Lapu-Lapu and Magellan (Markers)

I. Background of Characters
○ Who is Magellan?
- Born in 1480, Sabrosa, Portugal.
- His wife was María Caldera Beatriz Barbosa (daughter of Diogo Barbosa) and they had 2 children; Carlos de
Magalhães and Rodrigo de Magalhães. He is a Portugues captain and navigator who led the circumnavigation with 270
men and 5 ships; Trinidad, San Antonio, Victoria, Conception, and Santiago (but was not able to fully circumnavigate
the world because he died at the battle of Mactan

Achievements
- 1st to circumnavigate the world
- Proved that the earth is a sphere
- Discovered Westward Route to Asia (Treaty of Tordesillas - division of the newly discovered lands outside Europe
between the two countries)
- Strait of Magellan (Strait between Tierra del Fuego and Mainland South America)
- Named the Sea of the South as (Mar Pacifico) Pacific Ocean because of its calmness compared to the strait they had
been through.
- First European to reach Philippine Archipelago
- Magellanic Clouds (two irregular dwarf galaxies visible from the southern hemisphere)
- Magellanic Penguin (spotted in South America)
- Christianity

Death: He died in 1521 (During the Battle in Mactan)

○ Who is Lapu-lapu?
- The earliest record of his name comes from Italian diarist Antonio Pigafetta (accompanied magellan in his
expedition)
a. "Zula"
b. "Çilapulapu" / Si Lapulapu (Rizal)
Other Names;
"Lapulapu Dimantag" (Aginid Chronicles)
"Cali Pulaco" (Carlos Calao)
“Kalipulako” (Mariano Ponce)

- No accounts had proved his origin. However, according to the epic Aginid, he was from borneo. He then reached
sugbo (cebu) and ask humabon for a place to settle (mandawili - now called mandaue) includin Opong or (Opon).

Position - He was known to be a datu of mactan together with zula (Maginoo Class)

Achievements
- Reject Submission from Spain Colonization
- Killed Magellan and his troops to protect Mactan, thus, achieving independence.

- Nothing is certain from his background, origin, even his death. However, folktales tell that he was tied up in
a horse.

II. Context
● How was Magellan in the eyes of King Manuel of Portugal?
- Magellan was seen by the king and the court as hardheaded,
● Why did he leave Portugal?
- He left Portugal to find another employer, one who could appreciate his services and would allow him to travel to
the spice islands.
- King Charles of Spain was greatly impressed by the accounts given to him with Magellan
- Following the approval, the contract was presented to the king with the terms and rewards of a successful mission.
- Magellan and Faleiro would be Governor of any lands discovered
- 1/5 of all profits from the voyage.
 - if they discovered 6 or more islands, they would be entitled to keep part of the tax revenue from any two
of them.
● The king looks upon Magellan with huge respect. However, a rapid rise of fame brings enemies, particularly when such
high stakes are involved.
● The initial date of the voyage was initially set May 21, 1518, but later extended because of preparations. The new
departure date was December 1518.
● September 20 (Tuesday), 1519, the expedition finally set sail from San Lucar. Magellan, the Captain general sailed on
the Trinidad (Other ships were Concepcion, San Antonio, Santiago, Victoria)
● Magellan did not follow the agreed route, instead, they traveled to the south by west.
● The St. Lazarus Islands
- April 7, 1521 - the ships reached Cebu,
- At the Limasawa Island, Rajah Colambu was hesitant at first. But later on agreed and they entered into a blood
compact (with Rajah Colambu) which symbolizes the highest form of brotherhood between two unrelated men.
- Magellan placed a large cross on the top of a hill and in the name of the King of Spain took possession of the
whole archipelago. The day they sighted the Philippines was March 16, 1521, St. Lazarus Day, accordingly,
Magellan named the Islands The Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
- March 31, 1521 - first-ever mass held in the Philippines.
● Why did Magellan and Lapu-Lapu Faught?
o Magellan had summoned all the outlying chiefs to a meeting to want them of their continued rebellion. One
chief refused even to attend and henceforth became Magellan’s focus of attention, his name was Lapu-lapu.
o Because of this, Magellan wants to punish Lapu-lapu for his disobedience
● The Battle of Mactan
- April 27, 1521, Magellan and sixty volunteers began to equip themselves with armor and weapons and afterward
boarder three small boats. The men reached Mactan 3 hours before dawn.
- volunteers stepped from their boats into the seawater only to find out that with many corals, the boats could not
make it to shore. They had to wade through waist-deep water carrying their weapons. But Lapu-lapu was prepared
with three large trenches had been dug between the short and the village served as a strong defense. He also had
put together a force of over one thousand warriors.
- Whilst fighting, Magellan was struck in the leg by a poisoned arrow. He pulled it out to continue to fight, but the
poison began to affect his walking. Magellan out of loyalty to his men allowed them to escape by standing firm
and fighting off the enemy forces.
- Twice Magellan’s helmet was knocked off by the oncoming forces. Spears reigned and only their strong armor
saved them
- Due to an arm wound he was unable to pull it off from the scabbard. Lapu-lapu’s forces took the chance and
rushed forward and struck Magellan. A sweeping scimitar slashed at his unprotected legs and brought him
crashing into the sea. As the seawater permeated his nostrils and lungs he was speared and stabbed until he was
dead.
- ships left Cebu on May 1, 1521. Lapu-lapu became a national hero, but nothing is known of the whereabouts of
Magellan’s body, although a monument and plaque mark the place where he fell on Mactan in 1521.
● “our mirror, our light and comfort, and our true guide” – Pigafetta

Is Magellan a Hero?
- Magellan was not held up to be a hero. The commander of San Antonio (one of the two ships who did not come to the
Philippines) had spread a bad report about Magellan’s conduct. They were saved by Del Cano from death but not one of
the documents written by Magellan was delivered by Del Cano to the court of Spain. Pigafetta and Don Antonio did not
dare to speak out to reveal their own written transcripts in full. The Portuguese had no desire to remember Magellan, they
regarded him as a traitor.

III. Content (markers) – Zoe

○ Why did they build 2 markers instead of 1?
• The reason why there are 2 different markers in the shrine is because it represents 2 different historical events
which happened at Mactan.
• For the Lapu lapu marker, it gives people an insight that in that spot lapu lapu, who was the first local to ever rebel
against the Spaniards, was believed to have killed magellan. Which is of course a historical event for the Filipinos.
The marker was built to commemorate the hero’s act of bravery by fighting for supremacy and freedom against
Magellan and his people.
• For the magellan marker, magellan is known by spaniards and portuguese as a traitor while Filipinos identify him as
an invader. This would then lead us to ask why a marker was built specifically for an invader. Well, the marker was
 built to mark the spot where the first captain to circumnavigate the Earth died in the hands of cebuanos/locals. He
might not be a filipino for us to openly broadcast his achievement but he was killed by someone who was a local
and i guess that’s something we’re really proud of (that a local killed a traitor and also an important person in
history this makes us have bragging rights). Magellan was also the “discoverer” of the philippines and he was the
one who influenced Filipinos to become christians which made him an important person in our history.
o Interesting facts
▪ Both markers were built on the year 1866 inside a plaza called mactan shrine park which is a
memorial for the battle of Mactan.
▪ The magellan marker is located in the magellan shrine which is a memorial tower approximately 30
meters high
▪ While the lapu lapu marker is located across the magellan marker along with a mural of the battle.
o History Behind
▪ The origin of the magellan monument was said to have been on December 4, 1840 when Spanish
Governor-General Francisco Alcala approved the plan to build a shrine in commemoration of the
portuguese “discoverer” of the philippines, magellan. Although circumstances of construction were
not clear.
▪ In 1858, karl von scherzer said that there was already a monument intended to commemorate
magellan in mactan which was a different monument from what we know now. The monument
scherzer was referring to was a lighthouse that would warn ships of the dangers of the reefs.
▪ The monument we see today was said to be built on the year 1866 during the administration of the
Augustinian priest Simon Aguirre.

Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan ni Andres Bonifacio

I. Background

Andres Bonifacio
• Ipinanganak noong Nobyembre 30, 1863 sa Tondo, Maynila
• Panganay na anak nina Santiago Bonifacio at Catalina de Castro
• May limang kapatid na sina Ciriaco, Procopio, Espiridiona, Troadio, at Maxima Bonifacio
• Ang pamilyang Bonifacio ay sumasagisag sa karaniwang angkan ng mga Indiong anak-pawis; sila yung Clase Pobre na
tinatawag ng mga Kastilang Insulares at Criollos – common misconception about him
• Iniidolo at isang inspirasyon ang turing ni Andres kay Jose Rizal

Katipunan
• Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan o KKK ay lihim na itinatag ni Bonifacio noong
Hulyo 7, 1892
• Naitatag ito sa mismong araw kung kelan nilagdaan ni Gob. Hen. Eulogio Despujol ang kautusang ipatapon si Rizal sa
Dapitan
• Naging usap-usapan ng mga opisyal ng pamahalaang kolonyal sa Pilipinas, pati na rin ng mga prayleng kura sa buong
kapuluan ang kaguluhan sa Kolonyang Cuba (Pebrero 24, 1895)

Kalayaan
• Ito ang opisyal na pahayagan ng Katipunan na nagbigay-daan upang malaman ng mga Indio ang malubhang kalagayan ng
kanilang bayan sa mahabang panahon ng paniniil ng mga Kastila
• Noong Enero 1896 ang unang labas ng Kalayaan sa palimbagan
• Marso 1896 nailathala sa pahayagang Kalayaan ang tula na Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan na isinulat ni Andres
Bonifacio gamit ang sagisag-panulat na Agapito Bagumbayan
• Walang nakaligtas na kopya ng Kalayaan, kung kaya’t ang kopya na nilathala ni Jose P. Santos noong 1935 at ang kopya ng
manuskripto ng tula na nasa Madrid lamang ang mayroon tayo ngayon

Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan

• Dahil nangangalap ng mga kasapi sa kanilang kilusan, ang tula ay nasa panghihikayat na estilo
• Mula sa dalawang bersyon ng tula, mapapansin na may pagkakaiba sa pagkakasulat ng mga piling salita at linya
Content Analysis

1
Alin pag ibig ang hihigit kaya
sa pagka dalisay at pagkadakila
gaya ng pag ibig sa tinubuang lupa?
Sa unang bahagi ng tula ang
alin pag ibig pa? wala na nga, wala? mensahe ay tungkol sa pag -
2 ibig bilang pinakadakilang
Ulit-ulitin mang basahin ng isip pagmamahal.
at isa-isahing talastasing pilit Ang pag ibig na ito ay hindi para
ang salita’t buhay na limbag at titik
ng isang katauhan ito’y namamasid.
sa sarili kundi pag ibig sa lahat
ng Pilipino.
3
Banal na Pag-ibig! Pag ikaw ang nukal
Sa tapat na puso ng sino’t alinman,
Imbi’t taong-gubat, maralita’t mang mang,
Nagiging dakila at iginagalang.

9
Kalakip din nito’y pag-ibig sa Bayan
Ang lahat ng lalong sa gunita’y mahal
Mula sa masaya’t gasong kasanggulan
Hanggang sa katawa’y mapasalibingan
Saknong 10
Ang nangakaraang panahon ng aliw,
Isang paghahamon o pagtatanong
Ang inaasahang araw na darating ang binitawan ni Andres sa mga
Ng pagkat imawang mga alipin, saknong 9-10. Ginigising niya ang
Liban pa sa Bayan saan tatanghalin? diwa at puso ng taong nakakalimot
na paglingkuran ang inang bayang.
10
Sa kabuuan ay ginamit ang tula na
Ang nangakaraang panahon ng aliw, ito upang himukin naman
Ang inaasahang araw na darating talagaang mga Pilipino na maging
Ng pagkat imawang mga alipin, makabayan.
Liban pa sa Bayan saan tatanghalin?

14
Pati ng magdusa’t sampung kamatayan
Wari’y masarap kung dahil sa Bayan
At lalong maghirap, O! himalang bagay,
Lalong pag-irog pa ang sa kanya’y alay.
Sa saknong 14 ay ipinunto ni
Andres na ang maghirap, magdusa,
mamatay, at mag-alay ng buong
pag-ibig para ipagtanggol at
buhayin ang bayan ay ang
pinakamakasaysayang bagay na
magagawa ng sinuman
22
Nasaan ang dangal ng mga tagalog
nasaan ang dugung dapat na ibuhos?
baya'y inaapi bakit di kumilos? Lubos na nakaapekto ang paligid
at natitilihang itoy mapanood.
na ginagalawan ni Bonifacio upang
28
isulat ang tulang ito. gumamit siya
Ipahandog handog ang boong pag-ibig ng mga salitang pagka-busabos,
hangang sa mga dugo'y ubusing itiguis kapaitan, kasuklam-suklam, at iba
kung sa pagtatangol buhay pa na tumutukoy sa kawalang hiya
ay ito'y kapalaran at tunay na langit.
ng mga sumakop sa atin.

What kind of audience is he trying to reach and what kind of reaction does the writer expect from the audience?
- Ang tula ay ginawa para sa sambayanang Pilipino noong panahon ng rebolusyon. Inaasahan na ang mga makakabasa
nito ay maimulat ang mata at umusbong ang pagmamahal sa inang bayan at mahihikayat sumama sa rebolusyon tungo sa
kalayaan ng Pilipinas. Ginawa rin ito para sa mga Pilipino ngayon, upang patuloy na pagliyabin ang pagmamahal sa
Pilipinas; ipinapakita sa saknong 1

Was this text a response to a particular event or a social phenomenon?

• Naniniwala si Bonifacio sa rebolusyon ang sagot upang makalaya ang Pilipinas sa kamay ng mga Kastila.
• Ginawa ang tula na ito upang manghikayat ng mga Pilipino sa sumama sa paghihimagsik laban sa mga pananakop at
upang ipagtanggol ang inang bayan
• Isa sa mga nag-usig kay Bonifacio na magsulat ng tula ay ang mga libro ni Jose Rizal na Noli Me Tangere at El
Filibusterismo

Does the text prompt readers to a certain action?

• Ang teksto ay isang uri ng panghihikayat sa sambayanang Pilipino upang ipaglaban ang karapatan at kasarinlan ng
pilipinas laban sa mga espanol; naipapakita sa saknong 14

Perspective

Naniniwala si Bonifacio na ang tunay na paglaya ay higit pa sa pagsusulat at ito ay nangangailangan ng sakripisyo at pagdanak ng
dugo. Ang nais ipahatid ni Bonifacio gamit ang tula ay ang panunumbalik ng dating kaginhawahan sa pamamagitan ng sama-
samang pagkilos ng mga Pilipino. Hinihimok ng tula na muling palitawin ang tunay na pag-ibig mula sa kalooban, kahit
mangahulugan iyon ng pagbubuwis ng buhay.

