Design of Bridge

Page 1 of 33 Design of Bridge Super Structure 8/2/2018
Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Consultant: Self
Project:
1.0 Design Data

1.1 Materials and Properties
Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 415
Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible direct compressive stress(σco) 6.25 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress(σc) 8.33 MPa
Basic permissible tensile Stress(σt) 0.61 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress(τmax) 1.90 MPa
Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress(σst) 200.00 MPa
Permissible Direct Compressive stress(σco) 170.00 MPa
Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2000

Concrete (Cement-Reinforced) 2400.00 Kg/m³
Macadam (Binder Premix) 2200.00 Kg/m³
1.2 Dimension Parameters

Effective Span of Bridge 25.000 m
Total Span of Bridge 25.650 m
Numbers of Span 6 Nos.
Width of Expantion Joint 50.000 mm
Total Length of Bridge 154.200 m
Nos. of Longitudinal Girder 3.000 Nos.
Spacing of Longitudinal Girder (B3) 2.500 m
Rib Width of Main Girder (B4) 400.000 mm
Overall Depth of Main Girder (H5) 1700.000 mm
Depth of Kerb above Deck Slab (H3) 320.000 mm
Nos. of Cross Girder 6.000 Nos.
Spacing of Cross Girder 5.000 m
Rib Width of Cross Girder 250.000 mm
Overall Depth of Cross Girder 1300.000 mm
Deck Slab Thickness (H1) 220.000 mm
Deck Slab Thickness at Edge (H2) 150.000 mm
Thickness of Wearing Coat (H4) 80.000 mm
Fillet Size (horizontal) 100.000 mm
Fillet Size (vertical) 100.000 mm
Carriageway Width (B1) 6.000 m
Kerb Width (B2) 600.000 mm
Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:


Consultant: Self
Project:
Total Width of Bridge 7.200 mm

Total Depth of Kerb 470.000 mm


Consultant: Self
Project:
TYPICAL BRIDGE CROSS-SETION
B1
B2 Kerb
Wearing Course H4
H3 Deck Slab
H1
H2 Fillet
Cantilever Slab H5
Intermediate
T-Beam End T-Beam
Cross Beam
B4
B5 B3 B3 B5
2.0 Design of Slab

2.1 Design of Cantilever Slab
The cantilever slab is designed by effective width method.
Dead load bending moment and shear force per meter width of Cantilever Slab:
Thickness of slab 0.320 m at junction with Rib
0.150 m at End
Lever Arm Moment

Item Load (Kg)
(m) (Kg-m)
1. Railing/Parapet 178 (Assumed) 0.850 151.30
2. Kerb 0.6x0.32x2400 = 460.8 0.600 276.48
3. Wearing Coat 0.3x0.08x2200 = 52.8 0.150 7.92
4. Slab
4.1 Rectangular Portion 0.9x0.15x2400 = 324 0.450 145.80
4.2 Triangular Portion ⅟₂x0.9x0.17x2400 =183.6 0.300 55.08
Total 1199.20 636.58
Dead Load Shear force at the face of rib 1199.20 Kg

Dead Load Bending Moment at the face of rib 636.58 Kg-m


Consultant: Self
Project:
Live load bending moment and shear force per meter width of Cantilever Slab:
Due to specified minimum clearance, Class AA loading will not operate on the
cantilever slab. Class A loading is to be considered and the load will be as shown
in figure below.
500.00
150.00
H4 57 kN
H3
H1
H2
B4 B7
B6 B2
B5
Cantilever Slab with Class A wheel
Distance of C.G. of load from face of rib= 0m
Thickness of Slab at the edge of the Kerb= 0.26 m

Average thickness of cantilever slab= (0.32+0.27)/2
0.30 m
Dispersion Width along span= 0.5+2(0.08+0.3)

= 1.26 m
Out of which, the portion that will be on cantilever is,
Dispersion Width in Cantilever Portion= 0+1.26/2
= 0.63 m
Hence,
Load coming on Cantilever= 5700x0.63/1.26
2850.00 Kg
Effective width of slab, be= 1.2x+bw

where,
x is distance of CG of load from the edge= 0.63/2
0.32 m
bw= 0.25+2x0.08


Consultant: Self
Project:
0.41 m
hence, be= 0.79 m


Consultant: Self
Project:
Maximum Impact factor= 1.50 (for IRC Class A Loading)
Live load per m width including impact= 0

