FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 43303
INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT

PRELIMINARIES REPORT

INFA SDN. BHD

MOHAMAD AZRI BIN SAHARUM DF 160088

MUHAMMAD AMIRUL IKRAM BIN MOHD RASU DF 160061

MUHAMMAD AZMIE BIN NAZRI DF 160085

MUHAMMAD HANIF BIN KOSNAN DF 160063

SITI HAJAR UMAIRAH BINTI ZAINALABIDIN DF 160047

SUPERVISOR: DR. AZRA MUNIRAH BINTI MAT DAUD

 PROPOSOL OF DEVELOPMENT OF 48 UNIT OF

RESIDENTIAL FLAT AT PAGOH, JOHOR.

C&S CONSULTANT OWNER

GJ Runding Sdn. Bhd. Setia Indah Sdn.Bhd,

No 5, Wisma Jaya , 9, Jalan Mohamaddiah,

Jalan Kesang Laut Jalan Sulaiman, Kg Dato Bentara Dalam,

84000 Muar, Johor. 84000 Muar, Johor.

MAY 2019
MOHAMAD AZRI BIN SAHARUM DF 160088
MUHAMMAD AMIRUL IKRAM BIN MOHD RASU DF 160061
MUHAMMAD AZMIE BIN NAZRI DF 160085
MUHAMMAD HANIF BIN KOSNAN DF 160063
SITI HAJAR UMAIRAH BINTI ZAINALABIDIN DF 160047
PRELIMINARY REPORT FOR EARTHWORK

Earthwork is the process that involving excavate, transported and compacted the surface of
the earth at another location. There are four main process in earthwork that is excavation,
transportation, unloading and compaction. Earthwork mainly carried out at earlier stage of
construction. Completion of earthwork within the prescribed programme time is often the key
to the completion on time of the whole project that means the earthwork is the importance
work in construction project.

1.0 Case Study

The task given is to study about the earthworks at residential project. Based on the case study,
earthworks is done can be identified. Earthworks machineries also identified. There are also
problems that arise during the earthworks done. This case study is located at Pagoh, Johor
Bharu. The project name is Cadangan Membina dan Menyiapkan 48 Unit Rumah Flat dan
Kerja-Kerja berkaitan. The cost for this project is RM 26,681,078.10. This project is handling
by Infa Sdn. Bhd. And the client is Setia Indah Sdn Bhd. This project is by contractor class
A. This project started from 1hb January 2019 and the date of end project is 1hb January
2020.

Figure 1: Earthwork Layout Plan

1.1 Earthworks

Type earthworks and their machineries

For this case study, earthworks like excavation, compaction, transportation and rock breaking
is doing for this project. Rock bricking work done as the soil condition is rocky. So that, the
hydraulic bracket is use for this work. The excavation work is doing for excavate soil for pad
foundation, land levelling, and for slope the hill. The excavator and backhoe is use for
excavation. The compaction work is doing for compact of soil surface like land levelling and
compact a soil after the rock braking work. Transportation work is done use a dumper truck.

1.1.1 Excavation

Figure 2 : Excavation work

Excavation work is doing on this project to excavate the soil. The excavated soil will be
transferred to trucks or lorry to be changed to another place. In this project, excavator and
backhoe is use to excavate. Excavator is choose because the uneven surface of soil in this
location. Excavator also can have the bucket customized to fit the job needed, because there
are many types of buckets available for construction use. Other than that, excavator is use for
large excavation than backhoe. Backhoe is use for smaller excavation for this site. In this site,
excavator is mostly use because an uneven surface of soil and have a large excavation work
in a hill.
1.1.2 Transportation

Figure 3 : transportation work

Transportation work is process of transfer the soil to another place. Transportation work
conduct by a dumper truck. Excavator or backhoe will be used to scoop up soil into dumper
truck. The soil will be transfer to another place to bury elsewhere or transferred to the waste.

