Auksin adalah zat hormon tumbuhan yang di temukan pada ujung batang, akar, dan

pembentukan bunga yang berfungsi untuk sebagai pengatur pembesaran sel dan memicu
pemanjangan sel di daerah belakang meristem ujung. Auksin berperan penting dalam
pertumbuhan tumbuhan. Peran auksin pertama kali ditemukan oleh ilmuan Belanda bernama
Fritz Went (1903-1990).
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auksin

Auxins are a class of plant hormones (or plant growth substances) with some morphogen-like
characteristics. Auxins have a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral
processes in the plant's life cycle and are essential for plant body development. Auxins and their
role in plant growth were first described by the Dutch scientist Frits Went. Kenneth V. Thimann
isolated this phytohormone and determined its chemical structure as indole-3-acetic acid. Went
and Thiman then co-authored a book on plant hormones, Phytohormones, in 1937.

Native auxins

indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most abundant and the basic auxin natively occurring and
functioning in plants. It generates the majority of auxin effects in intact plants, and is the most
potent native auxin.

There are three more native - endogenous auxins[2]

All auxins are compounds with aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid group [3]:

4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-CI-IAA)

2-phenylacetic acid (PAA)

Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)

Overview
Auxins derive their name from the Greek word αυξειν ("auxein" -- "to grow/increase"). They
were the first of the major plant hormones to be discovered.
The (dynamic and to environment responsive) pattern of auxin distribution within the plant is a
key factor for plant growth, its reaction to environment and specifically for development of plant
organs[4][5] (such as leaves or flowers). It is achieved through very complex and well coordinated
active transport of auxin molecules from cell to cell throughout the plant body - by the so called
polar auxin transport.[4] Thus a plant can (as a whole) react to external conditions and adjust to
them, without requiring a nervous system. Auxins typically act in concert with, or in opposition
to other plant hormones. For example, the ratio of auxin to cytokinin in certain plant tissues
determines initiation of root versus shoot buds.
On the molecular level, all auxins are compounds with aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid
group.[3] The most important member of the auxin family is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)[2]. It
generates the majority of auxin effects in intact plants, and is the most potent native auxin. And
as native auxin its stability is controlled in many ways in plant, from synthesis, through possible
conjugation to degradation of its molecules, always according to the requirements of the
situation. However, molecules of IAA are chemically labile in aqueous solution, so IAA is not
used commercially as a plant growth regulator.
 There are four naturally occurring - endogenous auxins. Apart from IAA, only 4-
chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), phenylacetic acid (PAA) and indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA) may qualify as such, because only those 4 were found to be synthesized by plants.
[2]
.
However, most of the knowledge described so far in auxin biology and also the auxin biology
described in this article bellow, apply basically to the IAA, the other three endogenous auxins
seems to have rather marginal importance for intact plants in naturall environment.
Alongside endogenous auxins, scientist and manufacturers developed many syntetic compounds
with auxinic activity.
 Synthetic auxin analogs include 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),[2] and many others. See also chapter Synthetic
auxins.
Some synthetic auxins such as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) are used
also as herbicides. Broad-leaf plants (dicots) such as dandelions are much more susceptible to
auxins than narrow-leaf plants (monocots) like grass and cereal crops. So these synthetic auxins
are valuable as synthetic herbicides. See also chapter Auxinic herbicides.
Auxins are also often used to promote initiation of adventitious roots and are the active
ingredient of the commercial preparations used in horticulture to root stem cuttings. They can
also be used to promote uniform flowering, to promote fruit set, and to prevent premature fruit
drop.
Hormonal activity
Auxins coordinate development at all levels in plants, from the cellular level through organs and
ultimately to the whole plant.

The plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, proteins, and, in many cases, lignin. It is very firm
and prevents any sudden expansion of cell volume (and, without the contribution of auxins, any
expansion at all).

Molecular mechanisms
Auxin molecules present in cell may trigger response directly through stimulation or inhibition
of the expression of set of certain genes.[6] or by means independent on gene expression.
One of the pathways leading to the changes of gene expression involves the reception of auxin
by TIR1 protein. In 2005, it was demonstrated that the F-box protein TIR1, which is part of the
ubiquitin ligase complex SCFTIR1, is an auxin receptor. Upon binding of auxin, TIR1 recruits
specific transcriptional repressors (the Aux/IAA repressors) for ubiquitination by the SCF
complex.
This marking process leads to the degradation of the Aux/IAAs repressors by the proteasome.
The degradation of the repressors leads in turn to potentiation of Auxin Respose Factors ARF-
mediated transcription of specific genes in response to auxins (reviewed in[7]).
Another protein called ABP1 (Auxin Binding Protein 1) is a putative receptor for different
signaling pathway, but its role is yet unclear. Electrophysiological experiments with protoplasts
and anti-ABP1 antibodies suggest that ABP1 may have a function at the plasma membrane and
cell can possibly utilize ABP1 proteins to respond to auxin through means faster and independent
on gene expression.