= 0.00 Kg
Maximum moment due to live load= 0x0.32

= 0.00 Kg-m
Pedestrian Live Load

Rate of Loading= 400.00 Kg/m²
Shear Force per m of slab= 400 x 0.6 Kg
240.00 Kg
Moment per m of Slab= 240 x 0.6 Kg-m
144.00 Kg-m
Dead Load Moment= 636.58 Kg-m

Live Load Moment including impact= 0.00 Kg-m
Moment due to Pedestrian Live Load= 144.00 Kg-m
Total Bending moment, M= 780.58 Kg-m
Design of Section:
Modular Ratio, m= 10
Neutral axis depth factor, n= (msc)/(msc+sst)
= 0.29
Lever arm factor, j= (1-n/3)
0.90
Moment of resistance coefficient, R= ½ x n x j x σc
= 1.10 Mpa
Therefore, required effective depth of slab, d= (M/Rb)⅟₂
= 84.07 mm
< 220-40-6 = 174 mm, OK
Thus, Provide slab depth= 220.00 mm
Area of steel required= M/(σst x j x d)

= 248.68 mm²
Thus Provide Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 753.98 mm²


Consultant: Self
Project:
Distribution Steel:
It is to be provided for 0.3 times live load moment plus 0.2 times dead load moment
Moment = 170.5 Kg-m

Effective depth = 174 - 6 - 4 mm
= 164 mm
Area of steel required = M/(σst x j x d)
57.6 mm²
Half reinforcement is to be provided at top and half at bottom.
Check for min. area of Steel:

Min. area of steel @ 0.12 % = 208.8 mm²
which is less than provided, OK
Design for Shear:

Dead load shear= 1199.20 Kg
Live load shear including impact= 0.00 Kg
Shear due to Pedestrian Live Load= 240.00
Total= 1439.20 Kg
Shear stress, τv= V-(M x tanβ)/d

bd
where, β is the angle between top and bottom edges of the beam
β= (0.32-0.15)/(0.63)
0.270
Hence, Shear stress, τv= 0.07 N/mm²
Percentage area of tension steel= 0.35 %
Permissible shear stress= K x τc

= 0.48 N/mm²
> 0.07 N/mm², OK
2.2 Design of Interior Panels

The slab panels are designed by Pigeaud's Method
Effective Width, Bs = c/c distance of supports= 2.50 m
or clear span + effective thickness= 2.27 m
Hence adopt smaller value, Bs= 2.27 m


Consultant: Self
Project:


Consultant: Self
Project:
Effective Lenth, Ls = c/c distance of supports= 5m

or clear span + effective thickness= 4.92 m
Hence adopt smaller value, Ls= 4.92 m
Dead load Bending Moment

Self weight of wearing coat= 176 Kg/m²
Self weight of deck slab= 528 Kg/m²
Total= 704 Kg/m²
Since the slab is supported on all four sides and is continuous, Piegaud’s curves are used to
calculate bending moments.
Ratio, k= Bs/Ls
= 0.40
As the panel is loaded with UDL,
u/Bs = 1
v/Ls = 1
Where, u & v are the dimensions of the loaded area.
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
M1 = 0.040
M2 = 0.005
Total dead load = 8800.00 Kg

Moment along short span, MB = 358.60 Kg-m
Moment along long span, ML = 96.80 Kg-m
Considering effects of continuity,

Moment along short span, MB = 286.88 Kg-m
Moment along long span, ML = 77.44 Kg-m
Live load Bending Moment:

IRC Class A Loading: For maximum bending moment one wheel of 5.7 t should be placed at the
centre of span and other at 1.2 m from it as shown.
Tyre contact length along short span, x= 0.5 m

