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EFFECTS OF JOB MISMATCH IN ENGINEERING GRADUATE IN THEIR

PROFESSIONAL GROWTH

A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of the Senior High School
Bataan National High School
City of Balanga, Bataan

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirement for
Practical Research I

By:
Christian Michael Garcia
Alyssa Marie Alvarado
Romeo Isaac Mendiola
John Patrick Capalaran
Angeline Mallari
Rodelyn Velasco
Eugene Caidoy
Andrei Olais

Submitted to:
Miss. Catherine C. Orizar

MARCH 12, 2019


CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
Job mismatch mean a loss of resources and human capital and could have negative

effects on overall productivity and it is defined as the gap between an individual job skills. It

can also refers to encompassing term which refers to various types of imbalance between

skills that offered and skills needed in the work. The level of education or qualification is less

more than required and the type/field of education or skills is inappropriate for the job. The

term “mismatch” denotes a situation in which the knowledge and skills needed to perform

adequately in the present occupation are either higher, or lower, or just different from those

possessed by the worker.

Although there are some advantages of job mismatch include expertise, efficient

performance and higher pay. However, there have a disadvantages include job boredom and

the inability to do other work. Also, some student need to decide to choose other work and

they can’t focus on a specific career.

According to Magdalena Velciu, (2017) job mismatch is not only full employment but

the match between the employee and the job. Present article synthesizes the theoretical and

empirical findings on effects of job mismatch by selecting the main findings about influence

of mismatches on work productivity including both employees and companies’ sides, on

short term over education and over qualification could have a positive effect on productivity

for one company. It would be affected the decreasing job satisfaction and lower wages. The

opposite effects stay at the crossing between the employees, companies, policies and future

development. In fact the effects of job mismatch and productivity is a lost of work potential

through inefficient resource relocation.


The purpose of this research is to know the effects of job mismatch in engineering

graduate and their professional growth.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM


The general problem of the study is to know the effect of job mismatch to engineering

graduate in their professional growth.

Specially, it seek answers to the following questions.

1. What is the profile of corresponding to their:

1.1 Age?

1.2 Gender?

1.3 Civil Status?

1.4 Occupation?

2. What is the factors of job mismatch?

2.1 Peer Pressure

2.2 Inappropriate Skills

2.3 Lack of experience

3. What do you think job mismatch happen to engineering graduate?

4. How does job mismatch affect the future career of engineering graduate?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research will be real benefit for the following people or group of people.

STUDENT: They will be able to know if their skills appropriate in the engineering field.

PARENT: They will able to help their children in choosing the right career to avoid job

mismatch.

FUTURE RESEARCHER: They will know and they would have the idea of how job

mismatch can affect their future job.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY


This research is composed of all Engineering graduate students in Balanga Bataan.

We will randomly select 10 engineering graduate. This research didn’t overlook the graduate

student’s privacy. The researcher focus only on job mismatch of the engineering graduate and

how it effects their lives.

NOTES IN CHAPTER 1
Magdalena Velciu, (December 15, 2017), Effects On Work Productivity,
https://ideas.repec.org/a/cmj/seapas/y2017i15p395-398.html
CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter deals with the related literature, related studies, conceptual framework,

and hypothesis of the study. The researcher sought the following to provide them the

background knowledge and insight.

RELATED LITERATURE

The following literature is relevant to the related studies we've made to address the

following problems.

Age

According to Zhu (2014) evidences that age has little effect on average incomes of

the Chinese graduates, but it affects negatively wages for two subgroups of interest, i.e. for

the 25th and 75th percentiles of the estimated distribution for mismatched persons.

Gender

According to Zhu (2014) finds that male graduates have a lower proportion of

mismatch than women, and the econometric results show that the variable gender, which

identifies males, is statistically significant and positively associated with the average income,

as well as for all percentiles of the estimated distribution for mismatched individuals. The

nonparametric model indicates that on average, mismatched males earn 5.25% more than

mismatched fem.
According to UN (1976), the United Nations’ International Covenant on Economic,

social and Cultural Rights also reinforced this commitment to equal access to higher

education for both women and men.

According to Dolton and Vignoles (2000) found that 62 percent of the male graduates,

who were over-educated in their first job, reimained in a sub-graduate position six years after

graduation.

Civil Status

Art. 59 of the Romanian Civil Code (2009), under the marginal name

"identification attributes", stipulates that "every person has the right to name, to a home, to a

residence and to a civil status, acquired under the law".

If art. 59 C. civ. only evokes civil status, art. 98 C. civ. establishes its significance.

This article, under the marginal name "civil status", provides that "civil status is the right of

the person to be individualized in the family and society through strictly personal qualities

arising from acts and facts of civil status."

Occupation

According to Farooq (2011) used subjective approach to measure mismatch

occupation using the question: ‘how much of your current job is relevant to your areas of

education?’ The four possible options were; irrelevant field of study, slightly relevant,

moderately relevant and completely relevant field of study.


According to Montt (2015), mismatch workers do not voluntarily choose to be

mismatched, but are driven to it because they cannot find work in their field or because their

skills are 12 better rewarded in other occupational groups.

Based on World Bank (2012) definition of a job, a job in this study refers to the

regular activity that a person does in order to earn a living be it formal or informal. The term

job in this study is used interchangeably in some cases with other related terms such as

occupation.

