Civil Engineering Department

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 2(FALL 2019 - F19 CIVL 0013)

Individual Assignment
Extensive Report
(Experiment1, Experiment2 and Experiment3)

Student Name: Aisha altubi

ID: 15f14949
Submitted To: Dr. Mahmood Dawood
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Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2

Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 3

Experiment (1): Deflection of Simply supported Beams: ......................................................................... 3

Experiment (2): effect of load location for a different type of support ..................................................... 5

Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts. ....................................................................................... 8

Results Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 10

4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 18

5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 21

6. Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 21

7. References:.............................................................................................................................................. 22

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Introduction
In engineering mechanics especially in structural mechanics is one of the most important studies
in the scientific and practical life, which includes the study of loads and deviation and supported
beams and others that work on the maintenance of the metal structure in the construction. The
structure is a collection of panels, columns, walls, and other elements. Structures are analyzed
using basic equations. The structure is subject to established international standards to protect
buildings from collapsing or bending which causes damage to the place and the people living
there. The most important of these tests is the Deflection of the simply supported beam,
Reactions and fixing the moment of a fixed beam test, Reactions and support reactions of a
propped cantilever test, beam, Loading, and buckling of struts tests. These tests are used for
engineering purposes as well as to protect the population. (Rajb. S, 2012),

The body is in a state of deviation if affected by a load or a group of loads that generate stress.
Several factors influenced by the deviation are the load (F), distance (L), unit hardness (EI) and
materials. Integration can be calculated by the method of direct rigidity or Macaulay's method.
The moment of bending is vertical torque at the sector level which produces vertical pressures at
the sector level such as tensile and compression in the beam and column. (Rajb. S, 2012),

Buckling of struts: occurs in organs and elements in a state of pressure, a pattern of deformation
that changes rapidly with the change in the size of the applied load. The test was tested by using
stents and compressed by equal and opposite axial forces. This experimental test was performed
to investigate the buckle in the context of compressed stents and to identify the key factors that
govern enzyme behavior.

In this report, the three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the elastic modulus
of the beam sample was determined by deviation. The experimental results were then compared
with the theoretical predictions of stress in the beam stress and also to confirm the modulus of
elasticity of steel, brass and aluminum. In the second experiment, the relationship between the
fixed end moment of the fixed end beam and the applied loads was determined and the fixed end
moment and reaction were determined at the supported cantilever beam supports. In the third

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experiment, the simple beam curvature equation was validated in three types of support is fixed-
fixed, pinned-fixed and pinned- pinned.

Methodology

Experiment (1): Deflection of Simply supported Beams:

Theory:

If the body is exposed to the impact of a load or a set of loads to generate pressure, the body
is in a state of deviation. The objective of this experiment is to investigate the relationship
between the deviation and the load applied to determine the elastic modulus of the beam
sample from the deviation data.

The mid-span deflection of a simply supported beam loaded with a load W at mid-span is given
by:

Or

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Apparatus:

1. Structure test frame

2. Steel test beam
3. LVDT
4. Vernier measurement
5. Hanger load
6. A set of weight

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Procedure:

First, the width and depth of the beam are measured and the readings recorded. Secondly, the
load is installed in the middle of the package. Third, the dial gauge is placed on the load hangar.
Fourth, the application measurement reading is fixed to zero after which the load is loaded onto
the load cage. Fifth, the results are recorded from the application measurement reading. The
above steps are repeated using different loads.

Experiment (2): effect of load location for a different type of support

A fixed end beam is a beam supported by both ends and is fastened against vertical movement
and rotation. So it produces a reaction to support. It is known as the built-in beam.

These equations are used for a fixed-end beam.

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Apparatus:

1. Beam specimen and set of weights

2. Two supports that able to measure the moment

Propped Cantilever Beam is a beam with built-in support at one side where there is a translation
in 3 directions or no rotation. The other side of the beam is point support with no translation in 3
directions but rotation about the z-direction.

