Tardiness: The Impact in Students’ Performances ​iv

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………...ii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...iii

Chapter 1: The Problem, and its Background…………………...…………...……………1

Introduction……………………………………………………….…..…………...1
Review on Literatures……………………………………….……………….…....1
Synthesis of Related Literatures…………………………………………………..5
Conceptual Framework….………………………………...……..………….….....6
Statement of the Problem………………………………...……......…..…………..8
Hypothesis…………..…………………………………...………….…...……......8
Significance of the Study……………………………...…………..……..…..…...9
Scope and Delimitation of the Study………………….………....…………....….9
Definition of Terms…………………………………….…………………..…….11
Acronyms.........................…………………………………….………………….14

Chapter 2:Methodology……………………………………….…….……………….…..13
Research Design……………………………………….…….………………...…13
Research Instruments………………………………….…….…………………...13
Participants of the Study……………………….…………….…………………..15
Data Gathering Procedures…………………………………....……….……...…16
Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………………....16
Statistical Treatment……………………………………………………………..18

References……………………………………….……………………………………….19

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Chapter 1
The Problem, and Its Background

Introduction

At the present time, learning is not just the distinctive way of learning but a nonstop
procedure of transforming what is in our mind. And here comes the school that is
considered as a hub for a transformational learning and life skills. The students who are
enrolled not only to acquire knowledge and understanding of the world phenomenon but
also to become better citizens and human beings. In this regard, schools through their
curriculum inculcate the significance of social skills in the learners in order to aid with
the required skills to become responsible beings.

On the other hand, the students and families are equally held responsible for the
learning they acquire from the school and attitude and behavior that exhibit toward
school and learning. Hence, the students in the school are not only assessed for the
demonstration of their intellectual capabilities but also their behavior.

Related Literatures

Tardiness has already become a habit of some students nowadays, being tardy means
coming late in school even their house is just beside their school and it can lead more
serious problems affecting student’s academic learning as well as in their performances.
If a student coming late to school every day the student cannot participate well in
class.(Young & Densley, 2011), looked at decreasing tardiness in primary school-aged
students using teacher-written praise notes. ‘Teachers can become frustrated as late
students disrupt instruction, often requiring re-teaching of what they have missed. Tardy

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behavior can also negatively affect the overall classroom environment,’ the study says.
Arriving late to school can also mean that students miss out on activities designed to
build connections with their peers, potentially impacting their social interactions and
creating a greater sense of alienation from their classmates.

When students are tardy or absent, or when they drop out of school, sequential
learning cannot occur, subject matter and skills cannot be developed, and much student
talents wasted at risk students identify in the school setting include goes exhibiting signs
of alcohol consumption, drug abuse, or anti-social behavior .this student need assistant to
overcome their problems and to achieve in school. When counseling in the school setting
isn’t sufficient, this students need to be referred to appropriate services in the community.
For some high school students the immediate earnings from employment seems more
significant than staying in school. School personal needs to be determined causes of
tardiness, absenteeism and dropping out and to provide necessary remediation (Ediger,
Marlow 1987).

In evaluating the deleterious effects of missing in school time, research has almost
exclusively focused on absences, and almost no attention has been paid to tardiness.
Hence, this study contributes a new dimension to the field by examining the effect of
student tardiness on academic achievement. Employing an empirical model on a
large-scale, longitudinal, multilevel data set of urban elementary school children over 6
years of observation there are 2 significant findings. First, students with greater tardiness
perform worse on both standardized reading and math test. Second, holding constant an
individual’s own record of tardiness, students whose classmates are tardy more frequently
also have lower test score.

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Hence, the achievement gap widens even further for students who also have
greater individual level of tardiness. Policy implications are discussed. (Michael Gottfried
2012) Personality as a ‘’pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that determine an
individual’s characteristics, behavior and traits he further describes personality as ‘’the
dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine
his characteristics’ behavior and thoughts’’ (Gordon Allport 1990).

Personality as the end result of the typical ways in which and person reacts, the
product of his motivation, emotions feeling tones, style of thinking and attitudes,’’ person
ality is partly in born and nervous system are largely responsible for the inborn aspects
the associate either through imitation or through hostile reactions when we are thwarted.
Habits are reaction so often repeated as to become fixed characteristics or tendencies
good habits results from choice and are required through effort (the encyclopedia
international, 1967).

Anxiety may appear any time think of anxiety as a feeling of uneasiness,

comprehension or fear that has a vague or unknown source. Pseudo-Feeble Minded is
more of an emotional disorder rather than of mental retardation the term “pseudo -feeble
minded” has been used because individuals in this category react with stupid behavior
manifest lack of interest in work or in ambition and reacts with extreme withdrawal from
fear failure or criticism.