1.1.3 Compaction

Figure 4: compaction work

Compactor is use in compaction. Compaction work doing to compact a soil. After the
excavation, buried, and broken rock work done, compactor use to compact the soil to get a
flat surface.
1.1.4 Drilling work

Figure 5 : Drill work

This area is rocky hill. So that, rock broken work must be do. A hydraulic bracer is use. For
this site, demolition is not suitable to use. This is because distributor water tank is nearest
from this site. So that, rock broken work maybe take a long time to finish.

1.2 Step In Designing Earthwork Process

1. Determination of cut and fill calculation

In this project, we have discuss to use a grid method as the method to calculate the cut
and fill. The software that be used to measure is by using Microsoft Excel. From the
software also we also can determine the total area for cut section and also total area for
fill section. In addition, we also can determine the amount of total import soil that must
use to fulfil this process.

2. Investigation in layout plan

This process is determine what is be needed in our site area by refer the layout plan. The
example of the items that maybe need for this site area such as retaining wall and also the
location of wash through. Wash through is function to clean up the dump truck that we
use before the truck move to the public road. So, wash through is an important medium
that must be considerate to prevent from being another problem.
PRELIMINARY REPORT FOR DRAINAGE

2.0 Drainage

Drainage is the process of interception and removal of water from over, and under the
vicinity of the road surface. Drainage can be surface (where water is conveyed on the road
surface and drainage channels), or subsurface (water flows underneath the pavement
structure).

Surface and subsurface drainage critically affects their structural integrity, life and
safety to users, and is thus important during design and construction. Construction and
designs therefore have to provide efficient means for removal of this water; hence the need
for building and road drainage designs.

Drainage facilities are required to protect the buildings and roads against damage
from surface and sub surface water. Safety is also important as poor drainage can result in
dangerous conditions like hydroplaning. Poor drainage can also compromise the structural
integrity and life of a pavement. Drainage systems combine various natural and man-made
facilities such as ditches, pipes, culverts, curbs to convey this water safely.

Various construction and road in Pagoh have poor drainage facilities, with surface run
off not being catered for properly. Rainfall and surface run off onto and in the vicinity of the
road have to be removed quickly to ensure integrity of the building and road structure. The
drainage design must allow for storm water to be transported along or away from the building
and road in the cheapest, simplest and most efficient way without damaging the building and
road structures.

2.1 Types Of Drainage

There are basically two types of drainage applied that is subsurface drainage and surface
drainage.

Subsurface drainage is concerned with the interception and removal of water from
within the pavement. Some of the sources of subsurface water include infiltration through
surface cracks, capillary rise from lower layers, seepage from the sides of the pavement to
mention but a few. Application of side slopes on the road surface, installing of drainage beds
in the pavement and use of transverse drains are some of the measures of effecting subsurface
drainage.

Surface drainage deals with arrangements for quickly and effectively leading away
the water that collects on the surface of the pavement, shoulders, slopes of embankments,
cuts and the land adjoining the highway. The water collected is led into natural channels or
artificial channels so that it does not interfere with the proper functioning of any part of the
highway. The main source of surface water in most places is precipitation in form of rain.
When precipitation falls on an area, some of the water infiltrates in to the ground while a
considerable amount remains on top of the surface as surface run off. Surface drainage must
be provided to drain the precipitation away from the pavement structure. This can be done
through use of shoulders, ditches and culverts. Surface drainage design includes the
prediction of runoff and infiltration as well as open channel analysis and culvert design for
movement of surface water to the convenient locations or naturally occurring paths. So, the
surface drainage study can be conveniently divided into two parts namely.

2.2 Hydrologic Analysis And Design

Hydrologic analysis is the most important step prior to the hydraulic design of a
highway drainage structure. It includes the estimation of the catchment physical parameters,
calculations of the time of concentration, establishment of intensity - duration - frequency
curves, and calculation of runoff.

