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Smart Breaking system using Ultrasonic sensors

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IDL - International Digital Library for
Technology & Research
Special issue, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org

5th National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology SJBIT Bangalore (TTMT-17)
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017

Smart Breaking system using Ultrasonic

sensors
1
Kesava Kumar V, 2 S Teja,3Vamshidhar V, 4Lakshminarasimha N
1, 2, 3
UG Students, 4 Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department,
MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560067
1
kesava988@gmail.com , 2yesteja92@gmail.com , 4nlnsimha25@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Now-a-days accidents are mostly caused by delay of the driver to hit the brake or by the negligence by the
driver. The project aims to develop a prototype system that offers a collision functionality in production vehicle,
a system which can operate automatically with the help of high profile sensors based on relay circuit and some
changes in traditional braking system and apply the brake automatically in emergency situation.The resulting
system can achieve measurements with high accuracy and improved short distance measurement also. This
distance measurement is used to control smart braking system for safety applications. The brain of the system
part can be developed on Arduino Nano microcontroller. The Ultrasonic sensors are the eyes of this system,
which are cheaper and the system comprises of a less demanding hardware. The braking is done with the help of
3/2solenoid valve which actuates brakes and clutch.

Key words: object detection, ultrasonic sensors, 3/2 solenoid valve

1. Introduction
Power
In recent years Vehicle technology has increased supply Relay
rapidly, particularly in relation to braking systems control unit
and sensing systems. ASS (active safety systems)
are being researched and developed to prevent
accidents and target mitigation. The project aims to Arduino Nano
distinguish between systems currently in ultrasonic micro
production like traction control (TC), electronic sensor controller Solenoid
brake force distribution (EBD), Anti-lock Braking
System (ABS) and electronic stability control
(ESC) functions and future systems that are
currently in development. Braking system is such a
vital component that is necessarily required when a
vehicle is considered. It reduces the kinetic energy
of the vehicle in conditions when a vehicle has to
slow down or also it has to be stopped. Thus
Figure 1: Block diagram of Arduino Nano Micro controller
making sure the vehicle and the passengers inside it
are safe. Thus a braking system is always used to Figure 1, shows the circuit connections of the
ensure the safety of the drivers and passengers control unit of the smart braking system. This unit
uncountable valued lives. consists of an Arduino microcontroller which is
operated with an external power supply. The
ultrasonic sensor is connected to the
microcontroller which is powered by the
microcontroller itself. The microcontroller is
further connected to the solenoid which operates