Dreaming state is the part of the sleep continuum called the ’paradoxical
sleep’ between waking and sleeping, so called because the subject is near to being
awake (by EEG criterion that is the use of the encephalogram - a low voltage and
relatively fast pattern of changes) and hard to arouse by another increase arousal

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threshold it is at this stage when R.E.M (Rapid Eye Movement) occur and when REM is
occurring it is difficult to arouse a sleeping subject.

Some of the factors and effects of Students’ Tardiness are:

​Family Life​. ​Stutman (1985) found that "Family theorists and practitioners have long
recognized that struggles inherent in family life may be carried forth from one generation
to another". Therefore, family history has an impact on student's success or failure at
school.

​Problems with Tardiness​. The most crucial learning hours of a school day are the
morning hours, because they are when students are most attentive. Students who are tardy
miss the beginning of their morning classes, and they also cause a distraction when they
arrive late to class.

​Academics and achievement​. Students who are frequently tardy have lower GPAs,
lower scores on standardized assessments, and lower graduation rates. Chronic tardiness
in elementary and middle school is also linked to failure in high school.

​Behavior Problems​. In the National Center for Education Statistics 2007 Indicators
of School Crime and Safety, teachers surveyed reported that students who are frequently
tardy have higher rates of suspension and other disciplinary measures.

​Job Performance​. Students who are frequently tardy to school are also more apt to be
fired from a job for showing up late.

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​Effect on Others​. Students are tardy for a variety of reasons, but being late to class
can become a habit that can have a negative effect on their success in school. Schools
often establish an attendance policy that includes punishment for multiple tardies.

​Respect​. Showing up too late to class, especially multiple times, can have the effect
of other people losing respect for you.

​Discipline​. Disciplinary actions are often taken upon students who are often tardy to
classes. Students may be given a detention for the first couple offenses, but then the
discipline may become more severe with a suspension.

​School Work​. Students who are late to classes may fall behind in their classroom
work. If a student misses the first part of a lecture, for example, he may miss the notes
that he will need to study for an upcoming exam.

Synthesis

Tardiness is a habit of some students nowadays. It is a small thing for a simple student
but it can do a lot of things that may affect the relation between students, schools, and
families.

Students’ tardiness has different factors such as sleeping late at night, technology
abuse, transportation, time management and other more. These factors can affect
students’ academic performances. Late students can affect the class by disturbing it like
distracting the flow of the class’ lecture or discussion. These problems may affect also
the students’ relation with their families, school, and academic performances.

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Conceptual Frameworks

In the book cited by Santillano, “Never Be Late Again: 7 Cures for the Punctually
Challenged”, the author Diana DeLonzor suggested that some personality traits could
most likely lead to a person being often late. Some of the traits included were “struggling
with self-control”, “feeling nervous or uncomfortable with social situations” and “getting
distracted easily”. Santillano also discussed about the study conducted by DeLonzor at
San Francisco State University in 1997 in which she surveyed 225 respondents about
their habits that makes them late from their appointments. It was also a test on the
personalities of the respondents that affect their habits.

According to the results of DeLonzor’s study, those respondents that were often tardy
apt to be anxious and gets distracted easily. In a recent article by ​Michele Novotni​, she
writes that people with ADHD are often running late because of poor time management.
They are often distracted and scrambling at the last minute to find things like keys, cell
phones, or finishing last second tasks. Students with this disorder may be trying to
desperately gather notebooks and things from their lockers during the passing period
without realizing that they are late.

Nakpodia and Dafiaghor attribute lateness or tardiness to a lot of factors or causes.

Going late to bed and waking up late next morning are the most common. The authors
added film-watching late at night as a cause for tardiness. The student may forget that
he/she needs to be in school the next day. The distance between the student’s home and
school or solely the school’s location is also considered by ​Nakpodia and Dafiaghor as a
possible cause for tardiness. Not just because it takes more time to get to school, but
according to the authors, the student is susceptible to more distractions and hindrances

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along the way. Parent’s untimely tasks and commands are also reasons that students come
late to school. Habitual tardiness can also be learned from other members of the family,
especially from the older ones. Lack of a firm and consistent policy on punctuality also
encourages students to come late to school since there are no consequences attached to
lateness or tardiness. These causes of tardiness will lead to serious effects.

Schematic Diagram of the Theory

​In this part of the study, the figure represents the theory of Diana DeLonzor.

Figure 1. Reasons of Students’ Tardiness

​Figure 1 presents the flow the reasons of being tardy of a student. Where students’
tardiness results to other impacts that may affect the status of the students.