2.2.1 Estimation Of Catchment Physical Parameters

Physical parameters of the drainage area are very significant for the hydrologic
analysis. Boundaries of catchments are delineated from the 100m topographic maps which
was not very significant. Main streams are also traced as well as the maximum and minimum
elevations along them. The area of each catchment as well as the difference in elevation
within the catchment are used for computing runoff quantities. The runoff coefficient/curve
number for every catchment is generally estimated from the ground cover, the topography
and the shape of the area. These are discussed in the following sections.

2.2.2 Runoff Quantity

2.2.2.1 Runoff Formula

This project attempts to design an efficient, economic easy-to-maintain drainage

system for the Cadangan Membina dan Menyiapkan 48 Unit Rumah Flat dan Kerja-Kerja
Berkaitan. Various natural and man-made facilities were considered. The method used to
analyse the catchment drainage was the Rational method.

This method is based on the assumption that a steady uniform rainfall rate in time and
space will produce maximum runoff when all parts of the watershed are contributing to
outflow. This condition is met when the storm duration exceeds the time of concentration. It
is used to calculate surface runoff discharges generated from a design storm with a specific
return period and a duration time equal to the time of concentration of the catchment areas.
The method relates rainfall to runoff using the following formula:

where

Q = Maximum rate of runoff, m3/s

A = Catchment area, hectares.

I = The rainfall intensity in millimeters per hour, for the period of

maximum rainfall of a given frequency of occurrence and for a

duration corresponding to the time of concentration.

C = Runoff coefficient
 Development of IDFs, determination of intensities and return periods for 20 years
were achieved by analysis of rainfall data. Catchment areas were calculated from a detailed
contour map of the area. A land survey was also done to establish the existing levels and
slopes which were used in the design of the channels.

The discharge Q, for each drainage feature was computed and used to calculate the
dimensions of the channels using Manning’s equation. Four channel sizes were developed to
cater for different discharges. Culvert diameter was also calculated and the culverts were to
be put at points where channels cross the road. Sketch drawings to be used as guide in
construction have also been produced

2.3 Summary Of Methodology

1) Reconnaissance study of the area to determine existing conditions. This involved

taking photos of the existing drainage features, the road and the current state of the
project.
2) Literature review using the internet, various textbooks and existing reports on similar
projects, drainage design manuals.
3) Obtaining rainfall data from the meteorological department, and analysis to determine
rainfall intensities. The data used was 10 years maximum daily rainfall, 2008-20018.
4) Surveying along the road to determine slope of road, position of drainage channels.
5) Use of topographic maps from the geography department to obtain catchment areas
and slopes.
6) Design of the channels. Involved analysis of the rainfall data to obtain catchment and
sub catchment discharges. These were used to select suitable drainage channel cross-
sections and culvert sizes to be used in the drainage design.
PRELIMINARY REPORT FOR RODWORK

3.1 Road network

Road network is essential because it will link us to any place that we plan to travel.
Ensuring the road network functions efficiently and safely is a priority for our company, InfA
SBN. BHD. A road should be designed based on the standard code of practice to ensure the
uniformity and safety of all road users such as the community, cyclists, pedestrians, and etc.

Our new roads is located in a develop area where road need to be prepared and
designed within the area to ensure the traffic movement is not affected. The material that will
be used in this project is asphaltic concrete including the road and parking area for cars and
motorcycles. For pedestrian’s walkway, we will use interlocking pavement or concrete
segmental pavement due to the safety and environmental aspects.

