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Latin Maxims
B. POWER TO CONSTRUE
C. CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION
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Quod ab initio non valet in tractu temporis non convalescit.
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That which was originally void, does not by lapse of time become valid.
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Annual Exam Archive 4. Ratihabitio mandato aequiparatur.
Follow past precedents and do not disturb what has been settled.
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Hoc quidem perquam durum est, sed ita lex scripta est.
It is exceedingly hard, but so the law is written.
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B. DEPARTURE FROM LITERAL INTERPRETATION
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Littera necat spiritus vivificate.
The letter kills but the spirit gives life.
Quando verba statute sunt speciali, ratio autem generalia, statum generaliter est intelligendum.
When the words used in a statute are special, but the purpose of the law is general, it should be read as the general expression.
11. Interpretatio talis in ambiguis simper fienda est ut evitetur inconveniens et absurdum.
Where there is ambiguity, the interpretation of such that will avoid inconveniences and absurdity is to be adopted.
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12. Ea est accipienda interpretation quae vitio caret.
That interpretation is to be adopted which is free from evil or injustice.
14. Jurae naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento et injuria fieri locupletiorem.
It is certainly not agreeable to natural justice that a stranger should reap the pecuniary produce of another man’s work.
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18. Summum jus, summa injuria.
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The rigor of the law would be the highest injustice.
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Annual Exam Archive Jus summum saepe, summa est militia.
C. IMPLICATIONS
Cui jurisdiction data est, ea quoque concessa esse videntur sine quibus jurisdiction explicari non potuit.
When jurisdiction is given, all powers and means essential to its exercise are also given.
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23. Quando aliquid prohibetur ex directo, prohibetur et per obliquum.
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What cannot, by law, be done directly cannot be done indirectly.
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Annual Exam Archive Chapter V – INTERPRETATION OF WORDS AND PHRASES
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A. IN GENERAL
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Generis dictum generaliter est interpretandum.
A general statement is understood in its general sense.
B. ASSOCIATED WORDS
LIBRARY Negative-Opposite Doctrine: what is expressed puts an end to that which is implied.
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LAW FIRM (/) 32. Cassus omissus pro omisso habendus est.
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A person, object or thing omitted from an enumeration must be held to have been omitted intentionally.
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C. PROVISOS, EXCEPTIONS AND SAVING CLAUSES
Injustum est, nisi tota lege inspecta, de una aliqua ejus particula proposita indicare vel respondere.
It is unjust to decide or to respond as to any particular part of a law without examining the whole of the law.
Nemo enim aliquam partem recte intelligere possit antequam totum interum atque interim perlegit.
The sense and meaning of the law is collected by viewing all the parts together as one whole and not of one part only by itself.
Verba posterima propter certitudinem addita ad priora quae certitudine indigent sunt referenda.
Reference should be made to a subsequent section in order to explain a previous clause of which the meaning is doubtful.
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Interpretare et concordare leges legibus est optimus interpretandi modus.
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Every statute myst be so construed and harmonized with other statutes as to form a uniform system of law.
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Annual Exam Archive Distinguish times and you will harmonize law.
- Tempora mutantur et leges mutantur in illis.
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- Times have changed and laws have changed with them.
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A. IN GENERAL
Leges quae retrospciunt, et magna cum cautione sunt adhibendae neque enim janus locatur in legibus.
Laws which are retrospective are rarely and cautiously received, for Janus has really no place in the laws.
Leges et constitutiones futuris certum est dare formam negotiis, non ad facta praeterita revocari, nisi nominatim et de praeterito
tempore et adhuc pendentibus negotiis cautum sit.
Laws should be construed as prospective, not retrospective, unless they are expressly made applicable to past transactions and to such as are
still pending.
A. REPEAL
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LANGUAGE OF STATUTE WHEN AMBIGUOUS
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FORMS B. In obscuris inspici solere quod versimilius est, aut quod plerumque fieri solet.
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When matters are obscure, it is customary to take what appears to be more likely or what usually o en happens.
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Jus constitui oportet in his quae ut plurimum accidunt non quae ex inordinato.
Laws ought to be made with a view to those cases which happen most frequently, and not to those which are of rare or accidental occurrence.
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