Tyre contact length along long span, y= 0.25 m


Consultant: Self
Project:
Imaginary load W3 = W2 is placed on the other side of W1 to make loading symmetrical. Due to loads
W2 & W3 Bending moment at center of panel will be that due to load W1 and half.
Bending moment due to load W1
X
Wheel load, W1 = 5700 Kg
Loaded length, u = 0.5+2 x 0.08 = 0.66 m
W1
W2
W2
Loaded length, v = 0.25+2 x 0.08 = 0.41 m
Ratio, k= Bs/Ls
= 0.40
Y
Bs
500.00
u
u/Bs = 0.264
v/Ls = 0.082

M1 = 0.197
M2 = 0.175
250.00
Moment along short span, MB1= 1269.68 Kg-m

Moment along long span, ML1= 1165.51 Kg-m
Ls
Bending moment due to load W2
Wheel load W2 = 5700 Kg
Intensity of loading, q = W2/(u x v)

21064.30 Kg/m²
Loaded area = u(2x1.2+v) = 0.264(2x1.2+0.082)

0.655 m²
Total applied load = q x area = 13802.34 Kg
Loaded Length, u= 0.66 m

Loaded Width, v= 2.49 m
Ratio, k= Bs/Ls
= 0.40
u/Bs = 0.264
v/Ls = 0.498


Consultant: Self
Project:

M1 = 0.161
M2 = 0.040

Loaded area = u x (2 x 1.2 - v) = 0.264(2x1.2-0.082)

0.612 m²
Total applied load = q x area = 3488.13 Kg
Loaded Length, u= 0.66 m

Loaded Width, v= 2.32 m
Ratio, k= Bs/Ls
= 0.40
u/Bs = 0.264
v/Ls = 0.464

M1 = 0.161
M2 = 0.043

Net bending moment,

MB = (MB2-MB3)/2= 860.45 Kg-m
ML = (ML3-ML2)/2 325.60 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment due to load W1 & W2 will be,

MB = 1147.33 Kg-m
ML = 403.04 Kg-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,

MB = 1376.80 Kg-m
ML = 483.64 Kg-m


Consultant: Self
Project:
Dead load Shear Force:

Self Weight of Wearing Coat= 176 Kg/m²
Self Weight of Deck Slab= 528 Kg/m²
Total= 704 Kg/m²
Dead load Shear Force= 739.2 Kg
Live Load Shear Force
Shear Force due to load W1 W1 W2

Dispersion width in the x 1800
H4
direction of short span H1 500
= 0.5+2x(0.08+0.22) B9
= 1.1 m
B3
For maximum shear force, the load should be

placed at distance of 0.55 m from web of B4
girder. In this position second load will be

beyond other support.
Effective width for first wheel= αx(1-x/l)+bw

where,
x= 0.55 m
bw= 0.25+2x0.08
0.41 m
For L/l = 2.26, α= 2.60
So, effective width= 1.47 m

Distance between axels is 1.2 m and hence, effective width overlaps.
Average effective width= 1.33 m
Load W1= 5700 Kg
Load per meter width of slab= 4276.91 Kg/m
Shear Force= 2651.68 Kg
Shear force including impact= 3977.53 Kg
Design of Section:
Total Design Bending Moments,
MB = 286.88 + 1376.8 Kg-m
= 1663.68 Kg-m
ML = 77.44 + 483.65 Kg-m

= 561.09 Kg-m


Consultant: Self
Project:
Total Shear Force= 4716.73 Kg
Required effective depth of slab, d= (M/Rb)⅟₂

= 122.72
< 220-40-6 = 174 mm, OK
Area of steel required along short span,

Ast = M/(σst x j x d)
= 530.02 mm²

Check for minimum area of steel:

Effective Depth available for long span= 174-6-5

= 162 mm
Area of steel required along long span,

Ast = M/(σst x j x d)
= 191.99 mm²

Check for minimum area of steel:

Check for Shear:
Shear stress, τv= Vu/(bd)

0.28 N/mm²
Percentage area of steel provided= 0.44 %
Permissible shear stress= K x τc

= 0.57 N/mm²
> 0.28 N/mm², OK


Consultant: Self
Project:
3.0 Design of Longitudinal Girder

3.1 Calculation of dead load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:
Span of Girder= 25.00 m
Total dead load of deck slab= 2x1199.2+704x(2.5+0.4)
= 4440.00 Kg/m
Dead load of main girder,