The site has a good connected access for the proposed site, but it still must follow the
guidelines for standard road construction as below:

 Estimation and design of average daily traffic (ADT)

 Proposed road levels, Internal traffic circulation
 Calculation and design of structural pavement and cross section of road
 Calculation and design of horizontal and vertical alignment
 Calculation and design of intersections/junctions
 Design pavement thickness by using JKR standard road

3.2 Standard and Guidelines

3.2.1 Road

Design pavement of road is referring to JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/85 standard
specification for road works.
3.2.2 Estimation and Design of ADT

In order to design road, we must take into account local average daily traffic condition
so that the traffic flow in the resident area can be manage to a good condition. A new traffic
system needs to apply at that area to improve the existing intersection. Data on a traffic
volume are very valuable in the analysis of traffic system at any roads. In this study, there are
two ways of method that has been conducted to get the traffic volume at main intersection
which are by doing a traffic count manually at main intersection or by using Road Traffic
Volume Malaysia 2010 (RTVM 2010) to get the Average Daily Traffic (ADT). The censuses
are carried out in the months of March/April and September/October from 1993 to 2010 by
the respective District Public Works Department (JKR) staff, coordinated by the Highway
Planning Unit (HPU).

3.3 Road and Signage

3.3.1 Road

Road is a wide route from one place to another, especially one with a specially
prepared surface that can be used by the vehicle. In addition, road systems are one of the
most important transport and communication development systems. Today, in many
countries, especially in this country, roads and highways remain a major transport and
communications system that stimulates industrial development and socio-economic
development. Therefore, from time to time, the road system is constantly increasing to meet
the best quality and needs.

Maintenance is always a must for any structure to maintain its serviceability and to
avoid deterioration that could shorten the service life. In reality, maintenance works are not
given the attention that a budget allocated for maintenance work should be given in which
they rarely become a prior consideration. In this case, for the convenience of road users, the
road maintenance system is always at the point of importance. In developing and
modernizing the country, an efficient road system is crucial, striking a balance between urban
and rural development. Therefore, to build an efficient road system, proper and systematic
planning is very important.
3.3.2 JKR Arahan Teknik Jalan 5/85 Design Method:

This road design is referring to the standard manual for the structure design to provide
JKR and consultants engaged in pavement engineering project in Malaysia with a uniform
process of designing pavement for all classes of traffic. This manual is based on proven,
validated pavement design technologies, its build on past JKR practice and experience, also
the design methodology that been successful used in others country. This manual will
supersede the existing JKR pavement design manual (Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86) which is
based on Asphalt Institute and ASSTHO design.

Based on site location, prefix information is needed to decide the road characteristic.
Some of the characteristic road that need to be decide are:

 Type and volume of commercial vehicle that will surpass the road at site area. From
this information, the best design life of road should be decided. Moreover, road sub-
grade type and strength will be measured according to the guideline of road works
construction.
 Factors that influence the design of pavement are traffic loading, materials of
pavement characteristic and the climate or environment condition on the site area.
Every vital calculation in design of the road will be done on full report.

3.3.3 Propose Road Signage

The propose road signage at the site location will be put in drawing plan.

3.3.4 Design of Road Signs

1) Installation of road traffic signage in the infrastructure construction phase is

divided into 3 which are the direction signs, warning signs and information signs.
2) Warning signs (mandatory sign and prohibition sign)
3) Mandatory signs (example: AWAS) were installed at a suitable place for the
convenience of users.
 4) Warning signs will be installed in hazardous areas. Signs is triangular and square
with yellow color and orange in background and black symbols.
5) All traffic signs and road markings in the project were in accordance and
compliance with the specifications in terms of color, shape, size of the board,
writing, symbols and materials used by the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR).

3.3.5 Installation of Road Signs at the Suitable Place

 The signs should not block pedestrian.

 Signage installed in the open area so as not to block view of driver distance.
 Not to build in a steep area that may pose a hazard to the road users.