Ika nga ni Claro M. Recto “the battle for the redemption of the Motherland was begun by Rizal in the field of thought. It cannot be
denied that Rizal was the greatest in his field. But he stopped there. He did not want to be drenched with the blood of his
compatriots…But Bonifacio the idealist, in his implicit faith that God will not forsake our country…went down into the arena of
rebellion and drenched it with blood…and because God willed it, the freedom of the Philippines shone brightly at the same time
with first dawn.”

Kartilya ng Katipunan
● small pamphlet for new members on the KKK's principles & teachings
● four single sheets- a list of points to be borne in mind when recruiting members; the application form; and the oath of
allegiance.
● “Cartilla”
○ Spanish word, meaning primer
○ Its use for school books to teach reading
○ Usually consisting of some basic words or phrases
○ It is a preparatory coat: ibig sabihin kaya ginawa ang kartilya ng katipunan para ihanda at para alam ng mga gusto
maging members yung pinapasok nila
When was the text written?
- Sometime in 1896, Andres Bonifacio, the father of the Philippine Revolution, and once the President of the Supreme
Council of the Katipunan, penned the Decalogue of Duties of the Sons of the People.
● Resources confirming the publication of the “Kartilya ng Katipunan” or Primer of the Sons of the People are scarce.
● It is safe to assume that it is in or sometime after 1896. Andres Bonifacio wrote the “Dekalogo” or the Duties of the Sons of
the People then which Emilio Jacinto made a revision of.

Who wrote the text? What kind of views did the reader advocate?
- Andres Bonifacio penned the Duties of the Sons of the People, a list of the duties and responsibilities to be followed strictly
by every member of the organization. The rules constituted a decalogue, and embodied Bonifacio’s passionate beliefs.
● Bonifacio's passionate beliefs: Filipinos should sincerely love and dedicate himself to his country
● Can be seen:
○ When the Kalayaan, the official organ of the Katipunan, essays written by Bonifacio such as “Ang Dapat Mabatid
ng mga Tagalog” and “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa” were included.
○ Actions in the KKK revolutionary army

In admiration of Emilio Jacinto’s literary style, Bonifacio would later adopt Jacinto’s Kartilya as the official teachings of the
Katipunan. Similar to the Decalogue, the Kartilya was written to introduce new recruits to the principles and values that should
guide every member of the organization.

Emilio Jacinto
• Born in Tondo, Manila in the 15th of December 1875
• Father: Mariano Jacinto
• Mother: Josefa Dizon
• Education:
o College: San Juan de Letran
o Law: University of Santo Tomas
• He stopped going to college at the age of 18 (1894) to join the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society.
• “Utak ng Katipunan”
o Andres Bonifacio’s financial advisor and secretary
o At age of 21, he became the general in the guerilla’s army
o A writer in Kalayaan, newspaper for Katipunan members
o Pen names: Pingkian & Dimas-ilaw
• Died at the age of 23 from Malaria
Additional information:
● pingkian - katipunan; to strike, dimasilaw- newspaper
● eyes of the katipunan
● spirit of the revolution
● wrote pieces about the principles and values on how Filipinos should live their lives.
● through his creative works, Filipinos are enlightened.
● Kalayaan: kunwari galing sa Japan
● Jose Dizon: tito, isa sa 13 na martyrs sa bagumbayan
● Nakapasok sa KKK tulong ng pinsan niyang si Marina Dizon

What are the political, cultural, and social factors that could have affected the author?

Political Factors:
The objective of the Katipunan is to separate the Philippines from Spain and to receive equal treatment with the Spaniards. To
achieve this, Emilio Jacinto wanted Filipinos who cares for the nation and would not join for selfish reasons.

● Be free from the authority of the Spaniards. Equal treatment with spaniards. For the Philippines to be a province of spain.
● Longing for liberty and justice.
● Through Kartilya, people will know that joining this association, they should have compassion for the welfare of the country
and to their fellowmen.
● Promote justice, liberty and fellowship. And step by step, maachieve na nila yung goal nila.
Cultural factors:
Knowing Filipinos, they practice the spirit of communal unity and cooperation (bayanihan).
● Bayanihan is a part of our Filipino culture and it affected the author in a way that he wants each Filipino to have a loving
attitude with his fellowmen. It is to achieve a certain goal, in this case, the freedom. They must come together and help one
another to attain this freedom.
The treatment of Spanish to the Filipinos during that period provokes the native to construct such document that brings them
together to fight for their rights.
● Kartilya is aka code of ethics of the katipunan. Jacinto wanted the Filipinos to have these ethics and values in order to
create good and principled citizens who have love and care for our native land. Improve yung ethics ng mga pilipino

Emilio Jacinto then created Kartilya to call for men who are willing to save the country.
● It is written in Tagalog syntax since more people can understand it. His target is the Filipinos who are also longing for
freedom, justice and fellowship.

Social factors:
1. February 13, 1565 - Start of Spanish Colonization
a. Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition from Mexico. He established
the first permanent settlement in Cebu.
2. February 17, 1872 – Execution of Gomburza
a. The GomBurZa are publicly executed as alleged leaders of the Cavite conspiracy despite lack of evidence.
3. December 13, 1888 – La Solidaridad was established
a. Filipino expatriates in Spain: Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Antonio Luna and Mariano Ponce established the
organization La Solidaridad.
b. The group aims to foster closer relationships with Spain and the Philippines.
4. January 12, 1889 – La Asociacion Hispano-Filipino was created.
a. The organization is composed of Filipinos and some peninsulares led by Miguel Morayta.
b. Its aim was to influence public opinion to initiate reforms in the Philippines.
5. January 1, 1892 – The Katipunan idea was conceived.
6. July 3, 1892 – Rizal established the reformist society, La Liga Filipina.
a. Purpose: to build a new group sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement
7. 6 July 1892 Spanish authorities arrested Rizal for organizing La Liga Filipina.

8. 7 July 1892 – The Katipunan was established.

a. Membership was through blood compact symbolizing the foundation of the secret society, which aimed the
separation of the Philippines from Spain and the expulsion of the Spaniards in the country.
b. The first Supremo of the Katipunan was Deodato Arellano, followed by Roman Basa and finally, Andres Bonifacio.
9. 1893 - women were given the chance to join the organization.
a. The first members were Gregoria de Jesus, Josefa Rizal, Marina Dizon and Angelica Lopez.
b. They served as the keepers of important and confidential documents of the Katipunan and staged galas as fronts
for the regular meetings of the male members.
10. 1894 - the Katipunan spread throughout Manila
11. Marso 1896
a. Lumabas ang una at huling edisyon ng pahayagan ng Katipunan, ang Kalayaan. Mula 300 kasapi, dumami ang
kasapian sa tinatayang 30,000 miyembro.
b. Sa mga sulatin dito, sa Kartilya ng Katipunan ni Emilio Jacinto at iba pang akdang Katipunan makikita ang
konsepto nila ng tunay na Kalayaan ng Katipunan na nakabatay sa kaginhawaan at matuwid at mabuting
kalooban.
12. 19 August 1896 – Katipunan was discovered.
a. Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation, although no solid evidence could be
found to support them.
b. A KKK member, Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the existence of the Katipunan. Patiño was a worker
in the printing press of Diario de Manila. Honoria was then living with nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage.
c. The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanage’s Mother Superior, Sor Teresa de Jesus, what
her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek the advice of Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of
Tondo.
d. After hearing Patiño’s revelations, Father Mariano Gil-accompanied by several Guardias Civiles immediately
searched the premises of Diario de Manila and found evidence of the Katipunan’s existence.
e. The governor general was quickly informed.
 f. The printing press was padlocked and hundreds of suspected KKK members were arrested.
13. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anti-
colonial secret organization
From these events, it can be seen that a peaceful solution such as reform was the goal of Filipinos. However, as time
passed, due to its lack of infectivity, a revolutionary army was formed.

