?
She doesn't like it here, does she?
Modal verb
You can sing, can't you?
They shouldn't do that, should they?
No auxiliary
He eats meat, doesn't he? (He does eat meat...)
He had a bath, didn't he? (He did have a bath...)
Nothing happened, did it? (Nothing did happen...)

Tag questions are used to verify or check information that we think is true or to check information that
we aren't sure is true. Sometimes we just use them for effect, when we are trying to be sarcastic, or to
make a strong point. So be sure to use them with care. We show the meaning of the tag question
through intonation. If the tag is a real question it has a rising intonation. For example:-

The chairman's coming at 3.00, isn't he?

If the tag is not a real question it has a flat or falling intonation.

For example:-

It's a nice day today, isn't it?

Note:
1. everybody, everyone, everything, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one:
Everybody watched the movie, didn’t they?
No one cares of me, do they?
2. Come here, will you?
Be quite, will you?

45
 3. let’s/let us
Let’s see the movie, shall we?
Let us pay attention to the teacher’s speaking, shall we?
4. I am
I am pretty, aren’t I ?
I’m not what you thought, am I ?
5. never, seldom, rarely, barely, hardly, few, little
You seldom have your hair cut, do you?
she never seems to care, does she?
She can hardly see us without her glasses, can she?

Exercises 1.

1. Gerald raised the boy as his own son, ?

2. He won't make any trouble, ?

3. Jimmy should have known better, ?

4. People still enjoy the Beatles' songs, ?

5. I am late already, ?

6. You woke up with a cold, Helen?

7. You didn't leave the gas on, ?

8. If John leaves, we 'll be in trouble, ?

9. Nobody is indispensible, ?

10. There's hardly anything that you can do, ?

46
Exercise 2.

1. He never come home late, _______?

a. hasn’t he c. didn’t he e. won’t he
b. does he d. didn’t he

2. Without his glasses he can hardly see us, _______ he?

a. can’t c. does e. couldn’t
b. can d. could

3. Your sister always gets up late on Sunday, ______?

a. isn’t it c. does it e. doesn’t she
b. will she d. should she

4. He works hard. He seldom has time to go to parties, _______?

a. doesn’t he c. does he e. is he
b. hasn’t he d. isn’t she

5. Let’s visit the museum tomorrow, _______?

a. won’t we c. shall we e. don’t we
b. do we d. aren’t we

6. The proposal sounds promising, ________?

a. doesn’t it c. it doesn’t e. is it
b. was it not d. it doesn’t

7. You seldom have your hair cut, ________?

a. do you c. did you e. haven’t you
b. don’t you d. didn’t you

8. There was never any talk of such a thing, ______?

a. was it c. was there e. there was not
b. was it not d. was not there

9. Your uncle said that he would do his best to help you , ________?
a. didn’t you c. wouldn’t he e. didn’t he
b. wouldn’t you d. would he

10. She never seems to care, _______?

a. is she c. has she e. does she
b. doesn’t she d. won’t he

47
Reading Comprehension A.

Ultraviolet light means the invisible part of spectrum beyond violet. This light has always been
regarded as very useful because it is used to cure certain skin disease, kill bacteria, detect counterfeit
money, form vitamins, etc.

Along with the increasing extensive use of computer in financial activities, ultraviolet light has
been widely applied by banks to identify the signatures of their costumers in passbooks. When a
costumer opens a new count with a bank, the bank teller always asks him to sign on a card placed in the
signature column of a passbook. When the card is removed, the trace of his signature will be left; this
can be used to compare with the signature on the computer’s withdrawal slip under ultraviolet light.

Ultraviolet light certainly has many practical applications, but it may also be harmful to human
beings on some occasions. To everyone’s knowledge, the direct impact of the light on the eyes for an
excessive length of time may blind a person.

Even though it can cure certain skin disease, it is also very harmful to the skin. A study just
completed in the United States says that the sun have been ranked as the third most dangerous cancer-
causing agent after alcohol and tobacco.