Web= 1.7x0.4x2400
= 1632.00 Kg/m
Fillet= 2x⅟₂x0.1x0.1x2400
= 24.00 Kg/m
Total self load of beam= 1656.00 Kg/m
Dead load on each longitudinal girder= ⅓(4440+1656)
2032.00 Kg/m
Dead load of cross girder,

Web= (1.3-0.22)x0.25x4.2x2400
2721.60 Kg
Fillet= 2x⅟₂x0.1x0.1x4.2x2400
= 100.80 Kg
Total dead load of cross girder= 2822.40 Kg
Weight on each longitudinal girder= ⅓x2822.4
940.80 Kg
Reaction at support= ⅟₂(2032x25+940.8x4)

27281.60 Kg
Impact factor= 4.5/(6+25)

= 1.15
Shear Force due to Dead load:

At support= 27281.60 Kg
th
At 1/8 span= 27281.6-(2032x3.125)-(940.8x0)
= 20931.6 Kg
At 1/4th span= 27281.6-(2032x6.25)-(940.8x1)
= 13640.80 Kg
th
At 3/8 span= 27281.6-(2032x9.375)-(940.8x1)
= 7290.80 Kg
At center of span= 0
= 0.00 Kg


Consultant: Self
Project:
Bending moment due to Dead Load

At center of span= (27281.6x12.5)-(2032x12.5x12.5/2)-(940.8x10)
= 172862.00 Kg-m
th
At 3/8 span= (27281.6x9.375)-(2032x9.375x9.375/2)-(940.8x4.375)
= 162352.13 Kg-m
th
At 1/4 span= (27281.6x6.25)-(2032x6.25x6.25/2)-(940.8x1.25)
= 129646.50 Kg-m
th
At 1/8 span= (27281.6x3.125)-(2032x3.125x3.125/2)-(940.8x0)
= 75333.13 Kg-m
Calculation of live load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:
W
W W B1 W W
B2
400.00 1800.00 Clearance 1800.00
H4
H1
B11 B12 B13 B14 B15
Ra Rb Rc
B4
B5 B3 B3 B5
Reaction on the grider will be maximum when the eccentricity is maximum. The loading is
arranged in the transverse direction as shown in figure, allowing minimum clearance near the
left Kerb. All four wheel loads are of equal magnitude
Reaction factor for grider A= 4W  1.5I 

1 xB3x e
3  IxB3² 
Clearance= 1.1 m
where, e is the eccentricity= 0.25 m
I= Moment of Inertia of Longitudinal Girder
= 0.164


Consultant: Self
Project:
Therefore, reaction factor for girder A,

Ra= 1.53 W
Similarly,
Rb= 4W/3(1+0)
= 1.33 W
Rc= 4W-(1.53+1.33)
1.14 W
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8
x1 1100 3200 1200 4300 3000 3000 3000
x
Ra Rb
IL
ordinate
The influence line diagram for bending moment is shown in figure above.
Loads Values Loads Values

W1 2.7 t W5 6.8 t
W2 2.7 t W6 6.8 t
W3 11.4 t W7 6.8 t
W4 11.4 t W8 6.8 t
Distances Values Distances Values

X Varies X5 4.3 m
X1 Varies X6 3.0 m
X2 1.1 m X7 3.0 m
X3 3.2 m X8 3.0 m
X4 1.2 m X9 Varies
Bending Moment Ordinate at considered section, Mx= (1-x/L)x


Consultant: Self
Project:
i Calculation of bending moment at L/2, when load W4 is at L/2

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 6.250 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 7.000 3.500 9.45
W2 2.7 8.100 4.050 10.935
W3 11.4 11.300 5.650 64.41
W4 11.4 12.500 6.250 71.25
W5 6.8 16.800 4.100 27.88
W6 6.8 19.800 2.600 17.68
W7 6.8 22.800 1.100 7.48
W8 6.8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
Total = 209085.00 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 366337.15 Kg-m
ii Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8, when load W4 is at 3L/8

