1 2 3 4 5

Impact of nonlinear and linear damping in a forced

anharmonic oscillator

Kaviya. B
(Research Scholar)

Research Supervisor
Dr. R. Suresh (AP-1)
Centre for Nonlinear Science & Engineering (CeNSE)
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE)
SASTRA Deemed University
Thanjavur-613401, Tamil Nadu

13th December 2019

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Plan of presentation

1 Introduction on extreme events

2 Motivation

3 Objective

4 Dynamics of the forced anharmonic oscillator with nonlinear damping

5 Influence of linear damping on forced anharmonic oscillator with

nonlinear damping

6 Conclusion

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Introduction on extreme events

Extreme events (EEs) = Extreme + Rare events

Extreme → events have large magnitude of their statistical
distribution
Rare events → have a low probability of occurrence

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Cont...

The EEs emerging considerable attention from the scientific

community
Emergence of EEs can produce enormous destruction and economic
losses
Study of rouge or freak wave phenomena in hydrodynamics, optics,
geophysics, space plasma, and finance, etc.
There is no exact mathematical definition for EEs
Extreme events observations Give the general introduction about EEs
It identified in linear and nonlinear dynamical systems, which is
modeling by partial and ordinary differential equations like forced
Liénard system, optical fiber, lasers etc.
It can be observed through heavily tailed probability distribution and
at least four times the standard deviation over peak average
(Hs =< Pn > +nσ)
C. Kharif, E. Pelinovsky, and A. Slunyaev ”Rogue Waves in the Ocean”, (Springer, Heidelberg, 2009)

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Motivation

The interest in the subject is justified by several factors:

Due to obvious destructive power
In general, phenomenon of occurrence of EEs is less known (i.e.
Mechanisms responsible for the appearance of EEs)
Prediction of rare events in advance
Controlling of EEs in some artifical systems is highly possible with great
challenges
S.Bialonski, G.Ansmann, and H. Kantz, ”Data-driven prediction and prevention of extreme events in a spatially extended excitable
system” Phys.Rev. E 92, 042910 (2015)
H. L. D. de S. Cavalcante, M. Oriá, D. Sornette, E. Ott, and D. J. Gauthier ”Predictability and Suppression of Extreme Events in a
Chaotic System” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 198701 (2013)
J.Zamora-Munt, B. Garbin, S.Barland et al., ”Rogue waves in optically injected lasers: Origin, predictability, and suppression ” Phys.
Rev. A. 87, 035802 (2013)

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Aim and Objective

Specific Aim:

Impact of nonlinear and linear damping of

extreme events in a forced anharmonic os-
cillator.

Objctive:

Anharmonic
oscillator with
Liénard
Anharmonic nonlinear
system with
oscillator damping
linear damping
(Liénard
system)

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Mathematical Models

Anhar-
monic
oscillator
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Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity
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Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard
system
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Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0,

system αxẋ = Nonlinear damping
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Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0,

system αxẋ = Nonlinear damping

Forced
Liénard
system
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Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0,

system αxẋ = Nonlinear damping

Forced ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = F sin(ωt),

Liénard F and ω are the amplitude and fre-
system quency of the sinusoidal oscillations
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Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0,

system αxẋ = Nonlinear damping

Forced ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = F sin(ωt),

Liénard F and ω are the amplitude and fre-
system quency of the sinusoidal oscillations

Addition
of linear
damping
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Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0,

system αxẋ = Nonlinear damping

Forced ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = F sin(ωt),

Liénard F and ω are the amplitude and fre-
system quency of the sinusoidal oscillations

Addition ẍ+αxẋ+Aẋ−γx+βx3 = F sin(ωt),

of linear A represents strength
damping of linear damping
5 6 7 8 9

Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0,

system αxẋ = Nonlinear damping

Forced ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = F sin(ωt),

Liénard F and ω are the amplitude and fre-
system quency of the sinusoidal oscillations

Addition ẍ+αxẋ+Aẋ−γx+βx3 = F sin(ωt),

of linear A represents strength
damping of linear damping
5 6 7 8 9

Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0,

system αxẋ = Nonlinear damping

Forced ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = F sin(ωt),

Liénard F and ω are the amplitude and fre-
system quency of the sinusoidal oscillations

Addition ẍ+αxẋ+Aẋ−γx+βx3 = F sin(ωt),

of linear A represents strength
damping of linear damping
5 6 7 8 9

Mathematical Models

ẍ − γx + βx3 = 0,
Anhar- γ represents the natural fre-
monic quency of the oscillator,
oscillator β represents the
strength of nonlinearity

Liénard ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0,

system αxẋ = Nonlinear damping

Forced ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = F sin(ωt),

Liénard F and ω are the amplitude and fre-
system quency of the sinusoidal oscillations

Addition ẍ+αxẋ+Aẋ−γx+βx3 = F sin(ωt),

of linear A represents strength
damping of linear damping
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Dynamics of the anharmonic oscillator with and without

nonlinear damping (stability analysis)
ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = 0

Phase portrait of an (a)

anharmonic oscillator with γ = 0.5
and β = 0.5 has three equilibrium
points atX0 = (0, 0)and
p
X1, 2 = ± γ/β, 0
(b)represents the anharmonic
oscillator with nonlinear damping(
α = 0.45)
But due to the PT – symmetric
property, the two stable points
(X1, 2 ) in the become stable
focus (X1 ) and unstable focus
(X2 ) in the corresponding positive
and negative potential wells,
respectively
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Energy equation
Anharmonic Oscillator:

 
1 2 β 4 2
E1 = ẋ + x − γx
2 2

Liénard oscillator:

    2 
1 αẋ γ β γ
E2 = 2 ẋ2 + 2 x2 − β + 2 x2 − β
" γ
#
α
tan−1
(
αẋ+2β x2 −
β )  
Ω 2Ωẋ
γ2 απ
×e − 4β e 2Ω ,

1
p
where Ω = 2 8β − α2 .

