PHYSICS

A
PROJECT
ON

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR WITH ALARM

By

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES, RAJKOT- 360005.
[2012-2013]

CERTIFICATE

1
 This is to certify that the project entitled “water lavel with indicator alarm ” has been
carried out by the team under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the Diploma of
Engineering in Electronics & Communication in GTU during the academic year 2012-2013
(Semester-5).

Team:

1. Shakiya vimal J.
2. Modha harshad L.
3. Kadivar savan v.

Date:

Place: Royal engineer-Rajkot

Guide Head, EC Department

(Mr. N. V. Bhadresha) (Mr. D. M. Jethaloja)

Principal External guide

(Mr. G. C. Joshi) (Mr. Sanjiv Vsdodaria)

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I greatly thank my faculty guide of the college Mr.N.V.bhadresha I am

also thankful to my external guide and chair person of the industry I visited Mr.
sanjiv vadodaria. Mr. sanjiv vadodaria is a very genuine person and gave me
training giving time from his busy schedule. Lastly I heartily thank all my
friends and parents who guided and Motivated me to complete my project
successfully.

Shakiya vimal
Modha harshad
Kadivar savan

3
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………..03
LIST OF FIGURE………………………………………………….04

1. INTRODUTION ………………………………………………05

1.1 INDUSRY VISITED……………………………………………06

1.2 ANALISIS………………………………………………………07

2. PROBLEM DEFINATION……………………………………..08

2.1 SCOPE…………………………………………………………..10

3. CIRCIUT DECRIPTION……………………………………… 11

3.1 PRINCIPAL……………………………………………………...11
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM…………………………………………...12
3.3 WORKING………………………………………………………13

4. COMPONENT OF WATER LEVEL CIRCUIT……………….15

4.1 IC UM66………………………………………………………… 15
4.1.1 DECRIPTION…………………………………………... 16
4.1.2 FEATURES……………………………………………...16

4.2 TRANSISTOR……………………………………………………17
4.2.1 FEATURES……………………………………………...18
4.2.2 APPLICATION…………………………………………..18

4.3 RESISTOR………………………………………………….…….19

4
4.4 CAPACITOR……………………………………………………..22

4.5 DIODE…………………………………………………………….25

4.6 LED……………………………………………………………….27
4.6.1 PRACTICAL USE…………………………………………….28

4.7 LOUDSPEAKER…………………………………………………..29

5. PROJECT DESIGN……………………………..………...……….30

5.1 SOFTWARE DESIGN……………………………….…………….30

5.1.1 DIPTRACE…………………………………………………….30

5.2 HARDWARE…………………………………………………….…31

6.ADVANTAGE AND LIMITATION……………………………......32

6.1 ADVANTAGE……………………………………………………..32

6.2 LIMITATION………………………………………………………32

6. DAILY SCHEDULE………………………………………………..33

7.1 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….34

7.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………….35

5
 ABSTRACT

Here is a simple circuit which indicates the level of water in a tank. This
circuit produce alarm when water level is below the lowest level L1 (metal
strips) and also when water just touches the highest level L12 (metal strips).

The circuit is designed to display 12 different level. However, These

display levels can be increased or decreased depending upon the level resolution
level required strips.

Initially, when water level is below strip L1, the mains supply frequency
oscillations are not transferred to diode D1 thus its output is low and LED1 does
not glow.

When water just touches level detector strip L1, the supply frequency
oscillations are transferred to D1. It rectifies the supply voltage and a positive
DC voltage develops across capacitor C1,which lights up LED1.

Depending upon quantity of water present in the tank, corresponding

level indicating LEDS glow. It thus displays intermediate water level in the tank
in bar graph style.

6
 When water in the tank just touches the highest is level detector strip L12,
the DC voltage is developed across capacitor C2. This enable melody
generating IC1(UM66) and alarm is again sounded.

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

2.1 TANK 08
3.1 WATER LEVEL INDICATOR WITH ALARM 12
4.1 IC UM66 PIN DAIGRAM 15
4.2 TRANSISTER 18
4.3 RESISTOR 21
4.4 CAPACITOR 22
4.5 PARALLEL PLATE OF CAPACITOR 24
4.6 DIODE 26
4.7 LED 28
4.8 LOUDSPEAKER 29

7
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

The project we have done is water level indicator with alarm. This is an
industrial defined project i.e. IDP. And the title is so given from the problem
define “ level of the water in the tank”. we got the above mentioned problem
definition from our industrial visit to royal engineering industry.