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Proceedings of the 5 National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology, SJBIT, Bangalore (TTMT-2017)
Copyright@IDL-2017-ISSN (Online) : 2465-3289 Page | 1
IDL - International Digital Library for
Technology & Research
Special issue, May 2017
5th National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology SJBIT Bangalore (TTMT-17)
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
with help of the 12V battery controlled by the 12V
relay.
2. Literature Survey
The literature survey is carried out to understand
the state of art behind sensor technology used in
automotive engineering. Below are the following
journals.
Hemalatha B K, et, al., [1], [2016], Paper
comprises the use of Infrared sensors for obstacle
detection with help of PIC microcontroller.This
based on microcontroller technology for collecting
data related to speed and transmitting it through a
transceiver to a base station that analyzes the
transmitted data and takes appropriate decisions
Related to speed limit and control requirements
NishadVivekKumbhojkar, etc. al [2], [2013], paper
comprises of the use of ultrasonic sensors with help
of PIC microcontroller, transducers and servo
motor braking mechanism.It is intended to use in
vehicles where the drivers may not brake manually,
but the speed of the vehicle can be reduced
automatically due to the sensing of the obstacles.
Though there are many journals listed in the
reference section only few important journals are
discussed. These journals helped as ready reckoner
to carry out the project.
3. Problem statement
The conventional friction brake system is
composed of the following basic components: the
“master cylinder” which is located under the hood
is directly connected to the brake pedal, and
converts the drivers’ foot pressure into hydraulic
pressure. Steel “brake hoses” connect the master
cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each
wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in
extreme temperature conditions from the master
cylinder fills the system. “Shoes” or “pads” are
pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the
“drums” or “rotors,” thus causing drag, which
slows the car. Two major kinds of friction brakes
are disc brakes and drum brakes. The above
mentioned convectional brakes have two chief
problems one is the wear and tear and other is
unnecessary excessive temperature in the service is
attained. Excessive heating of brakes can result in
fade. It causes temporary changes in the friction as
th
Proceedings of the 5 National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology, SJBIT, Bangalore (TTMT-2017)
Copyright@IDL-2017-ISSN (Online) : 2465-3289
Available at: www.dbpublications.org
they get hotter. Normally efficiency is regained
when they cool again Brake pads and linings also
wear away faster at higher temperatures. Hence this
project aims to provide the safety measures for
driver and passenger eliminating the above
mentioned problems.
4. Project implementation process
The project implementation process involves
discussion on major components used in the
project, circuit design and working of Smart
Braking system and braking constraints
4.1 The major components used in the
project
Following are the major components in the smart
Braking system
4.1.1 Ultrasonic sensor
4.1.2 Arduinonano
4.1.3 3/2Solenoid valve
4.1.4 Single acting pneumatic cylinder
4.1.1 Ultrasonic sensor
The Figure 2 shows the Ultrasonic sensor, which
isused to detect the obstacle.
Figure 2: Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensor senses the obstacle in the travel
path and gives the control signal to the
microcontroller. It acts as the eyes of the control
unit. The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor is a very
affordable proximity or distance sensor that has
been used mainly for object avoidance in various
robotics projects. It essentially gives your Arduino
eyes / special awareness.It consists of two
connecting terminals T and R, where T represents
waves transmission and R represents receiving the
waves.
4.1.2 Arduino Nano
Arduinonano is shown in Figure 3, is one of the
easiest and most commonly used microcontrollers.
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IDL - International Digital Library for
Technology & Research
Special issue, May 2017
5th National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology SJBIT Bangalore (TTMT-17)
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
Figure 3: Arduino Nano Micro controller
Arduinonano is user friendly type of
microcontroller for the beginners and also for
coding/programming. There are many other
microcontrollers which are being used for different
purposes are per required.
4.1.3 3/2 Solenoid valve
Figure 4 shows the 3/2 solenoid valve. A solenoid
valve is an electro mechanically operated valve
which is operated by an electric current in this
case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or
off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is
switched between the two outlet ports. It can
operate manually and automatically
Figure 4: 3/2 Solenoid valve
Solenoid valves are the most frequently used
control elements for fluids and pneumatic. Their
tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix
fluids.
4.1.4 Single Acting cylinder
A single-acting pneumatic cylinder is mechanical
device which operates with compressed air to
actuate the piston and reciprocates in linear motion.
Figure 5 shows the Single Acting Pneumatic
cylinder.
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Proceedings of the 5 National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology, SJBIT, Bangalore (TTMT-2017)
Copyright@IDL-2017-ISSN (Online) : 2465-3289
Available at: www.dbpublications.org
Figure 5: Single Acting Pneumatic cylinder
Single-acting cylinders are found in most kinds of
reciprocating engine. In most of the engineering
applications pneumatic cylinders used because
these are clean and require less space.
4.2: Circuit design and working
The system consist of two ultrasonic sensors, kit of
electronic control unit(microcontrollers, relays) to
give input and output for sensor and Pneumatic
circuit as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7. The
sensor is having 12volt supply and can measure
hurdle up to 5m.
Figure 6: Circuit for braking system
Figure 7: Microcontroller and 12V Relay
Consider a Vehicle Speeding at 30Km/h constantly
and when there is an accident going to happen
because of many reasons like driver negligence, the
worst case that Driver is fallen asleep and vehicle is
approaching to an obstacle at same speed, so here
exists the role of smart Braking system,
i. The ultrasonic Sensor senses obstacle
objects in the path of the vehicle and will
give continues input to micro controller.
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IDL - International Digital Library for
Technology & Research
Special issue, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org

