Lecture On Surge

Seminar on Water Hammer Surge Analysis of Piping System (WHSAPS) Trichur 18th December 2012
SURGE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

SURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM – CASE STUDIES
Raghuveer Rao Pallepati

Senior Scientific Officer
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560012
prvrao@civil.iisc.ernet.in
1. INTRODUCTION
As the infrastructure for cities and industries is fast growing, the water supply
projects are increasing. As the capital costs are rising steeply, the optimal engineering
designs with reliability are the need of the hour. Surge analysis and design of surge
protection systems play an important role in this direction. This lecture covers the details
protection systems, the design principles of surge protection and interpretation of the
results with respect to the strength of pipeline. Few case studies of design of surge
protection will be presented under three categories viz., (a) water transmission systems (b)
lift irrigation schemes and (c) cooling water systems for thermal and nuclear power
plants.
2. CONSIDERATIONS OF SURGE PRESSURES IN PUMPING MAIN
2.1 Causes of Surge
Waterhammer or surge is a phenomenon occurring in closed conduit or pipe flows,
associated with rapid changes in discharge in the pipe. The rapid change in discharge and
the associated velocity is accompanied by a change in pressure, which is propagated
through the pipe. The waterhammer wave is propagated at acoustic speed, which varies
with the material and wall thickness of the pipe. Like any other wave phenomenon, the
wave is transmitted and reflected at different boundaries such as reservoir or pump. It is
also damped by friction as it propagates. In a pumping main, changes in discharge may be
caused by: (a) valve closure or opening (b) starting of a pump (c) stopping of a pump (d)
power failure and (e) single pump failure when multiple pumps are in parallel operation.
The planned starting or stopping of a pump is also associated with valve opening or
closing. In general, in a pumping main carrying water, valve operations need not be very
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rapid and hence surge pressures due to valve operations and planned starting or stopping
of a pump can be kept under control. Surge pressures due to pump starting can not exceed
shutoff head of the pump (unless a valve at the downstream end is closed). In actual
practice, starting surge in the transmission main can be kept well below the shutoff head,
by opening the valve on the delivery pipe gradually.
Power failure and single pump failure form the most critical surge condition in a
pumping main. Power failure is critical with regard to surge pressures in the transmission
main, while single pump failure may be critical with regard to surge pressures in the
pump house. The local surge pressures in the pump house will be high for single pump
failure, if the non-return valve in the pump house is rapid closing type, such as swing
check valve or dual plate check valve. If gradually closing valve such as HOPDV is used,
the local surge pressures in the pump house due to single pump failure will not be critical,
but there will be reverse rotation of the pump. The surge phenomenon following power
failure is discussed in Section 2.2 and the surge phenomenon following single pump
failure is discussed in Section 2.3.
2.2 Surge Phenomenon Following Power Failure
When the power fails, the motor speed starts dropping rapidly, the rate of
deceleration depending on the inertia of the pump and motor. As the motor speed reduces,
the pump discharge and head reduce, and a down surge pressure wave travels along the
transmission main towards the delivery end, at a speed governed by the pressure wave
velocity (approximately 1 km/sec). When the wave reaches the delivery reservoir, it gets
reflected as an upsurge wave, which in turn, travels towards the pump end. Within a short
interval following power failure, the motor speed reaches a level at which no forward
pumping is possible. At this stage, flow reversal takes place, and the non-return valve at
the pump end closes. If the closure of the valve is relatively slow, such as in the case of
hydraulically or pneumatically controlled valve closure, reverse rotation of the pump may
also develop.
The above phenomenon due to power failure may cause the following problems.
When the non-return valve closes, depending on the magnitude of reverse flow already
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established, a pressure rise occurs, which may exceed the design/test pressure of the pipe.
Prior to that, during the initial down surge phase, the magnitude of pressure drop may be
such that, at a peak along the alignment, vapour pressure occurs. As this now forms a
pressure control at the location, it functions as a pseudo-reservoir, segregating the flow
upstream and downstream of the location. This is termed as water column separation with
inflow velocity at the location being different from the outflow velocity. Initially the
outflow velocity is more than the inflow velocity, increasing the cavity size. Later, the
inflow velocity becomes more shrinking the cavity. At some instant, the cavity fully
collapses, creating a shock pressure rise, and thereafter the inflow and outflow velocities
are the same at the location. The shock pressure rise travels on both sides and may cause
the pressure to exceed design/test pressure. For large diameter steel pipes, the occurrence
of vapour pressure may also be a problem. In systems where extensive occurrence of
vapour pressure is indicated, analysis considering column separation effect is to be treated
as approximate. Hence predictability of the behavior of such a system under surge
condition is not good, unless suitable protection system is designed.
2.3 Surge Phenomenon Following Single Pump Failure
In a pump house where multiple pumps are in parallel operation, one pump may fail
suddenly due to fault. This condition can create severe local surge pressures in the
delivery pipeline of the failing pump. These high surge pressures occur in the small length
between the non-return valve on the pump delivery line and the delivery manifold. This
phenomenon is a common cause for failure of non-return valves and butterfly/sluice
valves in the pump house.
When a single pump fails with multiple pumps in parallel operation, the speed of the
failing pump rapidly drops, along with discharge from this pump. The other running
pumps get overloaded to partly compensate the reduced discharge. The pressure at the
delivery manifold reduces, but this reduction is not very significant in view of the head
generated by the running pumps. The more the number of running pumps, the less the
pressure reduction in the manifold. In view of this, reverse flow occurs very rapidly
through the failing pump. Typically, flow reversal may take place in 1-3 sec. The rate of
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reverse flow builds up very rapidly, with water being short-circuited from the running
pumps to the failing pump. Under such conditions, any non-return valve which functions
mechanically, may have a small delay in closure, by which time significant reverse flow
may be built up. If the valve closes suddenly under such a reverse flow, high surge
pressures may result. On the other hand, if the valve is of gradually closing type, the
pressure rise is controlled, but significant reverse rotation of the pump is developed.
A surge protection system designed for the transmission main protection (ex. air
vessel) can not take care of the local surge pressures in the pump house, resulting from
single pump failure. Generally, one or more of the following three approaches may be
used to handle this problem.
1. Use a conservative pump delivery pipe size, so that the velocity through the delivery
pipe is not large, resulting in reduced surge pressures; 2. Use special types of non-return
valves on pump delivery pipes; 3. Specify conservative values of test pressures for the
pump house pipes and valves.
In regard to item 3 above, it must be noted that the choice of a conservative test
pressure is not merely related to the working pressure. This is in view of the fact that the
surge pressure due to single pump failure is essentially dependent on delivery pipe
velocity, type of non-return valve and type of pump. In a low head scheme, this surge
pressure may exceed the pump head by several times, while in a high head scheme, the
factor will be lesser.
2.4 Pre-appraisal of Surge Picture
The safety of the pipe may be endangered due to upsurge or downsurge depending
on the type of pipe (pipe material), size of the pipe and its strength. There are essentially
three possible problems: a) direct effect of downsurge due to occurrence of vacuum,
causing buckling of the pipe or dislocation of the joints in the case of flexible joints; b)
effect of direct upsurge resulting in undue pressure rise causing failure of the pipe; c)
effect of secondary upsurge resulting from water column separation (occurrence of
vapour pressure) and associated shock pressure rise due to the rejoining of the separated
water columns. Out of these three types of problems, (a) and (c) are associated with
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downsurge and (b) is associated with upsurge.