8
1.1 Industry visited

For the industrial defined project I visited Royal Engineering

(Metoda). The industry is located in Metoda. The best part of this industry is the
beautiful environment and friendly atmosphere. The people working in this
industry are very genuine and down to earth. They co-operated on my visit to
this industry. And helped in every possible manner.

1.1 ROYAL ENGINEERS

Royal engineers was founded in 1955 by Mr. sanjiv vsdodaria. The company
adopted advanced automativ spares.

9
1.2 Analysis

After visiting ROYAL industry and interacting with the industry

persons I discovered following problems:

o The water was flow out from the tank.

o One person is necessary for monitoring water level.
o High amount of water was wastage.

Out of these problems the major problem according to my point of

view is that to maintain the level of water in tank. Due to this all work of the
factory is affected.
After detailed analysis of the problem on water level indication in
tank and reference books we decide to make our efforts to solve this problem if
possible.

10
 CHAPTER - 2

PROBLEM DEFINITION

2. Problem definition

Water is over flow from the tank because of no water level control system.

Fig (2.1) :- Tank

11
 All ground level tanks are to be constructed in a fire proof
material such as pre-cast or cast insitu concrete, bolted steel or welded steel.
All tanks are to be constructed so that they are resistant to fire.

All are to include a manhole entry at the top and are to be fitted with a
suitable access ladder and landing to enable safe and secure access for cleaning
and maintenance purposes .

Tank access hatch and work platform design guideline for details.

12
2.1 Scope

This circuit not only indicates the amount of water present in the
overhead tank but also gives an alarm when the tank is full. This worthy device
starts ringingas soon as the water tank becomes full. It helps to check overflow
and wastage of water by warning the customer when the tank is about to brim.
The system provides visual water level indication with audio alarms at
desired levels. It also provides automatic control of pumps at a remote location.

• Now no need to go on the room to look the water level.

• It shows the water level in your room like 1/4 tank, 1/2 tank, 3/4 tank
And full tank.

• Alarm starts ringing as soon as tank becomes full.

• Suitable for every tank.

13
 CHAPER 3

CIRCUIT DECRIPTION

3.1 PRICIPAL:-

Here is a simple, versatile circuit which indicates the level

of water in a tank. This circuit produces alarm when water level
is below the lowest level L1 and also when water just touches
the highest level L12. The circuit is designed to display 12
different levels. However, these display levels can be increased
or decreased depending upon the level resolution required. This
can be done by increasing or decreasing the number of level
detector metal strips (L1 through L12) and their associated
components.

14
3.2 Circuit diagram

FIG(3.1):-Water lavel with indicator alarm

15
 3.3 Working:-

 In the circuit, diodes D1, D2 and D13 form half-wave rectifiers.

 The rectified output is filtered using capacitors C1 through C3

respectively.

 Initially, when water level is below strip L1, the mains supply
frequency oscillations are not transferred to diode D1.

 Thus its output is low and LED1 does not glow. Also, since base
voltage of transister T1 is low, it is in cut-off state and its
collector voltage is high, which enables melody generating IC1
(UM66) and alarm is sounded.

 When water just touches level detector strip L1, the supply
frequency oscillations are transferred to diode D1.

 It rectifies the supply voltage and a positive DC voltage

develops across capacitor C1, which lights up LED1.

 At the same time base voltage for transistor T1 becomes high,

which makes it forward biased and its collector voltage falls to
near-ground potential.

 This disables IC1 (UM66) and alarm is inhibited.

 Depending upon quantity of water present in the tank,

corresponding level indicating LEDs glow

 It thus displays intermediate water levels in the tank in bar-

graph style.

16
 When water in the tank just touches the highest level detector
strip L12, the DC voltage is developed across capacitor C2.

 This enables melody generating IC1 (UM66) and alarm is again

sounded.

17
 CHAPER 4

Components of water level circuit

4.1 IC UM66:-

Fig(4.1):-UM66 pin diagram

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4.1.1 DESCRIPTION:-

 The UTC UM66TXXL series are CMOS LSI designed for using in door
bell, telephone and toy application.

 It is an on-chip ROM programmed for musical performance.

 Produced by CMOS technology, the device results in very low power

consumption.

 Since the UTC UM66TXXL series include oscillation circuits a compact

melody module can be constructed with only a few additional
components.

