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Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
“DIABETES MELLITUS”
Lecturer :
Created By :
1. Silvia Oktofiana Moi Wale (24185568A)
2. Ayu Anggresti (24185575A)
3. Hikmah Dwi R. (24185576A)
4. Wulan Amalia W. (24185585A)
5. Finka Nuranisa S. (24185604A)
6. Heny Puspita N. (24185605A)
7. Resy Budi R. (24185619A)
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
UNIVERSITY OF SETIA BUDI SURAKARTA
2019
PREFACE
Thanks God we prayed to Allah SWT who haves given grace and His gift to us, so we
managed to finish the paper on time Alhamdulillah titled “Diabetes Mellitus”.
This paper contains information about diabetes mellitus, complications,
phatophysiology, how to cope and ways treatment. Expected that this paper can gives us all
the information about this hereditary disease.
We realize that this paper is far from perfect, therefore criticism and suggestions from
all stakeholders that are built for the perfections we always hoped this paper.
Finally, we say thank you to all those who have participated in the prepararation of this paper
from beginning to end. May Allah always be pleased with all our efforts, Amen.
Author
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Diabetes Mellitus is one among the degenerative diseases are strongly
associated with metabolic diseases and are likely to increase , so the impact of the
shift in the consumption pattern of behavioral nutrition . ( Singgih B , et al . 2003)
Diabetes Mellitus ( DM ) is one of the health problems impact on productivity and
can reduce Human Resources . This disease not only affects the individual , but the
health care system a country . Although there is no national survey , in line with
changes lifestyle including diet Indonesian people expected patient Diabetes mellitus
is increasing , especially in the age group up to the entire adult socioeconomic status .
Currently Diabetes mellitus disease prevention efforts have not occupy the main
priorities in health care , although known to the resulting negative impact is quite
large among other chronic complications in chronic heart disease , hypertension ,
brain , nervous system , heart , eyes and kidneys . The success of health development
efforts can be measured with reduced morbidity , general and infant mortality , and
increased life expectancy ( life expectancy ) , but the demographic transition due to
the success of efforts to reduce the mortality rate can cause epidemiological transition
, so the pattern is shifted from acute infectious disease degenerative disease chronic.
According to WHO figures popular with diseases as diabetes is quite fantastic
, which ranks fourth in the world. According to WHO data , the world is now
inhabited by 171 million people diabtes mellitus ( 2000) and will be doubled to 366
million in 2030 . Than 50 % were aware of the virus, only 30% of the routine
treatment . Trend of increasing prevalence will bring change increasingly prominent
position of diabetes mellitus , which is characterized by a change or increase in
substantial improvement grouped 10 (leading diseases) . Besides diabetes mellitus
members increasingly greater contribution to mortality ( ten diseases leading cause of
death ) . ( Bustan , 2007)
1.3 Objectives
1. To determine Understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and Diabetes
Mellitus
2. To determine the classification of Diabetes Mellitus
3. To find out how to diagnose the disease Diabetes Mellitus
4. To find out how to cure Diabetes Mellitus
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus , DM (Greek : διαβαίνειν , diabaínein , translucent or shower
water ) (Latin : mellitus , sweet taste ) , also known in Indonesia by the term sugar
urine disease is a metabolic disorder that is caused by many factors , with simtoma
form of chronic hyperglycemia and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates , fats and
proteins . According to the American Diabetes Asosiation ( ADA ) of 2003, diabetes
was merupkan a group of metabolic diseases with hyperglikemia characteristics that
occur due to abnormalities in insulin secretion , insulin action or both . Meanwhile,
according to the 1980 WHO mellistus diabetes is something that can not be poured in
a clear and concise answer but in general it can be said as a collection of anatomical
and chemical problems that are the result of a number of factors which come by
absolute or relative insulin deficiency and impaired insulin function . Diabetes
mellitus is a group of disorders characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (
hyperglikemia ) there may be a decrease in the body's ability to respond to insulin and
or a decrease or absence of the formation by the pancreas ( Burnner and suddarrth ,
2003)
2.2 Phatophysiology
In humans the fuel comes from food that we eat everyday , which consists of
carbohydrates ( sugars and starches ) , protein ( amino acids ) and fats ( fatty acids ) .
The food processing starts from the mouth to the stomach and then further into the
intestines . In the digestive tract , which consists of carbohydrate foods are broken
down into glucose , proteins are broken down into amino acids and fats into fatty
acids . These three nutrients was circulated throughout the body to be used by the
organs in the body as energy . In order to function as an energy food substances that
must be processed , where the glucose is burned through a chemical process that
produces energy is called metabolism . In the process of insulin metabolism plays an
important role that incorporate glucose into the cells that are used as fuel ( Faculty of
Medicine , Department of Health , WHO , 2004) Insulin is released by the beta cells
can be described as a child was the key that can unlock the door entry of glucose into
the cells , and then in the cells was in metabolismekan glucose into energy . If there is
no insulin , the glucose can enter the cells with glucose result will still be inside the
blood vessels , which means the levels in the blood rises . In these circumstances the
body becomes weak because there is no source of energy in the cell . This is what
happens in diabetes mellitus type 1.
