Worksheet # 25

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

Hypothesis Formulation

Given the following Research Problems, formulate null and alternative hypothesis and
identify possible sources of errors.

1. Nutritional Status and Academic Performance of Grade School in Olongapo City.

HO:

HA:

2. School –related Practices of Parents of Grade VI Pupils at San Marcelino Elementary

School, Zambales as Perceived by the Teachers and Parents Themselves during the
Academic Year 2015-2016.
HO:

HA:

3. Culture and Climate at Company XYZ in Olongapo City as Assessed by the Managers
and Rank-in-file as Basis for more Efficient Production.
HO:

HA:
4. Philosophical Practices of College Educators and Administrators in a certain University
as a Baseline Study to Enhance the Teaching- Learning Process.
HO:

HA:

5. Environmental Performance Based on the Green Audit of Public Elementary Schools as

Evaluated by the School Administration and Teachers in the District of San Marcelino,
Zambales during the academic year 2015-2016.
HO:

HA:

6. Relationship of the Perceptual Strengths of College Students and their Mathematics

Performance during the Academic Year 2015-2016.
HO:

HA:
 Worksheet # 35

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

t-critical Value Examples and Exercises

1. Look up a t-critical value for a two-tailed test, with 36 df and alpha= .05.

2. Find the following t-critical values:

(a) One-tailed, alpha = .10 & df= 18.________________________
(b) One-tailed, alpha = .01 & df= 90.________________________
(c) Two-tailed, alpha = .05 & df= 28.________________________
(d) Two-tailed, alpha = .10 & df= 72.________________________
 Worksheet # 36

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

(t-Test for Independent Samples)

Given the following data presented in the table, analyze if there is a

significant difference between the assessment of the student-respondents and
personnel-respondents on the Registrar’s service in school XXX.

Personnel (X1) Students (X2)

5.0 3.36

5.0 3.20

5.0 3.52

5.0 3.34

4.33 3.84

4.88 3.22

4.88 3.43

4.55 3.29

4.00 3.52

5.00 3.30

Computations: Compute and have all the information you need to complete
the six step statistical inference process:
 Application of the Six Steps Statistical Inference Process:

1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your
research question.

2. Set the alpha level.

3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of
freedom for the statistical test if necessary.

4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.

6. Write a statement of results.

 Worksheet # 37

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

(t-Test for Independent Samples)

Two fourth-grade teachers in School want to know if the gender of the main
character in a story makes a difference in their male students’ interest in the story.
Each class had 10 boys in the class. One group of boys read a story that had a
female as the main character, while the other group of boys read a story that had a
male as the main character. After reading the stories each boy completed an
interest inventory to indicate how interested he was in the story. Was there a
significant difference in the interest inventory scores for the two groups?

Interest Inventory Scores for Two Groups

Female as in main character Male as main character

17 18

10 20

16 17

15 16

15 20

16 19

14 18

Computations: compute and have all the information you need to complete the six
step statistical inference process:
 Application of the Six Steps Statistical Inference Process:

1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your
research question.

2. Set the alpha level.

3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of
freedom for the statistical test if necessary.

4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.

6. Write a statement of results.

 Worksheet # 38

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

A special program, developed to enhance children’s self-concept, is implemented

with seven- and nine-year-old children in Sunny Days School. The intervention lasts
ten weeks and involves various activities in the class and at home. All the children
in the program are pre-tested and post-tested using the Purdue Self-Concept Scale
for Preschool Children (PSCS). The test is compromised of a series of 40 pairs of
pictures, and scores can range from 0 to 40. The dependent t test will be used to test
the hypothesis that students would improve significantly on the posttest, compared
with their pretest scores.

Pretest and Posttest Scores of Ten Children

Pretest Posttest

31 18

30 31

33 33

35 40

32 36

34 39

32 40

29 42

37 44

36 39

Computations: Compute and have all the information you need to complete the six
step statistical inference process.
 Application of the Six Steps Statistical Inference Process:

1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your
research question.

2. Set the alpha level.

3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of
freedom for the statistical test if necessary.

4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.

6. Write a statement of results.

 Worksheet # 39

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

College students were given a Science test. On the basis of the scores on this
test, two groups of matched subjects were formed. Students in group 1 were given
the lecture method of instruction, while students in group 2 were given a new,
laboratory method of instruction. At the end of the semester, the students were
given a Science achievement test. Analyze the results below to determine whether
the new reading instructional program leads to significantly higher Science
achievement scores for group 2.

Reading Achievement Scores for Two Groups

of Children
Group 1 Group 2
Lecture Method Laboratory Method

79 85

83 92

93 89

86 88

56 64

65 71

71 70

66 69

50 63

Computations: Compute and have all the information you need to complete the six
step statistical inference process.
 Application of the Six Steps Statistical Inference Process:

1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your
research question.

2. Set the alpha level.

3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of
freedom for the statistical test if necessary.

4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.