W1 2.7 3.875 2.422 6.54
W2 2.7 4.975 3.109 8.39
W3 11.4 8.175 5.109 58.24
W4 11.4 9.375 5.859 66.79
W5 6.8 13.675 4.247 28.88
W6 6.8 16.675 3.122 21.23
W7 6.8 19.675 1.997 13.58
W8 6.8 22.675 0.872 5.93
Total = 209587.30 Kg-m
iii Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8, when load W3 is at 3L/8

W1 2.7 5.075 3.172 8.56
W2 2.7 6.175 3.859 10.42
W3 11.4 9.375 5.859 66.79
W4 11.4 10.575 5.409 61.66
W5 6.8 14.875 3.797 25.82
W6 6.8 17.875 2.672 18.17
W7 6.8 20.875 1.547 10.52
W8 6.8 23.875 0.422 2.87


Consultant: Self
Project:
Total = 204817.30 Kg-m



Consultant: Self
Project:
iv Calculation of bending moment at L/4, when load W4 is at L/4

W1 2.7 0.750 0.563 1.52
W2 2.7 1.850 1.388 3.75
W3 11.4 5.050 3.788 43.18
W4 11.4 6.250 4.688 53.44
W5 6.8 10.550 3.613 24.57
W6 6.8 13.550 2.863 19.47
W7 6.8 16.550 2.113 14.37
W8 6.8 19.550 1.363 9.27
Total = 169567.70 Kg-m
v Calculation of bending moment at L/4, when load W3 is at L/4

W1 2.7 1.950 1.463 3.95
W2 2.7 3.050 2.288 6.18
W3 11.4 6.250 4.688 53.44
W4 11.4 7.450 4.388 50.02
W5 6.8 11.750 3.313 22.53
W6 6.8 14.750 2.563 17.43
W7 6.8 17.750 1.813 12.33
W8 6.8 20.750 1.063 7.23
Total = 173107.70 Kg-m
vi Calculation of bending moment at L/8, when load W4 is at L/8

W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 11.4 1.925 1.684 19.20
W4 11.4 3.125 2.734 31.17
W5 6.8 7.425 2.197 14.94
W6 6.8 10.425 1.822 12.39
W7 6.8 13.425 1.447 9.84
W8 6.8 16.425 1.072 7.29


Consultant: Self
Project:
Total = 94823.60 Kg-m



Consultant: Self
Project:
vii Calculation of bending moment at L/8, when load W3 is at L/8

W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 11.4 3.125 2.734 31.17
W4 11.4 4.325 2.584 29.46
W5 6.8 8.625 2.047 13.92
W6 6.8 11.625 1.672 11.37
W7 6.8 14.625 1.297 8.82
W8 6.8 17.625 0.922 6.27
Total = 101003.60 Kg-m
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8
x1 1100 3200 1200 4300 3000 3000 3000
02
01 x9
07
06
x 05
RA 03 04 RB
Ordinate of Shear Force at considered section= 1-x/L
i Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W1 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
W1 2.7 0 1.000 2.70
W2 2.7 1.1 0.956 2.58
W3 11.4 4.3 0.828 9.44
W4 11.4 5.5 0.780 8.89
W5 6.8 9.8 0.608 4.13
W6 6.8 12.8 0.488 3.32
W7 6.8 15.8 0.368 2.50
W8 6.8 18.8 0.248 1.69
Total = 35254.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 61768.42 Kg


Consultant: Self
Project:
ii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 0 1.000 2.70
W3 11.4 3.2 0.872 9.94
W4 11.4 4.4 0.824 9.39
W5 6.8 8.7 0.652 4.43
W6 6.8 11.7 0.532 3.62
W7 6.8 14.7 0.412 2.80
W8 6.8 17.7 0.292 1.99
Total = 34872.80 Kg
iii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 11.4 0 1.000 11.40
W4 11.4 1.2 0.952 10.85
W5 6.8 5.5 0.780 5.30
W6 6.8 8.5 0.660 4.49
W7 6.8 11.5 0.540 3.67
W8 6.8 14.5 0.420 2.86
Total = 38572.80 Kg
iv Calculation of shear force at x = L/8

Load W3 is at L/8 from left support
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 11.4 3.125 0.875 9.98
W4 11.4 4.325 0.827 9.43
W5 6.8 8.625 0.655 4.45
W6 6.8 11.625 0.535 3.64
W7 6.8 14.625 0.415 2.82