2. Symptoms other
Skin disorders such as itching and sores . Normally , the body that is itchy
genital area or areas of skin folds , such as under the breasts and armpits
folding thigh
Cataract or refractive errors due to changes in the lens due to hyperglycemia
due
Gynecological disorders , such as vaginal discharge that causes the candida
fungus and abnormal menstrual patterns
Impotence in men
Tingling and numbness ( numbness ) in the fingers and toes that causes
neuropathy
Wounds or sores that do not heal, despite injuries arise only because of trivial
things , such as abrasions .
The body feels weak and easily tired
Weight loss without a specific cause
a. Sulfonylureas class I
Chlorpropamide (Diabenese)
Indications : NIDDM
Contra – Indications :
- juveil diabetes
- NIDDM heavy or unstable
- Ketoacidosis
- Surgery
- Severe infection
- Trauma
- Liver disorders
- Kidney or thyroid
- Pregnant
Dosage froms and dosage : 100 mg tablets ; 250 mg tablets and
middle-aged patients 250 mg / day , the older age of 100-125 mg / day
. Rules used 3 times daily with meals.
Side effects :
- Cholestatic jaundice
- Such as disulfiram reaction
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Anorexia
Special risk : in patients with impaired renal function and lactating
women.
b. Sulfonylureas class II
Glipizide ( Aldiab)
Indications : NIDDM
Conta – Indications :
- Diabetes ketoacidosis with or without coma
- Juvenile diabetes
- Kidney disorders
- Liver weight
Dosage froms and dosage : 5 mg tabs and an initial dose of 15-30 mg
1x / day before breakfast , plus a dose of 2.5-5 mg depending on blood
sugar levels.
Side effects :
- GI disorders
- Hypoglycemic
- Allergic skin reactions erythema
- Maculopapular eruptions ,
- Urticaria
- Pruritus
- Eczema
- Porphyria
- Photosensitivity
- Reactions such as disulfiram
- Hematologic reactions : agranulositois , leukopenia ,
thrombocytopenia , anemia plastesik , hemolytic anemia ,
pansetopenia , dizziness , drowsiness , headache . Increased AST ,
LDH , alkaline phosphatese , BUN and creatinine
Special risk : patients with liver , kidney and pregnant women.
Glimepiride (Amadiab)
Indications : diabetes mellitus type 2 (NIDDM)
Conta – Indications :
- Type 1 diabetes
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Diabetic coma prekoma or
- Hypersensitivity to glimepiride
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
Dosage froms and dosage : KAPL 1 mg ; 2 mg ; 3 mg ; 4 mg . Dose of
1 mg 1 x / day dose was increased for 1-2 weeks
Side effects :
- Hypoglycaemic
- While visual disorders
- GI disorders
- Liver damage
- Thrombopenia
- Leukopenia
Special risk : hypersensitivity and liver function disorders
Glibenclamide (Prodiabet)
Indications : NIDDM
Conta – Indications :
- IDDM
- Ketoacidosis
- Severe infections
- Stress
- Trauma
- Kidney disorders
- Liver or thyroid weight
- Acute porifia
Dosage froms and dosage : : 5 mg tablets . Initial dose of 2.5 mg / day ,
2.5 mg improved
Side effects :
- Cholestatic jaundice
- Allergic dermatologic and hematologic reactions
- GI disorders
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Paresthesias
Special risk : old age and hypoglycemia
An indication of this group are :
1. Ideal when weight around
2. Insulin requirements if less than 40 U / day
3. When no severe acute stress such as infection or surgery
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
1.1 Conclusion
1. Pathopysiology of Diabetes Mellitus are :
a. Pathopysiology of Diabetes Mellitus type 1
Insulin in type 1 diabetes mellitus no , this is caused by this type arise
due to an autoimmune reaction that caused inflammation in insulitis beta
cells.
b. Pathopysiology of Diabetes Mellitus type 2
In type 2 diabetes mellitus may in fact be a normal amount of insulin
but the more the number of insulin receptors on the cell surface are less .
The insulin receptor is like a keyhole entrance into the cell.
2. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus are :
a. Diabetes Mellitus type 1 : insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( Insulin
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus / IDDM ).
b. Diabetes Mellitus type 2 : insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( Non -
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus / NIDDM )
3. Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus are :
According Utami P , ( 2003) Diabetes mellitus can be diagnosed
through laboratory tests with a blood test . Diabetes mellitus diagnosis criteria
are taken from the World Health Organization 's decision ( WHO) is based on
blood sugar or glucose.
4. Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus are :
a. Physical exercise
b. Drug
c. Conseling
1.2 Advice
In keeping with the times then it will lead to diseases such as those caused by
behavior and lifestyle salah.Salah one example is it necessary Melitus. For
Diabetes prevention early in avoiding the disease Diabetes Mellitus with
maintaining and improving the public health of the family starting with how to do
a diet and a healthy lifestyle.
REFERENCES