It is high time to warn sun-worshippers in the quest for a bronzed look to be careful of excessive
and uncontrolled exposure to the sun.

1. We may conclude that the main information of the text is about _____
a. the advantages and disadvantages of ultraviolet light
b. the use of ultraviolet light in business
c. the applications of ultraviolet light in people’s lives
d. the effect of ultraviolet rays on human beings
e. the danger of ultraviolet light to people’s death

2. Which of the following statements about ultraviolet light is true according to the text _____
a. ultraviolet is used by banks for computers
b. the position of ultraviolet rays is above the spectrum
c. skin disease can only be caused by ultraviolet
d. ultraviolet light, which is part of the spectrum, can not be seen
e. Ultraviolet light is one of the existing vitamins

3. Our benefit from ultraviolet rays as they can _____

a. sign customers’ passbook
b. detect false signature
c. cure a particular kind of cancer
d. check customers’ deposits
e. be a component in medicine

48
 4. Ultraviolet light may endanger people who _______
a. take vitamins regularly
b. stay indoors
c. have skin disease
d. consume alcohol and tobacco
e. like sun-bathing

5. We may conclude that the writer’s main purpose in writing the text above is to _____
a. encourage people to get the best advantage of ultraviolet rays
b. explain that sunrays consist of violet and ultraviolet
c. introduce the effective use of ultraviolet light in banks
d. warn people against the alarming dangers caused by sunrays
e. ask people to avoid the use of ultraviolet light as much as possible

Reading Comprehension B.

Nobody likes paying taxes. Even those who know that taxation is necessary and just are
reluctant to pay taxes. It is not pleasant to see part of your monthly income taken away from you in
income tax. Ignorant people think this is an in justice and make a grievance of it; so it is just as well that
we should know why are taxed, so that we can see the fairness of the system.

Every country must have a government of some sort, or life would be impossible. The primary
duties of a government are to protect the life and property of the citizens, to maintain law and order
and settle dispute between citizens in a just and orderly way through the law courts, to defend the
countries from foreign foes, and to maintain the roads and highways. Besides many governments
maintain and direct education, provide hospitals for the sick, and attend the sanitation. All these great
public duties need money, an army and navy have to be kept up, the police force and the judges have to
be paid, schools have to be provided and teachers supported, expert health-officers and sanitary
engineers have to be employed. Now where is all the money needed for the public service to come
from? The question is answered by another. For those benefits are all these service maintained? The
answer is, for the benefits of the public. It is the people as a whole, rich, and poor, that benefit by
security of life and property, by the sound administration of justice, by the maintenance of roads, by the
public hospital, public school, and good sanitation. Therefore it is only right that the public, the
individual citizens of the country should contribute the money needed; for the money they give comes
back to them in the shape of these public benefits which all enjoy.

So long, therefore, as we have a good and efficient government, so long as our money is being
used in the right way, and so long as the burden of taxation is distributed fairly, as different classes can
bear it, we have no right to grumble as having to pay our share of the taxes.

1. Which of these title is the most suitable for the text above_____
a. Objection to taxes
b. Why citizens are taxed
c. The burden of taxation
d. Taxation is a necessary
e. Income taxes

49
 2. The topic of paragraph 2 is _____
a. the reason of taxation
b. the right of citizens
c. the expenses of public duties
d. the duties of a government
e. the types of public services

3. Why do the people have to pay income tax___

a. they have to pay taxes for the things they need
b. they have to pay whether they are rich or poor
c. the tax is needed to carry out the government’s public duties
d. they have to pay tax for the things they buy or sell
e. they have to pay tax for the government benefit

4. According to the text the following statements are true, except ______
a. everyone know that taxation is necessary
b. the public must bear their shares of public expense
c. it is the government’s duty to provide hospitals for the sick
d. the same amount of income tax is imposed on the rich and the poor
e. the taxpayers enjoy public services provided by the government

Scientist and doctors say that about 34 million Americans are too fat. Why is this? One cause is
the kind of food Americans eat. Many Americans like ‘fast food’. These foods (such as hamburgers and
ice cream) often have fatening things in them. Another cause is the way Americans eat. They often eat
little snacks between regular meals. These extra food add extra fat on the body. A third cause is not
enough exercise. Americans like driving everywhere, instead of walking. They often have machines to do
a lot of the work. Some Americans are also too heavy because of the health problems. But for most of
those 34 million Americans, the problem is the American lifestyle.