Consultant: Self
Project:
W8 6.8 17.625 0.295 2.01

Total = 32322.80 Kg


Consultant: Self
Project:
v Calculation of shear force at x = L/8

W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 11.4 1.925 0.077 0.88
W4 11.4 3.125 0.875 9.98
W5 6.8 7.425 0.703 4.78
W6 6.8 10.425 0.583 3.96
W7 6.8 13.425 0.463 3.15
W8 6.8 16.425 0.343 2.33
Total = 25078.40 Kg
vi Calculation of shear force at x = L/4

W1 2.7 1.95 0.078 0.21
W2 2.7 3.05 0.122 0.33
W3 11.4 6.25 0.750 8.55
W4 11.4 7.45 0.702 8.00
W5 6.8 11.75 0.530 3.60
W6 6.8 14.75 0.410 2.79
W7 6.8 17.75 0.290 1.97
W8 6.8 20.75 0.170 1.16
Total = 26612.80 Kg
vii Calculation of shear force at x = 3L/8

Load W3 is at 3L/8 from left support
W1 2.7 5.075 0.203 0.55
W2 2.7 6.175 0.247 0.67
W3 11.4 9.375 0.625 7.13
W4 11.4 10.575 0.577 6.58
W5 6.8 14.875 0.405 2.75
W6 6.8 17.875 0.285 1.94
W7 6.8 20.875 0.165 1.12
W8 6.8 23.875 0.045 0.31


Consultant: Self
Project:
Total = 21037.80 Kg


Consultant: Self
Project:
viii Calculation of shear force at x = L/2

W1 2.7 8.2 0.328 0.89
W2 2.7 9.3 0.372 1.00
W3 11.4 12.5 0.500 5.70
W4 11.4 13.7 0.452 5.15
W5 6.8 18 0.280 1.90
W6 6.8 21 0.160 1.09
W7 6.8 24 0.040 0.27
W8 6.8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
Total = 16006.80 Kg
Design of Section
Total Design Bending Moment:
Section Bending Moments (Kg-m)
Due to DL Due to LL Total
X = 0 for 2-lane 0.00 0.00 0.00
X=0 0.00 0.00 0.00
X = L/8 75333.13 176968.08 252301.21
X = L/4 129646.50 303301.44 432947.94
X = 3L/8 162352.13 367217.23 529569.36
X = L/2 172862.00 366337.15 539199.15
X = L/2 for 2-lane 86431.00 183168.58 269599.58
Total Design Shear Force:

Section Shear Force (Kg)
Due to DL Due to LL Total
X = 0 for 2-lane 0.00 0.00 47432.44
X=0 27281.60 67583.28 94864.88
X = L/8 20931.60 56632.67 77564.27
X = L/4 13640.80 46628.20 60269.00
X = 3L/8 7290.80 36860.26 44151.06
X = L/2 0.00 0.00 0.00
X = L/2 for 2-lane 0.00 28045.46 28045.46
Overall depth of beam, D= 1700.00 mm

Rib width, bw= 400.00 mm
Flange width of T-beam, bf is minimum of


Consultant: Self
Project:
bw+1/5xl₀= 3.90 m
c/c of spacing= 2.50 m
12 times slab thickness plus rib width= 3.04 m
Span/3= 8.33 m


Consultant: Self
Project:
Therefore, flange width= 2.50 m

Distance allowed from bottom of T-beam to
the centre of gravity of Rebars= 180 mm
Area of steel required,

Area of steel required along short span,
Ast= M/(σst x j x d)
= 9832.06 mm²
Thus provide 16 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars

Number of bars in one row= 4 Nos.