On a cellular level
On the cellular level, auxin is essential for cell growth, affecting both cell division and cellular
expansion. Auxin concentration level together with other local factors, contributes to cell
differentiation and specification of the cell fate.
Depending on the specific tissue, auxin may promote axial elongation (as in shoots), lateral
expansion (as in root swelling), or isodiametric expansion (as in fruit growth). In some cases
(coleoptile growth) auxin-promoted cellular expansion occurs in the absence of cell division. In
other cases, auxin-promoted cell division and cell expansion may be closely sequenced within
the same tissue (root initiation, fruit growth). In a living plant it appears that auxins and other
plant hormones nearly always interact to determine patterns of plant development.

Organ patterns
Growth and division of plant cells together result in growth of tissue, and specific tissue growth
contributes to the development of plant organs.
Growth of cells contributes to the plant's size, unevenly localized growth produces bending,
turning and directionalization of organs- for example, stems turning toward light sources
(phototropism), roots growing in response to gravity (gravitropism), and other tropisms
originated from the fact that cells on one side grow faster than the cells on the other side of the
organ. Because of that, precise control of auxin distribution between different cells has
paramount importance for resulting form of plant growth and organization.

Uneven distribution of auxin

To cause growth in the required domains, it is necessary that auxins be active preferentially in
them. Auxins are not synthesized everywhere (even if each cell retains the potential ability to do
so, only under specific conditions will auxin synthesis be activated in them). For that purpose
auxins have to be translocated toward those sites where they are needed. Translocation is driven
throughout the plant body, primarily from peaks of shoots to peaks of roots (From up - down).
For long distances, relocation occurs via the stream of fluid in phloem vessels, but, for short-
distance transport, a unique system of coordinated polar transport directly from cell to cell is
exploited. This short distance - active transport exhibits some morphogenetic properties.
This process, the polar auxin transport is directional and very strictly regulated. It is based in
uneven distribution of auxin efflux carriers on the plasma membrane, which send auxins in the
proper direction. Pin-formed (PIN) proteins are vital in transporting auxin.[8][5]
The regulation of PIN protein localisation in a cell determines direction of auxin transport from
cell, and concentrated effort of many cells create peaks of auxin, or auxin maxima (regions
having cells with higher auxin).[5] Proper and timely auxin maximas within developing roots and
shoots are necessary to organise the development of the organ [9][10][4] Surrounding auxin maxima
are cells with low auxin troughs, or auxin minima. For example, in the Arabidopsis fruit, auxin
minima have been shown to be important for it's tissue development.[11]
Organization of the plant
As auxins contribute to organ shaping [4][5], they are also fundamentally required for proper
development of the plant itself[4]. Without hormonal regulation and organization, plants would be
merely proliferating heaps of similar cells. Auxin employment begins in the embryo of the plant,
where directional distribution of auxin ushers in subsequent growth and development of primary
growth poles, then forms buds of future organs. Next it helps to coordinate proper development
of the arising organs, such as roots, cotyledons and leaves and mediates long distance signals
between them, contributing so to the overal architecture of the plant [4]. Throughout the plant's
life, auxin helps the plant maintain the polarity of growth [4] and actually "recognize" where it has
its branches (or any organ) connected.
An important principle of plant organization based upon auxin distribution is apical dominance,
which means that the auxin produced by the apical bud (or growing tip) diffuses (and is
transported) downwards and inhibits the development of ulterior lateral bud growth, which
would otherwise compete with the apical tip for light and nutrients. Removing the apical tip and
its suppressively acting auxin allows the lower dormant lateral buds to develop, and the buds
between the leaf stalk and stem produce new shoots which compete to become the lead growth.
The process is actually quite complex, because auxin transported downwards from the lead shoot
tip has to interact with several other plant hormones (such as strigolactones, cytokinins) in the
process on various positions along the growth axis in plant body to achieve this phenomenon.
This plant behavior is utilized in pruning by horticulturists.
Finally, the sum of auxin ariving from stems to roots influences the degree of root growth. If
shoot tips are removed, plant doesn't react just by outgrowth of lateral buds - which are supposed
to replace to original lead. It also follows that smaller amount of auxin ariving to the roots results
in slower growth of roots and the nutrients are subsequently in higher degree invested in the
upper part of the plant, which hence starts grow faster.

Effects

A healthy Arabidopsis thaliana plant (left) next to an auxin signal-transduction mutant

Crown galls are caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria; they produce and excrete auxin
and cytokinin, which interfere with normal cell division and cause tumors.
Auxin participates in phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism and other developmental changes.
The uneven distribution of auxin, due to environmental cues such as unidirectional light or
gravity force, results in uneven plant tissue growth. And generally auxin governs the form and
shape of plant body, direction and strength of growth of all organs and their mutual interaction.[5]
Auxin stimulates cell elongation by stimulating wall loosening factors, such as elastins, to loosen
cell walls. The effect is stronger if gibberellins are also present. Auxin also stimulates cell
division if cytokinins are present. When auxin and cytokinin are applied to callus, rooting can be
generated if the auxin concentration is higher than cytokinin concentration. Xylem tissues can be
generated when the auxin concentration is equal to the cytokinins.
Auxin also induces sugar and mineral accumulation at the site of application.