1. The text tells us about ____

a. what Americans eat
b. Americans fast food
c. health problems in America
d. the Americans lifestyle
e. why many Americans are too fat

2. From the text we may conclude that____

a. high-tech machine are an advantage to the health of Americans
b. snacks are included in the regular meals of Americans
c. sixty-six million Americans do not consume fast food
d. many Americans re fat because of the way they live
e. eating little snacks is the cause of major health problems

50
A Secretary's Desk
Secretaries usually have an older computer and a telephone on their desk. The usually
have an older computer because the managers are often the first to receive the latest
technological equipment. Secretaries' desks are often tidy as they are usually tidier than the
bosses. You will also find an agenda of some sort because secretaries need to make
appointments for their bosses. Secretaries' desks often have pictures of their children and
families that they look at from time to time during the day. In the past, secretaries were usually
women. Today, however, more and more men are becoming secretaries as more and more
women become managers and the workplace becomes more equal.

True Or False

Decide if the statements are 'true' or 'false' based on the reading. Click on the arrow to check
your answer.

1. Secretaries are usually tidier than their bosses.

ANSWER:

2. Secretaries often have pictures of their families on their desks.

ANSWER:

3. Secretaries usually have a new computer.

ANSWER:

4. Secretaries make appointments for their bosses.

ANSWER:

5. Secretaries are always women.

ANSWER:

51
 The Economics and Business Expressions

1. I thought this time things were going to be better. Losing the contract was ........ to
swallow.
a. bottom line
b. blue collar
c. a bitter pill
d. back to the drawing board.
e. blow-by-blow

Answ er

2. We've lost the contract thanks to your incompetence. You really ........ , didn't you?
a. back to the drawing board.
b. bottlenecks
c. bottom line
d. blue collar
e. blew it

Answ er

3. I'd be better off stopping my legal job and doing jobs for cash. The ........ is the only way
to make money these days.
a. blow-by-blow
b. back to the drawing board.
c. bottlenecks
d. black economy
e. bottom line

Answ er

4. The product didn't work in the States. As they say there, it really ........ .
a. back to the drawing board.
b. bottlenecks
c. bombed
d. blow-by-blow
e. bottom line

Answ er

5. However, the same product sold really well in England. As they say there, it ........ .
a. back to the drawing board.
b. bottlenecks
c. bottom line
d. blue collar
e. went like a bomb

52
 Answ er

6. He used to work on the factory floor. Yes, he really started out as a ........ worker.
a. blue collar
b. back to the drawing board.
c. bottlenecks
d. bottom line
e. blow-by-blow

Answ er

7. There are many reasons why this should be a success. However, the ........ is that it has
been a big flop.
a. bottom line
b. back to the drawing board.
c. bottlenecks
d. blow-by-blow
e. a bitter pill

Answ er

8. Production has been unable to keep pace with demand. We are doing our best to
eliminate the ........ .
a. blow-by-blow
b. back to the drawing board.
c. blew it
d. a bitter pill
e. bottlenecks

Answ er

9. We'll have to start again on this one -it's time to go ........ .

a. blow-by-blow
b. blew it
c. black economy
d. bombed
e. back to the drawing board.

Answ er

10. Don't leave out any details. I want a full ........ account of what happened in the meeting.
a. blow-by-blow
b. blew it
c. black economy
d. bombed
e. went like a bomb

53
54