Number of bars in the top row= 4 Nos.
Number of rows= 4 Nos.
Width of web of beam= 400.00 mm
Side and bottom clear cover to bars= 40 mm
C.G. of the bottom row of bars from bottom= 56.00 mm
Clear distance between vertical bars= 50.00 mm
C.G. of the bar group from bottom= 179.00 mm
< 180 mm, OK
Check for stresses:

Calculation of depth of neutral axis:
Considering compressive force both in flange and web and equating moment of effective area in of
compression and tension sides about neutral axis, we get
½ bw × xa2 + (bf – bw) × Df × (xa – Df/2) = m × Ast × (d – xa)
Solving, we get, xa = 370.66 mm
Let compressive stress in concrete at top of flange = σ

and compressive stress in concrete at bottom of flange = σ'
σ'= σ(xa-Df)/xa
= 0.406 σ
Position of C.G. of compressive stress in flange from top, x1

= (Df/3)(σ+2σ')/(σ+σ')
= 94.53 mm
Compressive force in flange, C1 = ½ x 1.41σ x 2500 x 220
= 387750.00 σ


Consultant: Self
Project:


Consultant: Self
Project:
C.G. of compressive force in rib from top, x2

= 1/3 × (xa – Df) + Df
= 270.22 mm
Compressive force in rib, C2 = ½ x 0.41σ x (370.66-220)
= 30.89 σ
Total compressive force, C = 387780.89 σ
C.G. of total compressive force from top= C1 × x1+C2 × x2

C1+C2
= 94.54 mm
Therefore, lever arm, jd = 1425.46 mm
Critical Neutral axis depth, nd= d/[1+(σst/mσc)]

446.94
446.94 > 370.66, Under Reinforced Section
Actual stress in concrete at top fiber is given by

M = C × jd
269599.58 × 10⁴ = 387780.89 σ × 1425.46
σ= 4.88 Mpa
< 8.33 MPa, OK
Check for minimum area of steel

Minimum area of tension steel in beam @ 0.2 % of web area
= 1360 mm²
Design for shear:

Nominal Shear stress, τv= 47432.44 × 10/(400 × 1520)
0.78 N/mm²
< 1.9 N/mm², OK
Assuming 8 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars will be continued up to support

Then, provided area of tension steel= 1.06 %
Permissible shear stress, τc= 0.65 N/mm²
< 0.78 N/mm², Shear Reinforcement required


Consultant: Self
Project:
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear of,

Vs= V - τc × bw × d
= 76708.83 N
Assuming Ф 12.00 mm two legged vertical stirrups
Area, Asv= 226.19 mm²
Spacing, S= (Asv × σst × d)/Vs
= 896.42 mm c/c
As per minimum shear reinforcement requirements, maximum spacing,

Smax= (Asv × σst)/(0.4 × bw)
= 282.74 mm c/c
Spacing Provided= 125 mm c/c

Hence, provide Ф 12 mm two legged vertical stirrups @125 mm c/c
Design summary:
Area of steel required and provided at different sections of main girder are given in below:
Tension Reinforcement:
Section Design Moment (Kg- Area of Steel Required, Area of Steel Provided Area, mm²
m) mm² Nos. Ф (mm)
L/2 269599.58 9832.06 16 32 12867.96
3L/8 264784.68 9656.47 16 28.00 9852.03
L/4 216473.97 7894.62 14 28.00 8620.53
L/8 126150.60 4600.60 8 28.00 4926.02
Support 0.00 0.00 2 28.00 1231.50
Shear Reinforcement:
2-legged vertical
2-legged vertical Stirrups provided
Section Design S.F., Kg Stirrups required
Ф (mm) S Ф (mm) S
L/2 14022.73 10.00 0.00 10.00 125
3L/8 22075.53 10.00 0.00 10.00 125
L/4 30134.50 10.00 0.00 10.00 125
L/8 38782.14 10.00 0.00 10.00 125
Support 47432.44 10.00 622.51 12.00 125


Consultant: Self
Project:
4.0 Design of Cross Girder

Dead Load
Overall Depth of cross girder = 1300.00 mm
Width of cross girder = 250.00 mm
Self weight of cross girder,
Web= (1.3-0.22)x0.25x2400
648.00 Kg/m
Fillet= 2x⅟₂x0.1x0.1x2400
= 24.00 Kg/m
Total weight of cross girder= 672.00 Kg/m
Dead load from slab= 704 Kg/m²

Each cross girder will get triangular load from each side of slab, as shown in figure.
Dead load on each cross girder from slab= 2x0.5x2.5x5x704
8800.00 Kg
Assuming this load to be uniformly distributed, dead load per meter of grider,
= 3520.00 Kg
Assuming the cross girder to be rigid, reaction on each longitudinal girder