These equations are used for the fixed end moment at the support of a propped cantilever beam
is given by:

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Apparatus:

1. Beam specimen and a set of weights

2. Support that able to measure moment and reaction

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Procedure:

First, the supports are securely fastened to the base and the distance is equal to the radius of the
beam. Second, install the read measurement application in both supports to zero. Thirdly the
package is loaded by placing weights on the load hangers. Fourth, the initial reading is recorded.
Fifth, loads are removed from the load hangers and the reading gauge is fixed to zero again after
which the load on the load hanger is increased and feedback recorded. The steps are repeated for
different loads.

Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts.

This experiment was tested to help demonstrate the principle of (effective length). Three cases
are identified and prove the relationship between the buckling load and the end conditions. this
cases is :

Fixed – fixed

Pin – fixed

Pin-pin

Apparatus:

1. Steel

2. Dial indicators

3. Column

In this experiment, we use two formulas to find a moment of inertia and the amount of buckle.
(Dawood. M, , 2018),

I= (bd3) /12

pie2 x E x I / L2

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Procedure:

Fixed – fixed case: in this step use, only e=0 and star adding load from 50 N to 130 N starts and
to see the buckling.

Pin – fixed case: fixed the ordinary strut between knife edges at o, 2, 6 and add the load every
20 g to measure the D in all cases until the steel bar almost collapses. And rebate the amount of
adding load in e=2, e=6.

Pin-pin case: fixed the ordinary strut between knife edges at o, 2, 6 and add the load every 5 g to
measure the D in all cases until the steel bar almost collapses. And rebate the amount of adding
load in e=2, e=6.

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Results Analysis
Experiment 1:

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11
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Experiment 2:

A-Effect of load position in fixed – fixed.

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B-Effect of load position in fixed-propped.

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Experiment 3:

1. Fixed – fixed:

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2. Fixed-pined:

3. Pined-pined:

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4. Discussion
4.1 Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams:

Based on the experimental data, the upload graph was drawn against the experimental deviation.
From the scheme, it is observed that the greater the applied load, the greater the deviation value.
The slope of the graph represents the elastic modulus value in the beam and is a mechanical
property of linear solids. It also determines the relationship between stress and tension in
materials. In this experiment, the load position is stabilized in the middle of the time period
because of the load position difference that affects the coefficient value. Moreover, the
maximum deviation value reached the middle of the beam period. The experimental and
theoretical data show the beam deviation there is little difference that may be caused by errors
during the experiment. A slight error will affect the reading of the data obtained. One of these is
human error. Generally, in cases 1, 2, 3 and 4, the moment of inertia and the type of material
affect the amount of deviation, for example when using same material (steel) and same
magnitude load (10W) in both cases (1,4) and change the moment of inertia the result as follow :

When I = 45 and load = 10w, the deflection = 4.83mm, and when I=104.16 and the load = 10W
the deflection = 2.08mm, so that’s mean is more strong, finally the relation between the moment
of inertia and deflection is inverse relation.

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In other cases when we change the material from steel to brass or aluminum, as we know the
type of material effect to the amount of deflection. when we use 2N load for both material (brass,
aluminum) and I= 4.8 the deflection as follow :

Brass= 2.44mm and aluminum = 3.72mm, when load 10W so that’s mean the amount of
deflection depend also to the type of material used. As we see when we using aluminum the
deflection increase because have less module of electricity= 69000 N/mm and Brass 105 N/mm.
So the amount of electricity effect on the deflection,

4.2 Experiment 2: Reactions and Fixing Moment of a fixed-fixed beam & fixed-propped
beam.

From the results obtained, the reaction appears when the load is at a distance of 40 mm. When
the load position changes at 80 mm, the reaction is 2.1. When we put the load at 120 mm, the
reaction increased to 2.5 and when we moved to the left at 160, the reaction dropped to 2.2. We
note from the results that the position of pregnancy has an effect on deviation, moment and
reaction.