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Statement of Problems

This study aimed to know all about the factors of student’s tardiness that may affect
the student’s performances toward school and to analyse the following problems of these
factors. In addition, this study aims to determine the reasons why students go to school
late. It also aims to determine the corresponding effects of the student’s tardiness.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the profiles of the students in terms of:

a. Age b. Gender c. Address

2. What are the factors for students’ tardiness?

3. How can tardiness affect the students’ academic performances?

Hypothesis

The following are some of the hypothesis formulated and searched by the members of
this research:

HO1: There is a significant relationship between tardiness and absenteeism. Students who
tended to be tardy also tended to be absent.

HO2: Race and gender have no impact on the relationship between the number of tardies
and English test scores.

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Significance of the Study

This study will be significant, helpful and valuable to the students and maybe to future
researchers.

Students- to give them a new strategy for a new type of effective learning and give
them new ideas to use while they are studying.

Future Researchers- for this may serve as basis for their future researches they may
conduct.

Scope and Delimitation

​This study will mainly concern on the impacts of students’ tardiness in academic
performances especially in learning English and the other local language of the students
of Sto Tomas National High School, Sasmuan, Pampanga.

This research will be delimited only to twenty students from the said school to have
minimized result and have summaries of analysis coming from their responses.

Aside from these, this study will focused on how to elaborate the informations of these
effects of tardiness for the readers of this research to have mind enlightenment about our
research

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Definition of Terms

For clearer understanding to our work and to have a brief information about the words
used in our research, the following terms are defined:

​Absenteeism means that a tendency to be away from work or school without a good
reason the practice or habit of being absent from work or school.

​Alternative​ is the offering or expressing a choice.

​Anxiety​ means fear or nervousness about what might happen

​Anxious​ is being afraid or nervous especially about what may happen; feeling anxiety

​Attendance​ means that the persons or number of persons attending

​Attitudes​ is the way you think and feel about someone or something

​Behavior​ means the way a person or animal acts or behaves

​Deleterious​ is harmful often In a subtle or unexpected way

​Empirical​ means originating in or based on observation or experience

​Federal is the relation to a form of government in which power is shared between a

central government and individual states provinces.

​ Frequently​ means at frequent or short intervals

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​Habits is the usual way of behaving, something that a person does often in a regular
and repeated way

​Perceive means to attain awareness or understanding of to regard as being such,

to become aware of through the senses especially

​Personality is the set of emotional qualities, ways of behaving etc., that makes a person
different from other people

​References means the act of mentioning something in speech in writing, the act of
referring to something or someone.

​Remediation​ is the act or process of remedying

​Standardized is to change things so that they are similar and consistent and agree with
rules about what is proper and acceptable

​Sequential means a noun that means of relating to, or arranged in a particular order or
sequence, happening in a series

​Tardiness​ is the art of moving slowly; sluggish, beyond the expected or proper time.

​Traits​ means a quality that makes one person or thing different from another

​Thwarted​ is to prevent from doing something or to stop from happening

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Acronyms

For more elaborated understanding to our some unfamiliar word abbreviation, the
following terms are defined:

E.E.G. - Electroencephalogram

R.E.M - Rapid Eye Movement

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Chapter 2
Method

​In this chapter, the researchers introduce research design, research instrument,

participants of the study, data gathering procedures and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

​For this study, a quantitative research is used to provide specific information about our
research.

A quantitative research is the quantifying the problem by way of generating numerical

data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. In addition, a quantitative
method is compatible with the study because it allows the research problem to be
conducted in a very specific and set terms (Cooper & Schindler, 1998).

Research Instruments

The survey- questionnaire was used to achieve the main objective of the study which
is to share the information about the effects of learning English in academic
performances of students. The survey-questionnaire are self-administered and are given
before the study is applied to have further background response from the students.

The questionnaires were constructed in such way that the participants will be able to
answer them easily.

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Thus, the set of questionnaire which is the survey- questionnaire, the researchers used
a Rating Scale questions with a 5-point scale. Below is the example of designated
quantification for the survey- questionnaire:

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In Rating Scale Questions, two frequently used types are Likert-type scales and
semantic differential scales were the participants are assessed with the given rating
dimensions. The Likert Scale is a 5- or 7-point scale that offers a range of answer options
- from one extreme attitude to another, like “extremely likely” to “not at all likely.”

Participants of the Study

​The participants of this study is composed of a total of 20 students from Sto Tomas
National High School. Each of the participants are given the same surveys like others.
The questionnaires are given to the participants of each grade level to analyze the
situations and response of the students.

TABLE 1: Students’ Status as participants

Participants’ Grade Level Number in Total Percentage of population

Grade 7 5 25 %

Grade 8 5 25 %

Grade 9 5 25 %

Grade 10 5 25 %

TOTAL: 20 100 %

The table above shows the number of the participants came from Grade 7 to Grade 10
with the 100 % total number of 20 students.

