Report about:-

 HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE(HSC)

 READY MIX CONCRETE (RMC)

Prepared by:-

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Research and development on high-strength concrete have continuously been done for
more than 40 years. This is describes the past successful technology developments on
materials to obtain the workable high-strength concrete and introduces recent enhanced
performances as to strength, durability and fire resistance of high-strength concrete.

INTRODUCTION
INGRREDIENT MATERIALS FOR HIGH
STRENGTH CONCRETE
HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE FOR CAST IN
PLACEMENT
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
 SPECIAL METHODS OF MAKING HIGH
STRENGTH CONCRETE
CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Higher strength concrete has been a target for engineers engaged in construction industry.
In the early 1960’s, a superplasticizer was invented in Japan. By the inclusion of the
superplasticizer, high-strength concrete could be realized by reducing W/C to under 30%.
The high-strength concrete was however applied only to the factory products because it had
a large loss in slump. Recent successful researches and developments on materials and
construction methods have led to the cast-in place high-strength concrete with good
workability, the strength of more than 150 MPa and higher durability. The high-strength
concretes have been applied to a lot of high-rise buildings or diaphragm walls. The high-
strength concrete however has two defects. One is the occurrence of thermal cracks due to
the heat of hydration of a large amount of cement content. To overcome this, many types of
low heat cements were developed and utilized.

Ingredient materials for high strength concrete

 Cement
Strength development of concrete will depend on both cement characteristic and
cement content. The choice of Portland cement for HSC is extremely important. Unless
high initial strength is the objective, such as in prestressed concrete, there is no need to
use a Type-III cement. When the temperature rise is expected to be a problem, a Type-II
low- heat-of-hydration cement can be used, provided it meets the strength-producing
requirements (ACI 363R, 1992).

 Water and water-cement ratio

The single most important variable in achieving HSC is the water-cement ratio
(Peterman and Carrasquillo, 1986). HSC produced by conventional mixing technologies
are usually prepared with water-cement ratios in the range of 0.22 to 0.40, and their 28
days compressive strength is about 60 to 130 MPa when normal density aggregates are
used (FIP/CEB, 1990). The requirements for water quality for HSC are no more stringent
than those for conventional concrete. Usually, water for concrete is specified to be of
potable quality (ACI 363R, 1992).

 AGGREGATES
The properties of the aggregate are decisive for the compressive strength and modulus
of elasticity of HSC. In normal strength concrete (NSC), the aggregate has a higher
strength and stiffness than the cement paste. Failures in NSC are characterized by
fractures in the cement paste and in the transition zone between paste and aggregate.
Reduced water- cement ratio, therefore, causes a great improvement in compressive
strength of cement paste and hence of concrete.

 COARSE AGGREGATE
In HSC the capacity of the aggregate can be the limiting factor. This may be either
the result of the aggregate being weaker than the low water-cement matrix, or
alternatively it is not sufficiently strong and rigid to provide the strengthening
effect. This is mainly related to the coarse aggregate (CA). For optimum
compressive strength with high cement content and low water-cement ratios the
maximum size of CA should be kept to a minimum, at 1⁄2 in. or 3/8 in. The
strength increases were caused by the reduction in average bond stress due to
the increased surface area of the individual aggregate. Smaller aggregate sizes
are also considered to produce higher concrete strength.

 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregates (FA) with a rounded particle shape and smooth texture have
been found to require less mixing water in concrete and for this reason are
preferable in HSC. HSC typically contain such high contents of fine cementitious
 materials that the grading of the FA used is relatively unimportant. However, it is
sometimes helpful to increase the fineness modulus (FM) as the lower FM of FA
can give the concrete a sticky consistency () and less workable fresh concrete
with a greater water demand. Therefore, sand with a FM of about 3.0 is usually
preferred for HSC (ACI 363R, 1992).

 ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are widely used in the production of HSC. These materials include air-
entraining agents and chemical and mineral admixtures. Significant increases in
compressive strength, control of rate of hardening, accelerated strength gain, improved,
workability, and durability are contributions that can be expected from the admixture or
admixtures chosen. Reliable performance on previous work should be considered during
the selection process.

 CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
Chemical admixtures such as superplasticizers (high–range water reducer)
increase concrete strength by reducing the mixing water requirement for a
constant slump, and by dispersing cement particles, with or without a change in
mixing water content, permitting more efficient hydration. The main
consideration when using superplasticizers in concrete are the high fines
requirements for cohesiveness of the mix and rapid slump loss.

 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
 burning anthracite or bituminous coal and has pozzolanic properties, but little
or no cementitious properties. Class C fly ash is normally produced from burning
lignite or sub-bituminous coal, and in addition to having pozzolanic properties,
has some
 more than 60 MPa to columns of high-rise buildings started in North
America in 1970’]. Meanwhile, the application of the concrete that
possesses a design strength of 100 MPa or more to columns of high-rise
 buildings is increasing in Japan and now we have more than 20
applications. Through the use of high-strength concrete floor areas can
be increased
 high-strength. A polycarboxylate-type air-entraining and high-range
water-reducing admixture was used. Synthetic fibers for preventing
spalling in case of a fire were added.

 APPLICATION TO HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE TO CFT

Concrete-filled tubular (referred to as “CFT”) structure was firstly
adopted in 1990’s in Japan. The development of the high-strength self-
compacting concrete made it possible to fill the concrete completely
into a steel tubular column having a number of diaphragms inside. CFT
structure has rapidly been prevailing in Japan with the strength
requirements for concrete becoming more demanding. In this section,
an application record of CFT structure with high-strength concrete to a
high-rise building is reported[16].

 Building B is a 36-story high-rise office building located in Tokyo as

shown in Fig.22. Columns up to 90m above ground were designed in CFT
structure. The main columns were square with a cross-sectional size of
800 by 800 mm as shown in Fig.23. Square columns were strengthened
with internal diaphragms, each having a round opening in the center
with a diameter of 200 to 400mm, through which concrete passed.
Concrete was pumped from the ground (see Fig.24) to the allowable
level at which the lateral pressure was expected to reach the permissible
stress of the welds. Concrete buckets were used for filling concrete in
the upper parts of square columns above the pumped level.

 COMPARISON BETWEEN HSC AND NSC

 High resistance to applied pressure compared to NSC
 Water cement ratio is:-
 HSC-0.25
 NSC-0.4 to 0.6
 Normal strength is 20-50MPa and High strength has 50-100MPa
 Load bearing strength of regular concrete is about 2,400t/m2 and HSC
has about 4,800t/m2
 Aggregate size in normal is 40mm and HSC has 10mm to 20mm
 HSC has higher modulus of elasticity and low creep coefficient and less
deflection.
 Fracture surface of HSC is smooth and NSC has rough.
 ADVANTAGES OF HSC
 Reduces amount of steel.
 Reduces dead load.
 Reduces space occupied by coloumns.
 Increases rental space.
 High compressive strength.
 To use the concrete service at early age.
 High rise buildings may be build by refuced coloumns.

 LIMITATIONS OF HSC
 Damaged at high temperature.
i.e less resistance to fire.
 Must be expertise in selection of ingredients.
 SPECIAL METHODS OF MAKING OF HRC

 SEEDING

 CONCLUSION
 More than 40 years have passed since a high-strength concrete was realized. The
high-strength concrete itself has been enhanced in terms of performance and
placeability through a lot of useful developments to the stage that now many
applications have been done in north America, Europe, Japan and other countries. In
the near future, the high-strength concrete will be prevailing and increasing in use all
over the world.
 Meanwhile, the fact is that to acquire the much higher strength of the concrete has
been one of the dreams and is also one of the incentives to research and
development for researchers and engineers. Many reliable data as to the
relationship between the total pore volume and compressive strength exist.
Extrapolating the date, the compressive strength can theoretically reach 700 MPa as
the total pore volume of the concrete will be reduced to be in the vicinity of zero.
Research and development on high-strength concrete making full use of more
advanced technologies will continue until the strength of the concrete reaches this
limit.
 REFRENCES