Wounding response
Auxin induces the formation and organization of phloem and xylem. When the plant is wounded,
the auxin may induce the Cell differentiation and regeneration of the vascular tissues.

Root growth and development

Auxins promote root initiation.[12]. Auxin induces both growth of preexisting roots and
adventitious root formation ie. branching of the roots. The more of native auxin is transported
down the stem to the roots, the more is stimulated the overall development of the roots. If the
source of auxin is removed, for example the tips of stems are trimed, the roots are stimulated
accordingly less and growth of stem is supported instead. (See also apical dominance, were the
process is more complex).
In horticulture, auxins, especially NAA and IBA, are commonly applied to stimulate root
initiation when taking cuttings of plants. However, high concentrations of auxin inhibit root
elongation and instead enhance adventitious root formation. Removal of the root tip can lead to
inhibition of secondary root formation.

Apical dominance
Auxin induces shoot apical dominance; the axillary buds are inhibited by auxin. When the apex
of the plant is removed, the inhibitory effect is removed and the growth of lateral buds is
enhanced as a high concentration of auxin directly stimulates ethylene synthesis in lateral buds
causing inhibition of its growth and potentiation of apical dominance.

Fruit growth and development

Auxin is required for fruit growth and development and delays fruit senescence. When seeds are
removed from strawberries, fruit growth is stopped; exogenous auxin stimulates the growth in
seed removed fruits. For fruit with unfertilized seeds, exogenous auxin results in parthenocarpy
("virgin-fruit" growth).
Auxin is important for the correct development of fruit. Fruits form abnormal morphologies
when auxin transport is disturbed.[13] In Arabidopsis fruits auxin controls the release of seeds
from the fruit (pod). The valve margins are a specialised tissue in pods that regulates when pod
will open (dehiscence). Auxin must be removed from the valve margin cells to allow the valve
margins to form. This process requires modification of the auxin transporters (PIN proteins).[11]
Flowering
Auxin plays also a minor role in the initiation of flowering and development of reproductive
organs. In low concentrations it can delay the senescence of flowers.

Ethylene biosynthesis
In low concentrations, auxin can inhibit ethylene formation and transport of precursor in plants;
however, high concentrations of auxin can induce the synthesis of ethylene. Therefore, the high
concentration can induce femaleness of flowers in some species.[citation needed]
Auxin inhibits abscission prior to formation of abscission layer and thus inhibits senescence of
leaves.

Synthetic auxins
In the course of research on auxin biology, many compunds with noticable auxin activity were
synthtiszed. Many of them had been found to have economical potential for man-controled
growth and development of plants in agronomy. Synthetic auxins include the following
compounds:
 Gallery of synthetic auxins


2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); active herbicide and main auxin in laboratory
use


α-Naphthalene acetic acid (α-NAA); often part of commercial rooting powders


2-Methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba); active herbicide


4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (tordon or picloram); active herbicide
 
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
Auxins are toxic to plants in large concentrations; they are most toxic to dicots and less so to
monocots. Because of this property, synthetic auxin herbicides including 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T have
been developed and used for weed control.
However, synthetic auxins, especially 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), are also commonly applied to stimulate root growth when taking cuttings of plants or yet
for different agricultural application as is the prevention of fruit drop in fruit orchards.

Auxinic herbicides
Used in high doses, auxin stimulates the production of ethylene. Excess ethylene (also native
plant hormone) can inhibit elongation growth, cause leaves to fall (leaf abscission), and even kill
the plant. So some synthetic auxins such as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-
T) started to marketed also as herbicides. Broad-leaf plants (dicots) such as dandelions are much
more susceptible to auxins than narrow-leaf plants (monocots) like grass and cereal crops. So
these synthetic auxins are valuable as synthetic herbicides and as such, they were, for example
also the active agents in Agent Orange, a defoliant used extensively by American forces in the
Vietnam War. The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was actually first widely used herbicide in the
world and it actually is still the most widely used herbicide in the world since [14]. 2,4-D was first
commercialized by the Sherwin-Williams Paint company and saw use in the late 1940s. It is easy
and inexpensive to manufacture.

Herbicide manufacture
The defoliant Agent Orange was a mix of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The compound 2,4-D is still in use
and is thought to be safe, but 2,4,5-T was more or less banned by the EPA in 1979. The dioxin
TCDD is an unavoidable contaminant produced in the manufacture of 2,4,5-T. As a result of the
integral dioxin contamination, 2,4,5-T has been implicated in leukemia, miscarriages, birth
defects, liver damage, and other diseases. Agent Orange was sprayed in Vietnam as a defoliant to
deny ground cover to the Vietnamese army.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin