OSI MODEL

IN
DATA COMMUNICATION & COMPUTER NETWORKS

PRESENTATION REPORT

Submitted by: JASMINE KHATUN

BCA Semester V
by

under the guidance of

MRS. SUMANA MAZUMDAR

Asst. Prof., Dept. of Computer Applications

Pailan College of Management & Technology

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

PAILAN COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY
KOLKATA- 700 008 (INDIA)
NOVEMBER, 2019

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Network architecture is a formal logical structure that defines how

network devices and software interact with each other. It defines communication
protocol, message format and standards required for inter-operability.
Normally we divide the model into two types – OSI model and TCP/IP
model. In this report, the OSI model is briefly described.

2.0 OSI MODEL

i. OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection.

ii. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of
Standardization ’, in the year of 1974.
iii. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific
functionality to perform.
iv. All these 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from
one person to another across the globe.

2.1 OSI Layers

The functions of different OSI layers are –

2.1.1 Physical Layer :

i. The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical

layer.
ii. To activate, maintain and deactivate the physical
connection.
iii. To define voltage and data rates needed for transmission.
iv. To convert the digital bits into electrical signals.
v. To decide whether the transmission is simplex, half duplex
or duplex.
The functions of the physical layer are :
a) Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the
synchronization of the bits by providing a clock. This clock
controls both sender and receiver thus providing
synchronization at bit level.
b) Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the
transmission rate i.e. the number of bits sent per second.

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2.1.2 Data link Layer :

i. The data link layer is the second layer in the OSI Model.
ii. This layer is responsible for the node to node delivery of
the message.
iii. Functions of the data link layer are synchronization and
error control for the information which is to be transmitted
over the physical link.
iv. To enable the error detection, it adds error detection bits to
the data which are to be transmitted.
v. The encoded data are then passed to the physical layer.
vi. With the help of error detection error correction is also
possible.

2.1.3 Network Layer :

i. The network layer is considered the backbone of the OSI

Model.
ii. To route the signals through various channels to the other
end.
iii. To act as the network controlled by deciding which route
data should take.
iv. To divide the outgoing messages into packets and to
assemble incoming packets into messages.

2.1.4 Transport Layer :

i. Transport layer provides services to application layer and

takes services from network layer.
ii. It decides if the data transmission should take place on
parallel path or single path.
iii. Its breaks the data into smaller groups so that they are
easily handled by the network layer.
iv. It guarantees the data transmission from one end to another
end.

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2.1.5 Session Layer :

i. This layer manages and synchronizes conversations

between two different applications, this is the level at
which the user will establish system to system connections.
ii. It controls login on and off, user identification, billing and
session management.
iii. Session layer controls the data loss.

2.1.6 Presentation Layer :

i. Presentation layer is also called the Translation layer.

ii. This layer makes it sure that the information is delivered in
such a form that everyone can understand it.
iii. It converts the data in ASCII code or EBCDIC code or vice
versa.

2.1.7 Application Layer :

i. Application layer is the top most layer of OSI model.

ii. It provides services such as manipulation of information,
retransferring of files, distribution of data etc.
iii. It controls the password checking or login information.

The functions of the Application layer are :

a) Network Virtual Terminal
b) FTAM-File transfer access and management
c) Mail Services
d) Directory Services

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The OSI Reference Model

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3.0 OSI LAYERS VS TCP/IP LAYERS

BASIS FOR
TCP/IP MODEL OSI MODEL
COMPARISON

Expands To Transmission Control Open system

Protocol/ Internet Protocol Interconnect

Meaning It is a client server model It is a theoretical model

used for transmission of which is used for

data over the internet. computing system.

Number Of Layers 4 Layers 7 Layers

Developed by Department of Defense ISO (International

(DoD) Standard Organization)

Tangible Yes No

Usage Mostly used Never used

Obeys Horizontal approach Vertical approach

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