Figure 3.1: Flow chart for the procedure of design road

 Warning signs have been placed in area that are harmful to warn the driver.
 Installation of signage or direction signs are clear and not misleading
motorists.
3.4 Design Consideration Based on Civil Engineering Requirements for Buildings
Projects by Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
1. All designs must optimally satisfy the requirements of Arahan Teknik JKR
and other International Standard and in respect of visual elegance, functional
adequacy, safety, suitability, robustness, ease of maintenance, cost
effectiveness and aesthetics.
2. The Contractor shall collect and analyse all available data, records, proposals,
and drawings. Any further study, survey or investigation shall to be carried out
if additional information is required for the design and construction of the
whole Works.
3. The Contractor shall analyse all the available ground details such as
topographical features, existing tractorist and location of existing utility
services to confirm the information contained in the existing survey drawings
and also in areas where site survey data is not available. Additional field
survey is to be carried out if only further information required is not available
or inadequate.
4. The Contractor shall prepare and submit the preliminary design reports,
together with cost estimates for each element of design for consideration by
the Project Director. The design report should include design criteria,
justifications, calculations, drawings etc.
5. Upon acceptance of the preliminary report by the Project Director, the
Contractor shall carry out detailed engineering design, construction drawings,
detailed specification and detailed priced bill of quantities of the Works.
6. The Contractor shall prepare the specification on work methods, materials and
workmanship for the works which is not covered by the JKR Standard Road
Specification bearing reference JKR/SPJ/1988.
7. The Contractor shall identify all public utilities inclusive of High Tension
Transmission lines affected by the works and provision for relocation and
protection of services to the satisfaction of the relevant utility authorities or
companies.
8. The Contractor shall identify of all roads, culverts and any earth retaining
structures to be constructed.
9. The Contractor shall identify all associated drainage facilities comprising
culverts, sub-surface and surface drainage works and the relocation, repair and
 removal of existing drainage structures where required in full compliance to
all Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran requirements.
10. The Contractor shall identify all existing structures to be demolished.
11. The Contractor shall provide for all road markings and roadside furniture.
12. The Contractor shall identify the need lightings at junctions, streets and where
required.
13. The Contractor shall ensure that all other works and services necessary to
satisfactorily design, construct, complete and maintain the whole works to
comply with the Government's Requirement.
PRELIMINARY REPORT FOR WATER RETICULATION

4.0 Introduction

This report is prepared for “Cadangan Membina 1 blok flat yang mengandungi:
a) 48 unit setinggi 4 tingkat
b) 1 Tingkat Kemudahan Dengan Taman Permainan, Taska, dan Balai Raya.
c) 1 Unit Spiral Waste Bin
d) 1 Unit Pondok Pengawal

Di Atas Lot 15460, Jalan Pagoh – Pt Sulong, Kawasan Paya Kopi, 86400, Pagoh,
Johor, Untuk Tetuan Setia Indah Sdn. Bhd.

The Project is to be developed by Setia Indah Sdn.Bhd as the Developer. Infa

Sdn.Bhd. (ISB) has been appointed by Setia Indah Sdn. Bhd as the Civil Consultant to
carry out structural and infrastructural design for the Project. This report is intended to
present the design of the water reticulation system for the development.

The size of the Project is 1 hectare which consists of 1 blocks flat with 48 units and a
guard house.
2.0 Purpose of Report

The purpose of this report is to present the detailed design concept, detailed
calculation and network analysis of water supply system for the development.

This report is to describe and detail to Syarikat Air Johor,Ranhill (Ranhill SAJ), the
consultant’s design concepts for the water supply system and to seek the Authority’s
approval.

4.1 The Site Existing Condition

The project area is located on flat land and the existing ground levels at approximately
ranges between 16.25m to 17.5m. The layout plan of the proposed development
within the existing development area can be referred in the Figure 1. The proposed
location for the building is draw as the L shape based on the Figure 1 below.

Figure 6 : layout plan of proposed development

4.2 Design Concept

4.2.1 Reference
The water reticulation system shall be designed in accordance with the
following guidelines:
 Uniform technical guideline Water Reticulation & Plumbing published
by SPAN

4.3 Source of Water Supply

The source of water and tapping point shall be from the existing Ranhill SAJ
main design.