What kind of audience does the author try to reach?

● The Kartilya was written to introduce the new recruits and those who want to join the association to the
principles and values that should guide every member of the organization.
● The Kartilya may also serve as a reminder to the existing members about the principles and values that they must
continue to uphold.

Additional Information:
● It is a guideline for people who wanted to join the association.
● Only few are chosen because Katipunan is not for the selfish and greedy people. Dapat bukal sa loob mo di lamang para
guminhawa buhay mo.
● Not only important to the Katipuneros but also to the Filipino nation. To observe the principles and values on how they
should live their lives.
● So di lang siya limited sa mga Katipunero kasi gusto ni Jacinto na maging good and principled citizens ang mga Filipino
base sa mga binigay niyang teachings sa Kartilya. Lalo na Filipinos today. Kasi minention dito yung love for the nativeland,
fellowmen, respect for women and love for the family.
● Ano man estado mo sa buhay pwede ka makapasok sa Katipunan, mahirap/mayaman, marunong/di marunong, basta may
pagmamahal sa bansa at pagmamahal sa kapwa. Hindi rin lahat nakakapasok ng katipunan kasi yung iba ay pumapasok
lang for their selfish and greedy reasons na naisipan nila giginhawa buhay nila pag sumali sila dito. Hindi pa nila
masyadong nauunawaan ang ideologies ng katipunan.

What kind of reaction does the writer expect from the audience?
The reaction that is expected from the audience is compliance of the principles, teachings and values of the Katipunan.

Was this event a response to a particular event or a social phenomenon?

During Spanish period, there was a SOCIAL OPPRESSION. The objectives of the Katipunan is to defend the poor and the
oppressed. Filipinos are willing to stake their lives and overcome the dread of reprisals; believing that worse fate awaited their
families if they did not stand up to face their oppressors.

The Kartilya was the moral and intellectual foundation used to guide the actions of Katipuneros. Upon joining the Katipunan,
members were required to read the Kartilya and adhere to its code of conduct. Changing the way people thought and acted was
paramount to the early Katipuñeros; they understand that was the only way to truly change the Philippines for the better. Play-acting
as and implicitly referencing the Katipunan without fully understanding their political and moral context and goals essentially
degrades the breadth of what they were trying to achieve.

Realizing the importance of a primer to indoctrinate the members of the society in its ideals, Jacinto prepared one which he called
Kartilla.

Does the text prompt readers to a certain action?

Yes, in a way, it is a part of the action needed about the social oppression. It is not directly the response for the social oppression.
The direct response is the revolution.
FACTS: noli me tangere, el filibusterismo, spolarium

CONTENT ANALYSIS

1. Subject matter (topic)

- Best known of all the Katipunan texts
- “Cartilla” the primer used for grade schools during the Spanish period
- Serve as the primary lessons of the members of the Katipunan
- Has thirteen points that spoke of honor, charity and self- sacrifice but warned of penalty to the traitor and
disobedient
 2. Events, physical details & information

1. A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred cause is like a tree without a shade, or a poisonous weed.
2. A good deed lacks virtue if it springs from a desire for personal profit and not from a sincere desire to do good.
3. True charity resides in acts of compassion, in love for one’s fellow men, and in making true reason the measure of
every move, deed, and word.
4. Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. One can be superior to another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty...
but not in being.
5. A person with a noble character values self-interest above honor.
6. An honorable man’s word is his bond.
7. Don’t waste time; lost wealth may be recovered, but time is lost forever.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
9. An intelligent man is who takes care in everything he says and keeps quiet about what must be kept secret.
10. Along the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his wife and children follow. If the leader goes the way of
perdition, then so do those who are led.
11. Do not regard a woman as a mere plaything, but as a helpmate and partner in the hardships of this existence.
Have due regard to her weakness, and remember the mother who brought you into this world and nurtured you in
your infancy.
12. What you would not want done to your wife, daughter, sister, do not do to the wife, daughter, and sister of
another.
13. A man’s worth does not come from him being a kid, or in the height of his nose and the whiteness of his face, or in
him being a priest, a representative of God, or in his exalted position on the face of this earth. Pure and truly noble
is he who, born in the forest and able to speak only in his own tongue, behaves decently, is true to his word, has
dignity and honor, who is not an oppressor and does not abet oppressors, who knows how to cherish and look
after the land of his birth.
14. When these doctrines have spread and the brilliant sun of beloved liberty shines on these poor Islands, and sheds
its sweet light upon a united race, a people in everlasting happiness, then the lives lost, the struggle and the
suffering will have been more than recompensed.

3. Relevance or importance
● Served as a guide, and a moral compass to existing members of the Katipunan and to those who want to join the
organization.
● Purpose: to lead Filipinos into having genuine brotherhood, camaraderie, and nationalism
● Importance: to ensure that whoever is or becomes a member of the Katipunan is willing to fight for the country
unconditionally and wholeheartedly

The Kartilya written by Emilio Jacinto during the time of the Katipunan’s Revolution against Spain served as a guide,
furthermore, as a moral compass to existing members of the Katipunan and to those who want to join the organization. Its
purpose was to lead Filipinos into having genuine brotherhood, camaraderie, and nationalism. The Kartilya’s importance is
present in ensuring that whoever is or becomes a member of the Katipunan is willing to fight for the country
unconditionally and wholeheartedly.

In today’s time, the Kartilya is still relevant, for there are still issues that can be addressed by the said document. For
example, with the issues of race and social classes, one can look at the 4th teaching of the Kartilya which states that: “Be
their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. One can be superior to another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty... but not in
being”. Another is that when it comes to those who are oppressed on a daily basis, such as the marginalized children and
women of our society, one can look at the 8th and 12th teachings of the Kartilya for guidance: “Defend the oppressed and
fight the oppressor”, and, “What you would not want done to your wife, daughter, sister, do not do to the wife, daughter,
and sister of another”. As one can see, the Kartilya is very timely and relevant even in today's time; even until now, one can
consult it for guidance.

PERSPECTIVE

Perspective of the author: The author, Emilio Jacinto wants to ensure that the candidates fully understand the association’s
objective before making a commitment they might later regret. Emilio wants the newly recruited to pledge their loyalty to the
association ‘s objectives and to affirm their signature that they are becoming a new members of their own free will.
Perspective of the readers: This document orders the members and the neophytes to renounce their disorderly habits and to
defend the poor and the oppressed.