= 1173.33 Kg
Bending Moment at center of Span= 916.67 Kg-m
Live Load
Maximum bending moment occurs when one wheel of a vehicle lies at center of span. The
critical position for maximum bending moment is shown in figure. Deck Slab is assumed to be
simply supported between two cross girder.
Effective load coming on cross girder = 10670.00 Kg
Reaction on each longitudinal girder= 3556.67 Kg
Maximum bending moment at center= 4445.83 Kg-m
Bending moment including impact= 6668.75 Kg-m
Total bending moment= 7585.42 Kg-m
Maximum shear force occurs when one wheel of a vehicle lies at near to support. The critical
position for maximum bending moment is shown in figure. Deck Slab is assumed to be simply
supported between two cross girder.
Maximum shear force= 6081.9 Kg
Shear force including impact= 9122.85 Kg
Total shear force= 10296.18 Kg


Consultant: Self
Project:
Cross girder is designed as T-Beam.

Assuming effective depth, d= 1200.000 mm
Area of tension steel required, Ast= M/(σst x j x d)

= 350.40 mm²
Minimum area of tension steel in beam @ 0.2 % of web area
= 650 mm²
which is more than required
Thus, for end girders, provide 6 Nos. of Ф 16.00 mm bars

And for intermediate girders, provide 6 Nos. of Ф 20.00 mm bars

Design for shear

Nominal Shear stress, τv= 10296.19 × 10/(250 × 1200)
0.34 N/mm²
< 1.9 N/mm², OK
Provided percentage area of tension steel, p= 0.37 %

Permissible shear stress, τc= 0.42 N/mm²
> 0.34 N/mm², Shear Reinforcement not required
As per minimum shear reinforcement requirements for two legged vertical stirrups,
maximum spacing of Ф 12.00 mm bars
Smax= (Asv × σst)/(0.4 × bw)
226.19
Thus, For End Cross Griders provide

Ф 12.00 mm two legged vertical stirrups @ 125 mm c/c
Thus, For Intermediate Cross Griders provide

Ф 12.00 mm two legged vertical stirrups @ 125 mm c/c

Design of Bridge

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Design of Bridge

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Page 1 of 33 Design of Bridge Super Structure 8/2/2018

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

1.0 Design Data

Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2000

1.2 Dimension Parameters

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Total Width of Bridge 7.200 mm

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

TYPICAL BRIDGE CROSS-SETION

2.0 Design of Slab

Lever Arm Moment

Total 1199.20 636.58

Dead Load Shear force at the face of rib 1199.20 Kg

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Cantilever Slab with Class A wheel

Distance of C.G. of load from face of rib= 0m

Thickness of Slab at the edge of the Kerb= 0.26 m

Dispersion Width along span= 0.5+2(0.08+0.3)

Effective width of slab, be= 1.2x+bw

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Maximum Impact factor= 1.50 (for IRC Class A Loading)

Live load per m width including impact= 0

Maximum moment due to live load= 0x0.32

Pedestrian Live Load

Dead Load Moment= 636.58 Kg-m

Area of steel required= M/(σst x j x d)

Thus Provide Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Moment = 170.5 Kg-m

Check for min. area of Steel:

Design for Shear:

Shear stress, τv= V-(M x tanβ)/d

Hence, Shear stress, τv= 0.07 N/mm²

Percentage area of tension steel= 0.35 %

Permissible shear stress= K x τc

2.2 Design of Interior Panels

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Effective Lenth, Ls = c/c distance of supports= 5m

Dead load Bending Moment

Total dead load = 8800.00 Kg

Considering effects of continuity,

Live load Bending Moment:

Tyre contact length along short span, x= 0.5 m

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Client: Bridge Project, Babarmahl, Kathmandu

Bending moment due to load W1

Loaded length, u = 0.5+2 x 0.08 = 0.66 m

From the Pigeaud’s curve,

Moment along short span, MB1= 1269.68 Kg-m

Intensity of loading, q = W2/(u x v)

Loaded area = u(2x1.2+v) = 0.264(2x1.2+0.082)

Total applied load = q x area = 13802.34 Kg