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Data Collection Procedure

​Students are the target of this research that’s why, the researchers picked 20 randomly
to the high school students of Sto Tomas National High School, Sasmuan, Pampanga. To
get an accurate result the following step- by- step procedures are done carefully by the
researches.

First, randomly selection of participants from almost 1,500 students of Sto Tomas
National High School.

Then, giving the survey- questionnaires to the participants with the use of technology
due to the questionnaire is a google form.

And lastly, analysis of Data and making a conclusion.

Ethical Considerations

The consideration of the ethics in this study, is strictly important. The ethics are
highly imperative to this research for the researchers have interactions with their
participants in many ways such as, surveys and even observing the participants’
behaviors:

The students who are good at vocabulary and reading comprehension defined that they
are not having any difficulties in the language input and settings in the mobile games that
we suggest them to play, although it makes them to enjoy the game.

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On the other hand, the ones that who have difficulties in reading comprehension had
took some time to understand the game though after they understand it, they continued
the game until they are satisfied enough.

Though we, researchers, are well intentioned there is still a time that the
communications to the participants might unintentionally harm them in unplanned ways.
This may include the following:

Emotional Harm: Some survey questions may offend the feelings of the participants.
For this research have two types of types of participants, the ones that have good
learning abilities and the ones who are not. Students might get envy with each other.

Psychological Harm: Students might change their beliefs due to the activities given to
them by the researchers.

As researchers of this study, it is our responsibility to consider whether any type of

harm may occur as part of our research. We only ensure that the questions that we had
gave to them is can’t hurt their feelings. Though it manages the participants to consume
many hours playing it.

This survey is intended to know who are the one that understand both vocabulary and
reading comprehension clearly and who have some difficulties in it. Kids nowadays
always want to play mostly mobile games because it is easy to use and you didn't have to
put more effort just to play it that's why they loved it.

Through the technology, children are now having more intellectual thoughts through
our technology.

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Statistical Treatment of Data

To interpret the data effectively, the researcher will employ the statistical treatment
which is called T-test.

T- Test

A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is significant

difference between the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features. It
is mostly used when the data sets, like the data set recorded as outcome from flipping a
coin 100 times, would follow a normal distribution and may have unknown variances.

A t-test is used as a hypothesis testing tool, which allows testing of an assumption

applicable to a population. A Correlated (or Paired) T-Test is used in this research: The
correlated t-test is performed when the samples typically consist of matched pairs of
similar units, or when there are cases of repeated measures. (Investopedia)

The formula for computing the t-value and degrees of freedom for a paired t-test is:

Mean 1 and Mean 2 are the average values of each of the sample sets,
while Var1and Var2 represent the variance of each of the sample sets.

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Caldarella, P.- Decreasing tardiness in elementary school students using teacher-written

praise notes. Intervention in School and Clinic, 1053451211414186.

Christensen, L.- Decreasing tardiness in elementary school students using teacher-written

praise notes. Intervention in School and Clinic, 1053451211414186.

Densley Y.- Decreasing tardiness in elementary school students using teacher-written

praise notes. Intervention in School and Clinic, 1053451211414186.

Education and Training College Sector, (2004).

Gordon A. (1990)-behavior and thoughts . Intervention in School and Clinic.

Gottfried, M. A. (2014) -The achievement effects of tardy classmates: Evidence in urban

elementary schools. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 25(1), 3-28.

Government Gazette, 462, 2003, pp. 6±9, 9 December, (Regulation Gazette No. 1791).
S. Phillips, The effects of an intensive reading programmer on the academic
performance of post-

H. Wenglinsky, Testimony of Mr. Harold Wenglinsky. Available from IES (Institute of

Education Sciences), Principals' Perceptions of Discipline Issues in their Schools,

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​Tardiness: The Impact in Students’ Performances ​20

J. Pierre, Tabulating the tardiest, Techniques: Connecting Education and Careers, 75(6),
2000, p. 50.

M. Mangena, National Assembly Debate on the Education Vote.

Matric English second language students in science, MA. Dissertation, UNISA, (2004)

Maykut J. (1984)- relationship between physical social development. . Intervention in

School and Clinic.

Peterson R(1983)- children to their parents. . Intervention in School and Clinic.

Phillips- the effects of students’ tardiness. Preventing School Failure, 55(3), 132-139.

R. McCown, M. Driscoll and P. G. Roop, Educational Psychology: A Learning-Centered

Approach

Republic of South Africa, DoE (Department of Education). Quantitative Overview of

Further

Roscoe P.(2003)-absenteeism . Intervention in School and Clinic.

Stutman R. (1985)- generation of families Preventing School Failure.

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