4.1.2 FEATURES

 64-Note Rom memory

 1.5V~4,5V power supply and low power consumption
 Dynamic speaker can be driven with external NPN
transistor
 OSC resistor hold mode
 Power on reset melody begins from the first note
 Built in level hold mode

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4.2 Transister

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at
least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current
applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power canbe
much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found
embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic

devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in
the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved
the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other
things.

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a

small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger
signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor can
control its output in proportion to the input signal; that is, it can act as an
amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a
circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is
determined by other circuit elements.

20
 There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how
they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base,
collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing from
the base to the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the
collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are
labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current
between source and drain.

The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit.

Charge will flow between emitter and collector terminals depending on the
current in the base. Since internally the base and emitter connections behave
like a semiconductor diode, a voltage drop develops between base and emitter
while the base current exists. The amount of this voltage depends on the
material the transistor is made from, and is referred to as VBE.

FIG(4.2) Transistor

21
4.2.1 FEATURES


 Low current (max. 100 mA)

 Low voltage (max. 65 V).

4.2.2 APPLICATIONS

 General purpose switching and amplification.

22
4.3 Resistor

A linear resistor is a linear, passive two-terminal electrical component

that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a
resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals.
Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity
of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by
Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic

circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can
be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made
of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also
be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance:

common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine
orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design,
the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the
manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific
application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of
concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as
having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power
dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in
power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are
physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention
must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

23
 Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel
capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency
applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a
resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and
temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in
manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a
particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A
family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that
is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals) which is
relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

FIG(4.3) resistors

24
4.4 Capacitor

FIG (4.4) Capacitor

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal

electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common
construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices.

When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a

static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to
collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in
the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant
value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on
each conductor to the potential difference between them.

25
 The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between

large areas of conductor; hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates,"
referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between
the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field
strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads
introduce an undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in
electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current
to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the
resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other
purposes.

The simplest capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates

separated by a dielectric with permittivity ε (such as air). The model may also
be used to make qualitative predictions for other device geometries. The plates
are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density ±ρ =
±Q/A exists on their surface. Assuming that the width of the plates is much
greater than their separation d, the electric field near the centre of the device
will be uniform with the magnitude E = ρ/ε. The voltage is defined as the line
integral of the electric field between the plates. Solving this for C = Q/V reveals
that capacitance increases with area and decreases with separation

.
The capacitance is therefore greatest in devices made from materials with
a high permittivity, large plate area, and small distance between plates.

26
 We see that the maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume,
permittivity, and dielectric strength per distance. So increasing the plate area
while decreasing the separation between the plates while maintaining the same
volume has no change on the amount of energy the capacitor can store. Care
must be taken when increasing the plate separation so that the above assumption
of the distance between plates being much smaller than the area of the plates is
still valid for these equations to be accurate.

Fig(4.5) parallel plates of capacitor

27
4.5 Diode
In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component
with nonlinear resistance and conductance (i.e., a nonlinear current–voltage
characteristic), distinguishing it from components such as two-terminal linear
resistors which obey Ohm's law. A semiconductor diode, the most common type
today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two
electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode (now rarely used except in some
high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a
cathode.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to

pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking
current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be
thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional
behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to
direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers—
these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple
on–off action. Semiconductor diodes do not begin conducting electricity until a
certain threshold voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the
diode is said to be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a forward-biased
diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this
effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference.

Semiconductor diodes' nonlinear current–voltage characteristic can be

tailored by varying the semiconductor materials and introducing impurities into
(doping) the materials. These are exploited in special purpose diodes that
perform many different functions. For example, diodes are used to regulate
voltage (Zener diodes), to protect circuits from high voltage surges (avalanche
28
diodes), to electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), to
generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT
diodes), and to produce light (light emitting diodes). Tunnel diodes exhibit
negative resistance, which makes them useful in some types of circuits.

Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of

crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in
1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed
around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today most diodes
are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes
used.

Fig(4.6) Diode

29
4.6 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs
are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other
lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs
emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the
visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons

are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than
1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation
pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness,
smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are
relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than
compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements

for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (in particular brake lamps, turn
signals, and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new
text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching
rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs
are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including
televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

30
4.6.1 Practical use
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements
for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first
in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then
later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, and even
watches (see list of signal uses).