JONES LAW OF 1916
PHILIPPINE AUTONOMY ACT (ACT OF THE CONGRESS)
OF 1916 - AN ACT TO DECLARE THE PURPOSE OF THE
PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES AS TO THE FUTURE
POLITICAL STATUS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS, AND TO PROVIDE A MORE AUTONOMOUS
GOVERNMENT FOR THOSE ISLANDS
64TH UNITED STATES CONGRESS - Enacted the Jones law.
A meeting of the legislative branch of the United States
federal government, composed of the United States Senate
and the United States House of Representatives in
Washington, DC from March 4, 1915 to March 4, 1917
IMPORTANT NOTES
• The law replaced the Philippine Organic Act of
1902 (Cooper Act or Philippine Bill of 1902) by
Henry Cooper.
o A basic law for the Insular Government
enacted by the United States Congress on
July 1, 1902 which coincided with the
official end of the Philippine American War.
• The law acted as the constitution of the
Philippines from its enactment until 24th of
March 1934, when theTydings-McDuffie
(Philippine Independence Act) by Millard E.
Tydings and John McDuffie was passed.
o It is a United States federal law that
established the process for the Philippines,
then an American colony, to become an
independent country after a ten-year
transition period. It then eventually led to
the Commonwealth of the Philippines and
Independence from the United States.
WHO IS JONES?
William Atkinson Jones (1849-1918)
• He is a Member of the U.S. House of
Representatives from the first district of the
Commonwealth of Virginia.
● He is active in the Democratic Party Politics of the
United States.
● From 1911-1918, he served as Chairman of the
House Committee on Insular Affairs which had
jurisdiction on areas including the Philippines.
● He is best remembered as the House Sponsor of the
Jones Act.
“We shall have to be prepared for giving the islands
independence of a more or less complete type much sooner
than I think advisable.” -U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
(1907)
“The Philippines are at present our frontier but I hope we
presently are to deprive ourselves of that frontier.”
- Woodrow Wilson (1912)
SALIENT POINTS OF THE JONES LAW OF 1916
EXTENSION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS
Section 3: Bill of Rights
● Due process and eminent domain
● Rights of persons accused of crime
● Obligation of contracts
● Imprisonment for debt
● Suspension of Habeas Corpus
● No Ex post facto laws, titles of nobility
● Bail and punishment
AMENDMENTS IN THE GOVERNMENT’S CONTROL OVER
PUBLIC PROPERTY AND LEGISLATION ON PUBLIC
DOMAIN, TIMBER, AND MINING
Section 9: Government’s Control on Public Property and
Legislation on Public Domain, Timber, and Mining
- Acts of Philippine Legislature with reference to land
of the public domain, timber, and mining
- Transfer of lands under the control of the Philippine
Government
IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS ON TARIFF, IMMIGRATION,
AND COINAGE
Section 10. Laws on Tariff, Immigration and Coinage
- Trade relations between America and Philippines
shall be governed by the U.S. Congress
AMENDMENTS ON TAXES AND PUBLIC DEBTS
Section 11. Taxes and Public Debts
- Taxes and assessments on property, license fees for
franchises and privileges, internal taxes, direct or
indirect, may be imposed.
- The entire indebtedness of the Philippine
Government should not exceed 15,000,000 dollars.
THE PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE
Section 12: The Philippine Legislature
❖ Consist of the Senate and House of Representatives
(bicameral legislature)
● Senate(upper house)
- was formerly the “commission” that is appointed
by the US president, but now elected by the
people
- The first Commission was the Schurman
Commision of 1899 (Jacob Schurman),
appointed by President McKinley
- The second Commission was the Taft
Commission of 1900 (William Howard Taft),
appointed by President McKinley
● House of Representatives (lower house)
- Was formerly the “Philippine Assembly”, which
was elected by the people (first official
elections was in 1907)
- The House of Representatives are also to be
elected by the people
❖ Changes the Philippine Legislature as it was in the
Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (the “Philippine
Commission” became the “Philippine Senate” and the
 “Philippine Assembly” became the “House of
Representatives”
ELECTION AND QUALIFICATION OF SENATORS
Section 13: Election and Qualification of Senators
- Each of the senatorial districts have the right to elect
two senators who shall be elected for terms of six
and three years.
- Qualifications:
1. Qualified elector
2. Must be over thirty(30) years of age
3. Able to write and read in either English and
Spanish
4. Must be a resident of the Philippines for over
two consecutive years
5. An actual resident of the senatorial district
from which elected for at least one year
ELECTION AND QUALIFICATION OF REPRESENTATIVES
Section 14: Election and Qualification of Representatives
- Each of the representative districts have the right to
elect one representative who shall be elected
triennially by the qualified electors of the
Philippines.
- Qualifications
1. Qualified elector
2. Must be over 25 years of age
3. Able to write and read in either English and
Spanish
4. An actual resident of the district from which
elected for at least one year
QUALIFICATION OF VOTERS
Section 15: Qualification of Voters
1. Male
2. 21 years of age or over
3. Have been a resident of the Philippines for one year
and of the municipality in which he shall offer to vote
for six months next preceding the day of voting
4. And comprised within one of the following classes:
5. Legal voters and have exercised the right of suffrage
6. Those who own real property to the value of 500
pesos, or who annually pay 30 pesos or more of the
established taxes.
7. Those who are able to read and write either Spanish,
English, or a native language.
DIVISION OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS INTO 12 SENATE
DISTRICTS
Section 16: Senate and Representative Districts, and
Appointive Senators and Representatives
TENURE OF SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES
Section 17: Tenure of Senators and Representatives
● Terms of Office
● Special Elections
● Representatives elected by the Governor-General
ORGANIZATION OF THE LEGISLATURE AND PRIVILEGES
OF THE MEMBERS
Section 18: Tenure of Senators and Representatives
1. Control of each house over its members and
proceedings
2. Organizations, quorum and sessions
3. Compensation and privileges of members
4. Disqualification of members
AMENDMENTS ON THE LAW-MAKING PROCEDURES
Section 19: Procedure for Law-Making
1. Legislative journal and the veto power
2. The veto on appropriations
3. Report of laws to Congress
4. Revisal of former appropriations
THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
Section 21: The Governor-General
Title, Appointment, Residence
➔ “The Governor-General of the Philippine Islands”
➔ appointed by the President, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate of the United States
➔ Shall reside in the Philippine Islands during his
official incumbency, and maintain his office at the
seat of Government
Powers and Duties
➔ Supervise and control of all of the departments and
bureaus of the Government in the Philippine Islands
➔ Commander-in-Chief of all locally created armed
forces and militia
➔ Exclusive power to grant pardons and reprieves and
remit fines and forfeitures, and may veto any
legislation
➔ Responsible for the faithful execution of the laws of
the Philippine Islands of the United States operative
within the Philippine Islands
➔ Whenever the Governor-General shall exercise his
authority, he shall at once notify the President of the
United States
Report of Governor-General
➔ Shall annually and at such other times as he may be
required to make such official report of the
transactions of the Government of the Philippine
Islands to an executive department of the United
States
THE VICE GOVERNOR
Section 23: The Vice Governor
Appointment and Powers
➔ Appointed by the US President
➔ Shall have all the powers of the Governor-General in
the case of a vacancy or temporary removal,
resignation, or disability of the Governor-General, or
in case of his temporary absence
➔ Head of the executive department, known as the
Department of Public Instruction
Bureaus under the Department of Interior
➔ Other bureaus now included in the Department of
Public Instruction shall be included in the
Department of the Interior.
Succession to the Office of Governor-General
➔ The President may designate the head of an
executive department of the Philippine government
to act as Governor-General, with the absence of the
Governor-General and Vice Governor
THE INSULAR AUDITOR
Section 24: The Insular Auditor
Appointment, Powers, Duties
➔ Appointed by the US President;
➔ Examines, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining to
the revenues and receipts from whatever source of
the Philippine Government and of the provincial and
municipal governments of the Philippines
➔ Shall keep the general accounts of the Government
and preserve the vouchers
➔ To bring to the attention of the proper
administrative officer expenditures of funds or
property which, in his opinion, are irregular,
unnecessary, excessive, or extravagant.
Deputy Auditor and Assistant
➔ Appointed by the US President
➔ Shall sign such official papers as the Auditor may
designate and perform such other duties as the
Auditor may prescribe
➔ In case of the death, resignation, sickness, or other
absence of the Auditor from his office, from any
cause, the Deputy Auditor shall have charge of such
office
➔ In case of the absence from duty, from any cause, of
both the Auditor and the Deputy Auditor, the
Governor-General may designate an assistant
Jurisdiction of Auditor
➔ The administrative jurisdiction of the Auditor over
accounts, whether of funds or property, and all
vouchers and records pertaining thereto, shall be
exclusive.
Decisions of Auditor
➔ The decisions of the Auditor shall be final and
conclusive upon the executive branches of the
Government, except that appeal therefrom may be
taken by the party aggrieved or the head of the
department concerned within one year, in the
manner hereinafter prescribed.
Financial reports
➔ The auditor shall submit to the Governor-General
and the Secretary of War an annual report of the
fiscal concerns of the Government, showing the
receipts and disbursements of the various
departments and bureaus of the Government and of
the various provinces and municipalities,
Rights for investigation
➔ The Auditor and the Deputy Auditor are authorized
to summon witnesses, administer oaths, and to take
evidence, and, in pursuance of these provisions,
may issue subpoenas and enforce the attendance of
witnesses, as now provided by law.
Supervision
➔ Under the general supervision of the Governor-
General and shall consist of the Auditor and Deputy
Auditor and such necessary assistants as may be
prescribed by law.
SALARIES
Section 29: Salaries
● Funds for Salaries
➔ The salaries of all the officials of the
Philippines not appointed by the President,
including deputies, assistants, and other
employees, shall be such and so be paid out
of the revenues of the Philippines.
● Salaries of Certain Officers
➔ Governor-General - $18,000
➔ Vice Governor - $10,000
➔ Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - $7,500
each
➔ Auditor - $6,000
➔ Deputy Auditor - $3,000

Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga tagalog

ANDRES BONIFACIO
- known as “The Great Plebeian”
- Plebeian- connotes that a person is poor and uneducated (misconception about Bonifacio)
- He wasn’t very poor from the beginning. His father was a government official (teniente mayor). His mother was half-spanish
and worked in a cigarette factory. When his parents died, he had to work because he was the eldest of five siblings (sold
canes and paper fans to sustain them financially)
- Bonifacio in camisa de chino and red shorts is a misrepresentation of him (only existing photo: wearing a suit)
- did not receive formal education but was an autodidact (self-taught); fluent in both Spanish and Filipino, and could
speak English that he was even employed by foreign companies (Fleming & Co and Fressel & Co.)
- fond of reading renaissance literature such as Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables.
 - not part of ilustrado despite being literate and well-versed; belonged to lower middle class that’s why not taken
seriously by people around him (like in Tejeros Convention)
- Ilustrados- the middle-class who had the privilege to receive formal education (usually in Europe) Example: Jose Rizal

BONFIACIO’S ADVOCACY
- Bonifacio exhibited patriotic and nationalistic views through revolutionary acts as he founded the Katipunan with the
aim of Philippine independence
- joined the Masonry with the symbolic name of May-Pagasa, and the Liga Filipina to serve the cause of oppressed
people
- wrote poems and essays about liberty, democracy, and human rights

TARGET AUDIENCE
- fellow Filipinos or countrymen suffering under the Spanish rule (wants to reach those in dire need of the country's long
lost freedom)
- Bonifacio aims to set ablaze, the patriotic spirit of the “Katagaluyan” and unite themselves against injustice of Spanish
towards Filipinos, like how they swindled us of our abundant lifestyle with their deceitful promises
- In the last two paragraphs of the text, he gave focus on how "now is the time" that the Filipinos show the colonizers their
own feelings, have honor, self-respect, and solidarity. Bonifacio tries to persuade its audience to dedicate their strength to
the triumph of their true and mighty cause, the prosperity and peace of their native land.

EXPRESSIVE TECHNIQUES
- Bonifacio utilized profound words to pluck the patriotic strings of the readers, as well as comparative portrayal of how
abundant the lives of the “Katagalugan” before the Spaniards came, which can be showcased in his tripartite view of the
Philippine History: “Liwanag, Dilim, Liwanag”
- To conclude the text, Bonifacio used persuasive statements to urge the readers to open their eyes and take action against
our abusive oppressors highlighted how their peace was tainted with the cries and lamentations of the Filipinos suffering.
He also gave emphasis on how Filipinos are being blind of the harsh truth on the inhuman acts of the Spanish.
- Bonifacio expects to awaken the audience’s sense of nationalism or patriotism to fight for the country's freedom. He
expects Filipinos to realize that with every step they take, it brings them closer to the brink of death that the Spanish
ensnared them.

REFERENCES
- Bonifacio was an avid reader of good books such as Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, despite being
incapable of obtaining proper college education (interested in the said texts as they also addressed the Spanish tyranny
and oppression among Filipinos)
- also read copies of La Solidaridad and the Spanish translation of Robert Pierre's History of the French Revolution and
books (in Spanish translation) such as Los Miserables, The Lives of the Presidents of the United States, and The Wandering
Jew.
- Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog and the establishment of the Katipunan was a response to Dr. Jose Rizal’s
execution to Dapitan. This event convinced Andres Bonifacio that the only way for the Philippines to gain independence
from Spain was through a revolution, as they failed in gaining reforms through peaceful means with La Liga Filipina.

BACKGROUND OF THE MATERIAL

- Kalayaan, the Katipunan Paper- official newspaper of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (KKK) founded by Emilio D. Jacinto

Three articles are in the 18-page translation

1. “To my Countrymen/ Sa aking mga kababayan/A los compatriotas” by Pio Valenzuela — CONTENT: reasons for the
publication of the newspaper
2. “Manifesto” or “Pahayag” by Emilio D. Jacinto — CONTENT: unwilling to die for liberty = do not deserve protection and
help
3. “And Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog/ Lo que deben saber y entender los indios,” by Agap-ito Bagumbayan

• Prior to Kalayaan coming out in March 1896, according to Pio Valenzuela’s estimate, the Katipunan’s members had
increased from 300 to over 30,000 members after the papers began to circulate

- Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog- famous rallying call written by Andres Bonifacio on March 1896 under the nom de plume
or his pen name, Agap-ito Bagumbayan
 - treachery, false beliefs, and dishonor in our 300 years of relationship with “the race of Legazpi” (the Spaniards)
- Bonifacio calls for the Tagalogs on that generation to restore the “paradise” before the colonization where there is
abundance, literacy, peace, and bountiful trades.
- Bonifacio claims that we inherited nothing from Spain except miseries, insults, sufferings and the like.

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Printed in Tagalog beneath the banner title, in a smaller typeface, was the following:-
“Issued at the end of each month.
Year 1 – Yokohama, January 1896 – No.1

Subscription price – half a peso for three months. To be paid in advance.