6. Write a statement of results.

 Worksheet # 40

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

Z-value Example and Exercise:

1. Look up a Z-critical value for a two tailed test when alpha -.05.

2. Calculate the following Z-critical values.

(a) One tailed test at alpha = .10 :______________________
(b) One tailed test at alpha = .01 :______________________
(c) Two tailed test at alpha = .10 :______________________
(d) One tailed test at alpha = .02 :______________________
 Worksheet # 41

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

1. Look up a F-critical value for a one-tailed test, with 24 df in the numerator

and 30 df in the denominator and alpha =.05.

2. Find the following F-critical values:

Note: The notation used below is defines as “F (numerator df,
denominator df)”
(a) One tailed, alpha =.05 for F (20, 43).______________________
(b) One tailed, alpha =.01 for F (12, 19).______________________
(c) Two tailed, alpha =.10 for F (34, 51).______________________
(d) Two tailed, alpha =.02 for F (40, 60).______________________
 Worksheet # 42

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

An industrial psychologist is interested in evaluating four different types of training

on worker productivity. Using a standard measure of productivity, the psychologist
measures the productivity of a set of workers who have been trained using each one of the
four procedures. Using the data below, determine whether there is a significant difference
between the training methods. Larger numbers on the dependent variable indicate higher
probability.

Productivity Scores for Four Groups of Workers Trained by Different Method

Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Group 1 On the Job Computer Lecture Videotape
Assisted

67 68 46 37

68 62 39 46

61 59 38 49

62 71 47 48

60 60 46 49

56 66 49 53

Computations: Compute and have all the information you need to complete the six
step statistical inference process.
 Application of the Six Steps Statistical Inference Process:

1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your
research question.

2. Set the alpha level.

3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of
freedom for the statistical test if necessary.

4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.

6. Write a statement of results.

 Worksheet # 43

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

A school guidance counselor investigates the influence of different motivational

devices on the academic achievement of students. The counselor arranges for one group of
students to receive immediate feedback upon the completion of a English assignment. A
second group of students receives feedback at the end of the day, while a third group
receives feedback at the end of the week. Using the students’ grades on a standardized
English test, determine whether there is a significant difference between the groups. If
necessary, perform Scheffe tests.

English Test Results for Groups of Students Receiving Various Types of Feedback

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Immediate Day’s End Week’s End
Feedback Feedback Feedback

49 40 36

40 37 32

41 42 31

46 39 39

42 45 40

50 39 39

Computations: Compute and have all the information you need to complete the six
step statistical inference process.
 Application of the Six Steps Statistical Inference Process:

1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your
research question.

2. Set the alpha level.

3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of
freedom for the statistical test if necessary.

4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.

6. Write a statement of results.

 Worksheet # 44

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

The Omnibus Personality Inventory was used to measure the intellectual disposition
of three groups of students. Group 1 was composed of student government leaders, group 2
was composed of athletes, and group 3 was composed of part-time students. Analyze the
data below to determine whether there is a significant difference between the three groups.

Omnibus Personality Inventory Scores for Three Groups of Students

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

3 5 7

8 2 3

3 7 8

1 3 6

6 8 9

2 10

Computations: Compute and have all the information you need to complete the six
step statistical inference process.
 Application of the Six Steps Statistical Inference Process:

1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your
research question.

2. Set the alpha level.

3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of
freedom for the statistical test if necessary.

4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.

6. Write a statement of results.

 Worksheet # 45

Name:_______________________________________ Date:______________

Given the following set of data presented in the table below, determine if there a
significant difference between the assessments of the students on the Registrar’s services
when grouped according to course.

ITC CS AS/EDUC. ENG BSBA TOTAL

(N=12) (N=25) (N=49) (N=22) (N=40)

3.58 3.00 3.73 3.31 3.17 16.79

3.91 2.84 3.13 3.13 3.00 16.01

4.25 3.00 3.72 3.72 2.90 17.59

4.16 3.26 3.22 3.22 2.85 16.71

4.08 3.82 3.90 3.90 3.42 19.12

2.83 3.12 3.35 3.40 3.40 16.10
3.16 3.12 3.70 3.70 3.45 17.13
4.08 2.80 2.96 2.96 3.63 16.43

3.25 3.12 3.67 3.67 3.90 17.61

3.33 2.90 3.39 3.39 3.50 16.51
36.63 30.99 34.77 34.40 33.22 170

Computations: Compute and have all the information you need to complete the six
step statistical inference process:
 Application of the Six Steps Statistical Inference Process:

1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your
research question.

2. Set the alpha level.

3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of
freedom for the statistical test if necessary.

4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.

6. Write a statement of results.

 Student Distribution
(t-table)
a for one-tailed test 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
a for two-tailed test 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01
df
1 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 2.920 4.303 6.065 9.925
3 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032

6 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707

7 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169

11 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106

12 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.771 2.160 2.65 3.355
14 1.761 2.145 2.624 3.250
15 1.753 2.131 2.602 3.169

16 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921

17 1.74 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845

21 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831

22 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.708 2.06 2.485 2.787

26 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779

27 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750

40 1.684 2.021 2.423 3.551

60 1.671 2.000 2.390 3.460
120 1.658 1.980 2.358 3.373
8 1.645 1.960 2.326 3.291