RELATED STUDIES

The following studies has relevance to the ability of the problem be addressed.

Research on education-job mismatch has been carried out from diverse points of

views. The term education-job mismatch has been used interchangeably in the literature with

other terms such as over-education, underutilization of skills, under-education, skill

mismatch, overqualification, and underemployment.

According to Farooq (2011), education-job mismatch compares the acquired

education by a worker with that required by his/her current job.

According to Mahuteau et al. (2014) define education-job mismatch as a situation

where the qualification of an employee does not match the qualification of the job he/she

does.

According to Graham and Graham (2013) define it as a situation where a worker

is in a job that does not correspond with his/her level of education, experience, skills or

interests and suggested that such a mismatch results from the interaction between a

combination of people’s needs, values and expectations on the one hand, and characteristics

and rewards associated with their jobs on the other hand.


From Beti et al. (2007) point of view, education-job mismatch refers to a lack of

coherence between the required and the offered level of education for a job. Education-job

mismatch has been considerably focused on in the literature especially in the developed

countries and the main focus has been on measuring over-education and the negative labour

market outcomes of such a mismatch.

According to Genc & Copoglu (2014) the engineering graduates believed that

community extension, linkages and research have the highest relevance to their job placement

followed by student services, faculty and instruction while the organization and

administration obtained the least mean score. The mastery of the subject matter of the

teachers helped them achieved their full potential to let them experience the transfer of

knowledge. Faculty teaching should have competency in applied business and/or engineering

research and exclusive focus on teaching or pure academic research would prove inadequate

to educate the students.

According to Darkwa and Adu-Gyamfi (2013) the disconnect between skills taught

in higher education institutions and skills needed by employer explain why graduates remain

unemployable or find it difficult to access decent jobs in the labour market.


CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The first frame presents the independent variable which is the personal factors

includes the age, gender, civil status and occupation.

The second frame presents the dependent variables which is the effect of job

mismatch in engineering graduate and their professional growth.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Effects of Job Mismatch


1. Personal Factors 1. Age
1.1 Gender
Question 1: Engineering
1.2 Civil Status
Graduate
1.3 Occupation
Question 3: Question 2: Job Mismatch
Future Career

Conclusion:

Education prevent graduates to be under- educated but increase the likelihood of

over-education/over qualification. The probability of over-education/ over qualification is

less among those graduates who completed their education as a full-time student or from

semester system.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

There is a significant relationship between job mismatch and professional growth in

engineering graduate.
NOTES IN CHAPTER 2

http://www.sciepub.com/reference/67285

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226427045_Educational_Mismatch_of_Graduates_

A_Multidimensional_and_Fuzzy_Indicator?fbclid=IwAR3oISO38Fpn6tNBg2IY_2Fxr1QW

ms0PWUZHZPVryXNA3ltMcrev8z_l0Zw

http://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/COE-Relevance-of-School-

Related-Factors.pdf

file:///C:/Users/Guest/Downloads/Ntemngweh-Prisca-Master-thesis%20(2).pdf

https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=8LmGXJrQLNGamgePtpXoBQ&q=related

%20literature%20about%20age%20of%20studeng%20in%20job%20mismatch&oq=related

%20literature%20about%20age&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-

hp.1.0.41j0l5.12836.29790..31150...9.0..1.1236.11543.0j20j9j1j0j2j1j3......0....1.......5..46i131

i275j0i131j46i131j46j0i10j0i13.ety0nZCJet4&fbclid=IwAR2_R5YCKBKru55pjCI8Xs4Bkt8

D1t5N10If_ztb7MRXUcVS-M0obJAdRkM

http://doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro/wp-content/uploads/REZUMAT-ENG-Csakany.pdf
CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes discussion on research method, the respondents of the study and

the sampling techniques. It also presents the research instruments, validation of instruments

and mechanics of data gathering.

RESEARCH METHOD

The descriptive is used in gathering the needed information for this study. This

method enables the researchers to interpret the theoretical meaning of the findings and

hypothesis development of further study.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

We will randomly select at least 10 students or respondents from Engineering

graduate.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The research applied the convenience sampling, is a non-probability sampling

technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity

to the researcher.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

We will use survey questionnaire as our research instrument, to make it easily to

answer and appropriate from the students.

VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENTS

*Ma’am Angeline Delas Alas

-She said that we need more specific

-She correct some of our grammar

*Ma’am Les Ley Ann Liquiran

-She said that we need more question

DATA GATHERING

The researcher asked permission to conduct a study from Balanga Bataan.

Questionnaire were provided by the researchers and were distributed upon of time of

availability of the participants. The data were collected after the participants finishing

answering items.
Good day Ma’am/Sir:

We are the Grade 11 students in Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

09, that are conducting our research about “Effects of Job Mismatch in Engineering

Graduate and their Professional Growth”. But first, we need to identify some valuable

information. In this survey may we ask you some information that will as formulating

solution that will positively help those student.

Name (optional): ____________________

Age: _____

Sex: _____

Civil Status: _______________

Occupation: _______________

Question 01

What are the common causes why some of the engineering graduate choose to work their job

unrelated to their course?

Financial Problem

Pressure given by the family


Lack of Experience

Others: __________________

Question 02

Why do you think job mismatch happen to engineering graduates?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Question 03

How does job mismatch affect the future career of engineering graduates?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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