In the second experiment according to the experimental results, the fixed load is loaded and
changes the position of the load along with the spam reaction and deviation increase at the center
of the stretch. This led to a direct decrease during the transfer of the load to the left meaning that
the fixed beam has an effect on the reaction and deviation in both the load position. Also the
deviation, interaction and moment are reduced when the load is changed or the load is reduced.
In the end, the manual result is almost different from the laboratory result because the manual
calculation is more accurate than the results obtained from the machine due to human errors
during the experiment. For example, the result obtained from the machine is 195 and the result of
the manual calculation is 167.58.

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4.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts

Fixed-Fixed support:

In this case, both sides are in the fixed position e = 0 and cannot be changed when both sides are
fixed. The results show that the column is stronger than all the cases and the value of deflection
and buckling are reduced. From the results, we note that the increase in load increases the
amount of deviation, for example, when the load increases to 130 N at e= 0 deviation value of up
to 10 mm, which means that the case becomes very strong can withstand great pressure without
deflection and buckling.

Fixed- propped support:

In this case, the results show an increase in buckling because one side has fixed support.
According to the results as shown in Table 8, for example, when e = 6 with a load increase to 80
N, the deviation value increases to 70 mm. If the buckling increases by increasing the value of e
and increase the load.

Propped-Propped support:

In this case, the table shows the position at e = 0 at the load value of 30 N buckling value up to 3
mm and when the load value increases to 35 increases the value of buckle to 35 mm. This result
shows an increase in deviation and bending and is also affected by the position of the center of
the column. So also at values e = 2, 6.

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5. Conclusion
In conclusion, the objective was achieved for three experiments. In the first experiment, the
objective of determining the effect of load and materials and the reaction of the continuous
binomial beam was successfully achieved. And know the relationship between the fixed end
moment and load as well as the reaction when installing support and loading. Also, conclude
from the results if the beam material changes from aluminum to steel will become stronger
beams where aluminum is usually used in construction applications because it has the highest
corrosion resistance and excellent welding. There are several factors that affect the deviation is
the large load and the type of material and extension and the location of the load and the type of
support. In the second experiment, the objective of determining the relationship between the
deviation and the applied load and the elastic modulus value of the beam sample from the
experimental data was achieved. In the third experiment, the objective was achieved in three
different cases to determine the buckling we observed when support fixed-fixed, fixed-pin, and
pin-pin have a deviation value lower than the support pin-pin. From our findings, theoretical
calculations are more accurate than experimental reactions due to errors during the experiment,
such as human errors.

6. Recommendations
Engineers must apply engineering knowledge in practical application and enhance technical
competence in structural engineering through laboratory application and communicate
effectively in the group. Identify and solve the problem and find the appropriate solution through
the laboratory application.

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7. References:
1. Scribd (2019) available from <https://www.scribd.com/upload-
document?archive_doc=139042044&escape=false&metadata=%7B%22context%22%3A
%22archive_view_restricted%22%2C%22page%22%3A%22read%22%2C%22action%2
2%3A%22download%22%2C%22logged_in%22%3Atrue%2C%22platform%22%3A%2
2web%22%7D> [21 November 2019]
2. (2019) available from
<https://www.academia.edu/9659068/EXPERIMENTAL_SET_UP_FOR_CONTINUOU
S_BEAM> [21 November 2019]
3. BENDING MOMENT IN A BEAM | Bending | Beam (Structure) (2019) available from
<https://www.scribd.com/doc/177192811/BENDING-MOMENT-IN-A-BEAM> [22
November 2019]
4. (2019) [online] available from
<http://web.eng.fiu.edu/munroen/Classes/4.%20Bending%20Moment%20Experiment%2
07.pdf> [22 November 2019]
5. (2019) [online] available from
<https://www.hse.ru/data/2012/02/03/1262830908/Frankfurt%20School%20StudentsGui
de%200911.pdf> [19 November 2019]

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