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Forced anharmonic oscillator

ẍ + αxẋ − γx + βx3 = F sin(ωt)

The symmetry of the equilibrium

points is broken and starts to
oscillate
Oscillations in conservative and
dissipative regions
The dissipative region is enlarged
in the phase space
Oscillations in equilibrium points
Transition from double-well chaotic eventually leads to chaotic
oscillations to single-well chaos occurred behaviors like double well
only after the critical value of the oscillations (DWs), Mixed mode
damping strength α intervened by EEs. oscillations (MMOs), EEs, and
single-well chaos (SWOs)
This study elucidate the emerging
mechanism of EEs

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Forced anharmonic oscillator with linear damping

ẍ + αxẋ + ξ ẋ − γx + βx3 = F sin(ωt)

(a) The linear damping with ξ = 0.01, for the α ∈ [0.3, 0.4369] exhibit
MMOs in the range of intermediated by periodic oscillations from
double-well periodic oscillations. α ∈ (0.4369, 0.4381], the system exhibit
EEs leads to single well chaotic oscillations
(b) Increase the linear damping strength to ξ = 0.06, the large-amplitude
oscillations are completely eradicated
The system exhibits the transition from double-well periodic state to
single-well chaos occurred without EEs

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Cont..

(a) In the absence of ξ, large-amplitude oscillations occurred in the range

of ω ∈ [0.64225, 0.7316]
Large-amplitude oscillations range is drastically reduced to ξ = 0.015,
ω ∈ [0.6488, 0.6906] (b)
Increasing the strength of linear damping to ξ = 0.02, the region of
large-amplitude oscillations occurred only in a small portion of
ω ∈ [0.6513, 0.6767] (c)
Finally, for ξ = 0.05, the system exhibits only periodic oscillation (d)
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Melnikov’s function
√  √  √ q 
γ M (ω) attains positive values in
β 12 2πβF ΩΛ−γ 3π 2αγ+16βξ β
M (ω) = 12β 2 certain range of ω for ξ = 0.0,
 
here Λ = sech πω
√ 0.015 and 0.02, whereas for ξ =
2 γ
0.05
0.9 ξ = 0.0
ξ = 0.015 The width of the chaotic regions
0.02 0.6
∆n ξ = 0.02
∆t ξ = 0.05 obtained both numerical and
0.3
0 0.01 0.02 theoretical calculations are in
M(ω)

0
good agreement
Calculated the difference
∆0 = (ω20 − ω10 ) for ξ = 0 and
-0.02
0.4 0.6 0.8 ∆ξ = (ω2ξ − ω1ξ ) for different
ω
values of ξ.
The ratio ∆ = ∆ξ /∆0 is
System exhibits chaotic dynamics then estimated for both numerically
M (ω) will be positive, otherwise, it obtained data (∆n ) from the
shows negative values maximal Lyapunov exponent and
theoretically obtained results (∆t )
from the Melnikov’s function

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Controlling Mechanism
The conservative nature of the
system disappears and only the
dissipative nature remains in the
entire phase space
Entire phase space have an
exponentially decaying solution as
a function of time and converge
towards the stable focus in the
right potential well
Adding the external periodic
αẋ+2β x2 +
( γ
) forcing with suitable values of F
" #
β
dE
α
Ω
tan−1 2Ωẋ
= −e × (ξ ẋ2 ) < 0 and ω, then the system exhibit
dt single-well chaotic oscillations
where dE < 0 indicates system has a without having any large
dt
decaying solution excursions

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Summary
We have studied
The dynamics of unforced P-symmetry (idential equilibrium points)
natured anharmonic oscillator
Calculated the total energy of the system to distinguish the single- and
double-well periodic oscillatory regions
The dynamics of unforced and nonlinearly damped anharmonic oscillator
have PT -symmetry (non-idential equilibrium points) nature
Calculated the total energy of the anharmonic oscillator to distinguish the
conservative and dissipative regions
The dynamics of nonlinealy damped anharmonic oscillator with addition of
forcing, exhibit double well oscillations (α = 0)
While, Increasing nonlinear damping factor (α > 0), The system
undergoes a transition from double-well chaotic oscillations to single-well
chaos mediated by EEs
The dynamics of anharmonic oscillator under the influence of linear
damping. Interestingly, conservative nature eliminate from entire phase
space (i.e. no trace of large amplitude events) which is the controlling
mechanism of EEs
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References

1 S. L. Kingston, K. Thamilmaran, P. Pal, U. Feudel, and S. K. Dana,”

Extreme events in a forced liénard system” Phys. Rev. E 96, 052204
(2017)
2 R. Suresh and V. K. Chandrasekar, ”Influence of time-delay feedback on
extreme events in a forced liénard system ” Phys. Rev E.98, 052211
(2018)
3 Xiujing Han, Yi Zhang, Qinsheng Bi, Kurths. J, ”Two novel bursting
patterns in the Duffing system with multiple-frequency slow parametric
excitations”,Chaos 28, 043111, (2018)
4 Xiujing Han, Yi Zhang, Qinsheng Bi, Kurths. J,” Route to burstng via
pulse-shaped explosion”, Phys. Rev E 98, 010201(R), (2018)
5 S. Leo Kingston and K.Thamilmaran,” Bursting Oscillations and
Mixed-Mode Oscillations in Driven Liénard system”, International journal
of Bifurcation and Chaos 27, 1730025 (2017)
6 M. Han, and P. Yu, ”Fundamental Theory of the Melnikov Function
Method, in Normal Forms, Melnikov Functions and Bifurcations of Limit
Cycles”, (Springer, London, 2012)
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