The available pressure head at the tapping points is 22.9m residual as given by
SAJ reference Bil.(11) dlm. SAJ4/1-514D.

For domestic usage, water will be supply from the incoming main pipe to the
internal suction tank provided; pump to the roof tank and distribute to each
unit by gravity.
4.4 Water Demand
The total water demand for the proposed development, is estimated in
accordance to the type of development, the number of units and built up of
area allocated as presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Water Demand

Avg Daily
Total Water
Type of Building Quantity Water Demand
Demand (gpd)
(gpd)

Low cost terrace house/ low

48 290 13920.00
cost flat
Day school/ Kindergarden 100(student) 13 1300.00
Community Center 90 m2 264/26 m2 914.00
Total 16134.00

Allow for 5% 16940.00

4.5 Storage Provision

Minimum storage capacity provided shall be equivalent to:
a) One (1) day domestic demand
b) Two hour storage reserve, whichever is greater

4.6 Pipe Lines & Fittings

a) All pipe materials is using 150mm Ductile Iron (D.I) pipe and shall comply
with the current Malaysian Standard or Local Authority.
b) Air valve shall be provided at peak/low points or drain/culvert crossing.
c) Adequate in line valves shall be provided to isolate sections of main to
facilitate maintenance.
d) Approved type of precast valve chambers shall be used
4.7 Pipe Cover
a) Minimum cover shall be 900mm
b) Minimum cover to pipe laid under paved area shall be 1200mm

4.8 Anchor/Thrust Block

 Shall be provided at all bends, tees and stop-ends and designed to
withstand full pressure test.

4.9 Estimated Suction Tank Size

1. Suction Tank

Total average daily demand approx. = 17,000 gallon/day

As per requirement, the storage capacity

for suction tank shall be 33% of the

total average daily demand = 5610 gallon/day

Suction Tank provided = (need to find the standard size or calculation for
tank size)
PRELIMINARY REPORT FOR SEWERAGE

5.0 Introduction

This report is a documentation of the sewerage design calculation and is intended to

accompany the necessary plans for submission to the relevant local authorities for
approval. Sewerage system, network of pipes, pumps, and force mains for the
collection of wastewater, or sewage, from a community. Modern sewerage systems
fall under two categories: domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers.
Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes, mains, and outfall
sewers for all types of sewage and runoff. The preferred system, however, provides
one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste, which is generally treated
before discharge, and a separate network for storm runoff, which may be diverted to
temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river.

5.1 Design Parameters For Sewerage System

The design parameters for the sewerage system are based on the Malaysia Standard
MS1228 “Code Of Practice For Design And Installation Sewerage System” , Indah
Water Portal and Sewerage Manual with Eurocode incorporated.

5.2 Population Equivalent

In order to design pipe network, pump stations and sewage treatment plants, estimates
need to be made of the volumetric flow rate which will be expected to be carried,
pumped and treated.
Such flow rates are measured in cubic metres per second and need to be calculated for
both existing land use and for expected future development. There are many methods
for calculating expected flow rates. One method is to calculate a design parameter
called the “population equivalent” or as known as PE of a catchment and convert this
to a flow rate. The PE is an estimate of the usage made of sewage facilities. It is not a
 measure of population. Population equivalent determinations can be adopted based on
floor area. (Refer Table 1)

House = 48 unit

Population Factor = 5 PE/unit

Population equivalent = 48 x 5 PE

= 240 PE

5.3 Design Assumption

The following assumptions were adopted for preliminary design purposes :

i. The proposed platform level is used to determine depth of manhole. The
minimum depth of manhole is 1.2 meter and the maximum manhole depth is
5.0 meter.

ii. Manholes will be provided at junction, bends, changes in sewer gradient and at
regular intervals of about 60m for straight run sewer lines.

iii. Effluent from sewage treatment plant can be discharged into the nearest water
courses.