If purchased, 2 reales per issue.
Submissions must be signed by their authors.

The news, as far as it can be told.”

DATE & PLACE OF PUBLICATION

- Two Katipuneros from Visayas -- Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo-- donated a small printing press of Bazar El
Cisne and was placed at Andres Bonifacio’s house. Dr. Pio Valenzuela suggested it to be named, “Kalayaan”-- the
society’s organ.
- Jacinto was made to be the editor while Marcelo H. Del Pilar was used as a front editor. Yokohama, Japan was also
placed on the masthead to fool the Spanish Authorities.
- The papers were printed on January 18, 1896 but the paper officially came out later, mid-March of 1896
- Copies of the first number were secretly distributed in Manila, Cavite. Morong ( now Rizal province ), Kalookan, Malabon,
and other places.
- The second issue, therefore, did not come out because the Spanish Authorities raided the place in which it was being
printed, which is at Clavet St., San Nicolas. But before the authorities could lay hold of the press, Duque and Fernandez
had already destroyed it, resulting in the entire disappearance of the second issue.

CONTENTS
- No copy of paper has yet been located except Bonifacios’ poem, “Pagibig sa tinubuan Bayan” and his article, “Ang dapat
mabatid ng mga tagalog”, and “Pahayag”
- In his Archivo, Wenceslao Retana gives the titles of six contributions to the paper:
1. The lead editorial - “Sa mga kababayan”
2. “Pahayag” or “Manifesto” [signed Dimas Alang];
3. “¡Katuiran din naman!” [signed Madlangaway];
4. “Ang dapat mabatid ng mga tagalog” [signed Agap-Ito Bagum-bayan];
5. “Pagibig sa tinubuang Bayan” [signed A.B. or A.I.B.]; and
6. “Balita

CONTENT ANALYSIS
• Ano ang nararapat nating gawin? Ang araw ng katuiran na sumisikat sa Silanganan, ay malinaw na itinuturo sa ating mga
matang malaong nabulagan ang landas na dapat nating tunguhin, ang liwanag niya'y tanaw sa ating mga mata, ang kukong
nag akma ng kamatayang alay sa ating ng mga ganid na asal.
Ø What, then, is to be done? The sun of reason that shines in the East clearly shows, to our eyes long blind, the way
that must be taken; its light enables us to see the claws of those inhuman creatures who bring us death.
o Pinapakita rito ang pagiging nasyonalismo ni Bonifacio. Kaniyang sinasabi na gumising na kayo sa inyong
kahibangan! Idilat niyo ang mga matang malaong nabulagan na. Iyon ang isa sa mga rason at nagsimula ang
Katipunan.
o In history, the middle class were hopeful and still hung to the conviction that they could soften the heart of Mother
Spain in granting the reforms demanded. It is for this reason that the reform movement continued for four more
years until 1896 when the masses, led by Andres Bonifacio, were forced to take the field against the Spaniards.
o Unlike the members of the middle class, Bonifacio and his plebeian association did not dream of mere reforms.
They were interested in liberating the country from the tyranny of the Spaniards and the only way, to their minds,
to accomplish their end was to prepare the people for an armed conflict. Thus, the Katipunan was founded on a
radical platform, namely, to secure the independence and freedom of the Philippines by force of arms.

• Ytinuturo ng katuiran, na wala tayong iba pang maaantay kundi lalut lalung kahirapan, lalut lalung kataksilan, lalut lalung
kaalipustaan at lalut lalung kaalipinan.
• Ytinuturo ng katuiran, na huag nating sayangin ang panahon sa pagasa sa ipinangakong kaguinhawahan na hindi darating
at hindi mangyayari.
 Ø Reason shows that we cannot expect anything but more and more suffering, more and more treachery, more and
more insults, more and more enslavement.
Ø Reason tells us not to waste our time waiting for the promised prosperity that will never arrive.

o Tatlong daang taon mahigit na ang lahi ni Legaspi ay ating binubuhay sa lubos na kasaganaan. Sila’y
pinagtatamasa at binubusog, kahit abutin ang kasalatan at kadayukdukan. Iginugos ang yaman, dugo at
sampung buhay sa pagtatanggol sa kanila.
o Pero ano ang nangyari? Tatlong daang taon na ang nakalipas at nariyan pa rin sila. Para bang mga bisita na ayaw
nang umalis sa tahanan, at naging mga may-ari pa sa bahay na nakikitira lamang.
o In a sense that they blinded them, contaminated them with their debased customs and forcibly destroyed the
good customs of their land.
o They have instilled false faith, and have cast the honor of the country into a mire of corruption.
o And if we dare beg for scraps of compassion, they respond by banishing us, by sending us far away from our
beloved children, spouses, and aged parents. Every sigh we utter is branded by them as a grave sin, and is
instantly punished with brute force.
• Ytinuturo ng katuiran ang tayo'y umasa sa ating sarili at huag antain sa iba ang ating kabuhayan.
Ø Reason tells us that we must rely upon ourselves alone and never entrust our livelihood to anybody else.
o Mayroong kaginhawaan ang Pilipinas bago pa nakarating ang mga Kastila.
o Kasundo niya ang kapit bayan at lalo na ang mga Hapon na sila’y kabilihan at kapalitan ng mga kalakal.
o “The Filipinos who in early times were governed by our true countrymen before the coming of the Spaniards,
were living in great abundance and prosperity... [and] young and old, including women, knew how to read and
write in autochthonous alphabet.”
o Mayaman mahal ang kaasalan ng lahat, bata’t matanda at sampung mga babae ay marunong bumasa at sumulat
ng talagang pagsulat nating mga tagalog.

• Ytinuturo ng katuiran ang tayo'y mag kaisang loob magka isang isip at akala at ng tayo'y magkalakas na maihanap ang
naghaharing kasamaan sa ating Bayan.
Ø Reason tells us to be one in sentiment, one in thought, and one in purpose so that we may have the strength in
confronting the evil that reigns in our Country.
o All of the resistance which occurred mostly in cyclical patterns were failures. Because of the insular makeup of the
Philippines, the early Filipinos were conditioned to live and feel apart from each other for almost 333 years. There
was no sense of national unity. As a consequence, there was a wide communication gap between the Filipinos of
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, particularly with those living in inaccessible areas

PERSPECTIVE
- Andres Bonifacio showed his tripartite view of Philippine history (Liwanag, Dilim, Liwanag) and exhorts the Filipinos to
fight for independence
- LIWANAG: Bonifacio writes about the true conditions of the Philippines before the coming of the Spaniards. Filipinos
enjoyed prosperity (kaginhawaan), abundance (kasaganahan) and a thriving trade relations with neighboring countries,
especially Japan. But the Spaniards came and offered the natives friendship and a path towards knowledge.
- DILIM: Although sealed by a blood compact between Sikatuna and Legazpi, the Spaniards did not keep their promise.
Filipinos suffered treachery, slavery and hunger under the Spaniards.
- LIWANAG: Bonifacio declares that it was the time 'for the light of truth to shine ' or a new period of ' Liwanag ' . He tells
the people to follow reason (katwiran), to understand the true state of the country and to unite (magkaisang-loob) against
the evils (kasamaan) in our country (Bayan).

PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
BIASES, INCONSISTENCIES, SHORTCOMINGS
- In the text, Bonifacio was telling us to stand up against the Spaniards. He stated the reasons why we should fight for our country.
And, it would have been a great addition to the text if he expressed how, in what means, or in what manner we are going to
achieve this objective.
- The discussion of the text mainly focused on the negative connotations of the Spanish colonization. Bonifacio did not
acknowledge the good influences that came along with the Spaniards, such as molding our faith with Christianity.
RELEVANCE TO CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
- We could relate this text to the issue about Chinese Debt Traps. If we are to use an analogy, China is similar to Spain back in the
Spanish Colonization period. China is a modern-day colonizer. They give us false promises by persuading us that getting a loan
from them would be rewarding for the country in the long run. When, in reality, they impose extremely high interest rates which
could make it difficult for us to pay them back. If ever this happens, they are entitled to get our resources and territories. Even the
Malaysian Prime Minister tried to warn us about this. And, as if we are in the Spanish Era, we are now again being urged by
Bonifacio to fight and stand up for our country.
The Speech of Cory Aquino before US Congress
Martial Law
• Also known as Presidential Decree 1081
• Declared by Ferdinand E. Marcos on September 21, 1972

Aquino-Marcos Rivalry
• Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Sr., a vocal opposition against the Marcos dictatorship.
• Ninoy became a high-profile political prisoner along with Sen. Jose “Pepe” Diokno in Fort Magsaysay in Laur, Nueva Ecija.
• On his 7th year in prison, he had a heart attack and Imelda Marcos let him and his family go to America after agreeing to his
pact.
• After recovering, he renounced his pact and continue to live in America for 3 years.
• He came home and was assassinated on August 21, 1983 as he was going down from the plane.
• His fight against Marcoses was continued by his widow, Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino who went against him on a Snap
Election.

Snap Election
• Happened on February 7, 1986
• Corazon Aquino and Salvador “Doy” Laurel vs. Ferdinand Marcos and Arturo M. Tolentino
• Aquino won in NAMFREL (National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections) while Marcos won in COMELEC (Commission of
Election)
• This anomaly has led people to have a People Power Revolution to end the dictatorship of Marcos

People Power Revolution

• Happened on February 25, 1986
• Ousted Marcos and placed Cory in the Palace making her the first female president.

Speech (September 18, 1986)

• Aquino is seeking aid from America to help Philippines recover from Marcos regime

Content

Speech of Corazon Aquino during the Joint Session of the United States Congress
• Written by Teodoro "Teddyboy" L. Locsin Jr.
• Filipino politician, diplomat, lawyer, and former journalist
• Current Secretary of Department of Foreign Affairs (PH)
o assumed between April – September 1986
o place written: Philippines
• delivered on September 18, 1986, months after the EDSA revolution (Feb 25,1986)
• 3 years after the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino in 1983
• delivered at Washington D.C., United States Congress

María Corazón "Cory" Cojuangco Aquino

Ø Date of Birth: Enero 15, 1933
Ø Date of Death: August 1, 2009
Ø 11th president (and first female president) of the Philippines
Ø Presidential term: February 25, 1986-June 30, 1992
Ø Widow of Senator Benigno Aquino
Ø was widely accredited as the “Mother of Asian Democracy
Ø First foreign president to address a speech to the US congress

To whom the speech is intended for?

To the American government, To the Filipino people ,To the international community
Purpose
• To declare freedom of the Filipinos from the dictator Marcos regime
• To mark a new beginning for the Filipinos and to its government
• To secure financial assistance from Americans and rebuild Philippines’ economy
How:
- The speech was well-received for Aquino’s impressive performance
- The speech was interrupted by applause eleven times
- The 30-minute address ended with standing ovations
- House Speaker Tip O’Neill - “finest speech I’ve ever heard in my 34 years in Congress”
- Few hours after the speech, the Congress voted in favor of the $200 million emergency assistance fund to Philippines
- If economic wreckage is to be repaired, US aid levels will have to increase

Important Details on the speech of Her Excellency, Corazon Aquino

• “I thought I had left it also to lay to rest his restless dream of Philippine freedom. Today, I have returned as the president of
a free people.”
• “So in giving, we receive, in losing we find, and out of defeat, we snatched our victory.”
• “For even as the dictatorship demolished one by one the institutions of democracy – the press, the Congress, the
independence of the judiciary, the protection of the Bill of Rights – Ninoy kept their spirit alive in himself.”
• “But the spirit of democracy that inheres in our race and animates this chamber could not be allowed to die.”
• “His death was my country’s resurrection in the courage and faith by which alone they could be free again.”
• “So began the revolution that has brought me to democracy’s most famous home, the Congress of the United States”
• “Democracy must be defended by arms when it is attacked by arms and by truth when it is attacked by lies.” – Archibald
Macleish
• “You saw a nation, armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by democracy against threat and corruption.”
• “You saw a people so committed to the ways of democracy that they were prepared to give their lives for its pale imitation.
At the end of the day, before another wave of fraud could distort the results, I announced the people’s victory.”
• “I was witness to an extraordinary manifestation of democracy on the part of the Filipino people.”
• “We, Filipinos, thank each of you for what you did; for balancing America’s strategic interest against human concerns,
illuminates American vision of the world.”
• “As I came to power peacefully, so shall I keep it. That is my contract with my people and my commitment to God. He had
willed that the blood drawn with the lash shall not, in my country, be paid by blood drawn by the sword but by the tearful joy
of reconciliation.”
• “A jealousy independent Constitutional Commision is completing its draft which will be submitted later this year to a
popular referendum. When it is approved, there will be congressional elections”
• “Given the polarization and breakdown we inherited, this is no small achievement.”
• Through political initiatives and local reintegration programs, we must seek to bring the insurgents down from the hills
and, by economic progress and justice, show them that for which the best intentioned among them fight.
• As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by which I came to power. Yet equally, and again no friend of Filipino
democracy will challenge this, I will not stand by and allow an insurgent leadership to spurn our offer of peace and kill our
young soldiers, and threaten our new freedom.
• With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the rights as God gives us to see the rights, let us finish the
work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for
his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”
• 26$ billion debt - ith little help from others, we Filipinos fulfilled the first and most difficult conditions of the debt
negotiation the full restoration of democracy and responsible government. Elsewhere, and in other times of more stringent
world economic conditions, Marshall plans and their like were felt to be necessary companions of returning democracy.
• Half our export earnings, $2 billion out of $4 billion, which was all we could earn in the restrictive markets of the world,
went to pay just the interest on a debt whose benefit the Filipino people never received.
• Still, we fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we shall pay. And yet, should we have to wring the payments from the
sweat of our men’s faces and sink all the wealth piled up by the bondsman’s two hundred fifty years of unrequited toil?
• Yet to all Americans, as the leader of a proud and free people, I address this question: has there been a greater test of
national commitment to the ideals you hold dear than that my people have gone through? You have spent many lives and
much treasure to bring freedom to many lands that were reluctant to receive it. And here you have a people who won it by
themselves and need only the help to preserve it.
• Three years ago, I said thank you, America, for the haven from oppression, and the home you gave Ninoy, myself and our
children, and for the three happiest years of our lives together. Today, I say, join us, America, as we build a new home for
democracy, another haven for the oppressed, so it may stand as a shining testament of our two nation’s commitment to
freedom.

Perspective
* Victim of Marcos' Cruel Regime - Dislike on the ways of the dictatorship and greed of power
• Wife on an Oppressed - Despair over Ninoy's death
• Mother of Asian Democracy
• Love for Freedom - Desperate Aspiration for Change
• Peaceful revenge
• Aid from US