5th National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology SJBIT Bangalore (TTMT-17)
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
ii. The microcontroller which has been
programmed accordingly as per the
vehicle on which it is being used.
iii. Now the microcontroller sends the signal
to the brake actuation system which
controls the braking system either to
reduce the speed of the vehicle or to bring
the vehicle to halt avoiding the accidents.
iv. The braking system consists of brakes
(disc brakes or drum brakes) which shall
be actuated manually by driver and also
automatically by the smart braking system
with help of solenoids.
v. Solenoids are the electromechanically
operated valve which actuates when
electrical energy is supplied to it. When
ultrasonic sensor senses any obstacle the
power is supplied to the solenoid from 12v
relay and actuates pneumatic cylinder

4.3 Braking constraints

The designed smart Braking system includes

Braking constraints, which instructs the vehicle
need to halt automatically by sensing the range or
distance of obstacle while driving.

Figure 8, shows the flow chart of Programmable

logic Braking system describes the Braking options
based on obstacle range sensed by Ultrasonic
sensor. During Normal drive, if the circuit senses
any obstacle with in 300cm, the solenoid valve is in Figure 8: Programming Logic of braking system
off position and braking will not take place. When
it senses any obstacle with in 200cm the solenoid The control unit keeps comparing the values of
valve gets actuated and braking takes place. signal strength and the braking takes place when
required as shown Table 1.

Table 1: condition for braking system

Distance (cm) Result 5. Conclusion:

<200 Braking take place The following conclusions that can be made on
>300 No braking operation smart braking system using ultrasonic sensor are:

1. Arduinonano microcontroller is user friendly and

helps beginners Mechanical engineers in providing
better coding/ programming for automatic braking
system.

2. Ultrasonic sensor is cheaper compared to other

sensors and provides better sensing range within
5m.

3. Pneumatic actuation system used is less weight

and compact and provides better actuation
compared to hydraulic actuation system.

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Proceedings of the 5 National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology, SJBIT, Bangalore (TTMT-2017)
Copyright@IDL-2017-ISSN (Online) : 2465-3289 Page | 4
 IDL - International Digital Library for
Technology & Research
Special issue, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org

5th National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology SJBIT Bangalore (TTMT-17)
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
4. Smart braking system take decision based on [2]NishadVivekKumbhojkar&ChaitanyaAvadhutch
microcontroller inputs and initiates the braking intanKuber Ultrasonic Automatic Braking
automatically and control the vehicle in advance to System For Forward Collision Avoidance With
any dangerous accidents situations. Thus Accelerator Pedal Disengagement
implementing this System can reduce the close Mechanism,International journal & magazine of
impact potential accidents engineering, technology, management and research
registrar of Newspapers of India(RNI) Regd No:
Also it can be concluded that the present project APENG/2011/47294
work is no more exhaustive as it can be further
carried out by using different range sensors and [3] G.V.Sairam, B.Suresh, CH.SaiHemanth and
actuating mechanism. Present paper work becomes K.KrishnaSai,“Intelligent mechatronic braking
a ready reckoner for engineers in future project system”, International Journal of Emerging
development. Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN
2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal,
Acknowledgement
Volume 3,Issue 4, April 13
Authors thank Mr.Lakshminarasimha N, Assistant
Professor and Mr Ravi Shnakar M K, Associate
Professor and Head, Mechanical Engineering [4]DHANYA K. R. AND JEYANTHI KSR
Dept., MVJCE for guiding and supporting the College of Engineering,
present paper work. TiruchengodeAUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM
References WITH SENSOR FUSION
CONCEPT(IIEEES)“Intelligent mechatronic
[1]Hemalatha B K, P braking system”, International Journal of Emerging
Pooja,ChaithraM,MeghaS,Rakshitha R TAutomatic Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN
Braking System for Automobiles Using IR 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal,
Sensor(IJAREIE) International Journal of Volume 3,Issue 4, April 13
Advanced Research in Electrical,Electronics nd
Instrumentation Engineering(An ISO 3297: 2007 [5]RyszardNawrocki, “Combination brake and
Certified Organization) accelerator pedal assembly”, US Patent No: US
8308613

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Proceedings of the 5 National Conference on Topical Transcend in Mechanical Technology, SJBIT, Bangalore (TTMT-2017)
Copyright@IDL-2017-ISSN (Online) : 2465-3289 Page | 5

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