These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the
light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were
so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible.
Later, other colors grew widely available and also appeared in appliances and
equipment. As LED materials technology grew more advanced, light output
rose, while maintaining efficiency and reliability at acceptable levels. The
invention and development of the high-power white-light LED to use for
illumination, which is fast replacing incandescent and fluorescent lighting. (See
list of illumination applications). Most LEDs were made in the very common
5 mm T1¾ and 3 mm T1 packages, but with rising power output, it has grown
increasingly necessary to shed excess heat to maintain reliability, so more
complex packages have been adapted for efficient heat dissipation. Packages for
state-of-the-art high-power LEDs bear little resemblance to early LEDs.

Fig(4.7) LED

31
4.7 Loudspeaker Principle

An audio signal source such as a mircophone or recording produces an

electrical "image" of the sound. That is, it produces an electrical signal that has
the same frequency and harmonic content, and a size that reflects the
relative intensity of the sound as it changes. The job of the amplifire is to take
that electrical image and make it larger -- large enough in power to drive the
coils of a loudspeaker. Having a "high fidelity" amplifier means that you make
it larger without changing any of its properties. Any changes would be
perceived as distortions of the sound since the humer ear is amazingly sensitive
to such changes. Once the amplifier has made the electrical image large enough,
it applies it to the voice coils of the loudspeaker, making them vibrate with a
pattern that follows the variations of the original signal. The voice coil is
attached to and drives the cone of the loudspeaker, which in turn drives the air.
This action on the air produces sound that more-or-less reproduces the sound
ressure variations of the original signal.

FIG(4.8) Loudspeaker

32
 CHEPTER 5

Project design

5.1 Software design

I have made my complete project on a general purpose PCB. I prepared
the layout of both of these circuits using dip trace software. I learned dip trace
software in my college. Then I installed the software from the internet and
started working on it.
Given below is the detailed description on dip trace software.

5.1.1 Dip trace

Dip Trace is EDA software for creating schematic diagrams and printed
circuit boards. The first version of Dip Trace was released in August, 2004. The
latest version as of September 2011 is Dip Trace version 2.2. Interface has been
translated to many languages and new language can be added by user. There are
tutorials in English, Czech, Russian and Turkish. Starting from February 2011
Dip Trace is used as project publishing standard by Parallax.

Modules
 Schematic Design Editor
 PCB Layout Editor
 Component Editor
 Pattern Editor
 Shape-Based Auto router
 3D PCB Preview

33
Freeware and Non-Profit versions
A version of Dip Trace that is freely available with all the functionality of
the full package except it is limited to 300 pins and 2 signal layers.
Other sources
 Dip Trace at Seattle Robotics Society meeting
 Dip Trace at Nuts and Volts – October 2006
 DIP TRACE Libraries by and for PICAXE microcontroller users
 Review at C Net
Some hobby and educational groups such as the PICAXE forum members
have developed libraries specific to the PICAXE range of microcontroller as
produced by Revolution Education including many of the frequently used
associated integrated circuits. PICAXE related libraries can be found here:
External links
 Dip Trace official Website in English
 Novarm Ltd. Official Website in English

5.2 Hardware design

The hardware design of both the circuit of the project i.e. a dew
transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit include their block diagrams and list of
the components used in these circuits.

34
 CHEPTER 6

Advantage and Limitation

6.1 Advantage

 Reduce the wastage of water

 No possibility to overflow of water tank

 Cost of circuit is low

 It is easy to fabricate the circuit

 Power requirement is low

6.2 Limitation

 Circuit is bulky

 This project is used in only in water tank.

35
 CHEPTER 7

DAILY SCHEDULE

MONTH WORK DONE

July Made our visit to Royal engineer. Found the problem
water tank.
August Found the solution in the web sites and other
reference book.
September start making circuits.
October prepared layout, started mounting
November Successfully completed the model and started
preparing report
November Completed the report and prepared the presentation

7.1 Time Table Schedule Per Month

36
7.1 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

By this project we can check water level automatically from the

LED placed on the PCB. Whenever level of water increases into the
water tank then no. of glowing LED increases. Whenever water tank
will full buzzer will on. When water level decreases then no. of
glowing LED decreases. When watr tank is completely empty then
buzzer will also ring.

37
 7.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Circuit reference taken from www.circuitstoday.com and

www.electronicsforu.com.

 Reference from www.technologystudent.com.

 Reference from the book.

38
39