5.4 Design Criteria For Sewerage Pipeline

The following design criteria were used in designing the sewerage pipeline :
i. The average daily design flow = 225 litres / capita
= 0.225m3/P.E

ii. The peak factor = 4.7 X p– 0.11

ii. The sewer pipe minimum size = 225 mm
iii. The sewer pipe material = Vitrified clay pipe (V.C.P)
iv. Manning formula is used to calculate the flow characteristic and the ‘n’ value is assumed to
be 0.009.
v. Minimum design velocity at full flow is greater than 0.8m/sec.
vi. Maximum design velocity at half or full flow is less than 4.0m/sec.

5.5 Design Criteria For Sewerage Treatment Plant

The proposed sewerage treatment plant Sewerage Treatment Plant FRP Package.
MF-BioEA System - 150PE to 5000PE supplied by Mui Fatt Engineering Sdn Bhd.

Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) unit is a pre-fabricated Tank Module Configuration

Combination of MF-BioEA Package Sewage Treatment System for 150PE to 5000PE. STP is
design to meet all procedures accoring to MSIG Sewage Treatments Plants third edition Vol.
IV. STP are made from composite material-Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) whcih can
effectively treat the raw sewage for more population equivalent.

Advantage of STP

 Based on modern composite material with innovative design extending aeration

sludge principle.
 Highly suitable and ideal for developmental project that served population from
150PE to 5000PE.
 Comes in pre-determined system which allows simple planning designs and
installations.
 Requires low maintenance and versatile in operation, simple installations.
 Equip with scum skimmers in clarifier tank
 Suitable for development in residentials, commercial, offices, factories, hotels, resorts
hospitals.
5.6 SEWERAGE CALCULATION

The summary of the sewerage design calculation is shown in the table.

Example : MH1 to MH2 (4MH)

a) Population equivalent = 110 P.E

b) Dry weather flow (DWF) = PE x 0.225m3/day

= 25 x (0.225/24 x 60 x 60) m3/s

= 0.00029 m3/s

c) Peak flow factor = 4.7 x P.E-0.11

1000

= 4.7 x (110) -0.11

1000

= 5.9916

d) Peak flow = 5.9916 x DWF

= 5.9916 x 0.00029

= 0.00174

e) Proposed gradient = 1:150

f) Area = 1 ( d2)
 2 4

=1( x 0.2252)
2 4
= 0.0199 m2

g) Velocity, V = 1 R2/3 S1/2

= 1 x (0.225)2/3 x (1)1/2
0.009 4 150
= 1.33 m/s

h) Pipe flow, Q = AxV

= 0.0199 x 1.33
= 0.026 m3/s

Thus, pipe flow is more than peak flow which is acceptable.

 TABLE 1.0 : RECOMMEND POPULATION EQUIVALENT
TYPE OF PREMISE / ESTASLISHMENT POPULATION EQUIVALENT
(recommended)

Residential 5 per house

Commercial:-

Includes offices, shopping complex, 3 per 100m gross area

entertaiment,/recreational centres, restaurant,
cafeteria, theartres

School/Educational Institutions:- 0.2 per student

 Day school/Institution 1 per student

 Fully residential
0.2 per student for non residential student
 Partial residential
and 1 per student for residential student

Hospital 4 per bed

Hotels (with dining and laundry facilities) 4 per room

Factories (Excluding process water) 0.3 per staff

Market (wet type) 3 per stall

Market (dry type) 1 per stall

Petrol Kiosks/ services stations 18 per service bay

Bus terminal 4 per bus bay

Taxi terminal 4 per taxi bay

Mosque 0.5 per person

Church/Temple 0.2 per person

Stadium 0.2 per person

Swimming Pool/Sport complex 0.5 per person

Public Toilet 16 per wc

Airport 0.2 per passenger day

0.3 per employee

Laundry 10 per machine

Prison 1 per person

Golf Centre 20 per hole

*From Gutdeline for Developers on the design and installation of sewerage systems,DGSS,
January 1995