Large size pipes are generally more vulnerable to the effect of vacuum occurring
due to downsurge. This is particularly true for large size thin walled steel pipes (D/t ratio
greater than 150, where D = diameter of the pipe, t = wall thickness). The problem is
further compounded by the fact that large size steel pipe may have some ovality due to
inadequate quality control in fabrication, or due to handling and transportation, or due to
deflection resulting from soil over burden. Even a small ovality significantly reduces the
strength of the pipe to withstand buckling.
PSC pipes, particularly the non-cylinder pipes, may be generally more vulnerable
to upsurge effect, compared to downsurge. However, in this regard, upsurge due to water
column separation effect should also be considered.
In all pipes with flexible joints, the possibility of dislocation of the rubber gasket
due to occurrence of rapid vacuum in the downsurge phase, should be kept in view.
In any assessment of the effect of surge on a pumping main, two aspects are of
importance: a) intensity of surge; b) strength of the pipe. In considering surge pressures,
one must take into account both the effects of upsurge or pressure rise and down surge or
pressure drop. For example, a large size steel pipe may be able to withstand upsurge
pressures, but may be vulnerable to down surge effect resulting in occurrence of vapour
pressure, with risk of buckling or collapse. On the other hand, a PSC pipe may be able to
withstand full vacuum pressure, but may be vulnerable to upsurge and associated pressure
rise.
Here we need to consider (a) ability of the pipeline to withstand the maximum
pressure (or upsurge) and (b) ability to withstand sub-atmospheric pressure (or
downsurge) upto vapor pressure. The hoop stress developed in a steel pipe (IS:3589-
2001) must be less than factored yield stress, while in DI (IS:8329-2000), PSC (IS:784-
2001) and other pipes should be within the pressure class selected. The strength of the
pipe with respect to withstanding external load, including vacuum under surge condition,
is evaluated based on the following.
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For a truly circular steel pipe, the critical collapse pressure is given by the
following formula (AWWA Manual M11),
3
2E ⎛ t ⎞
Pc = ⎜ ⎟ (1)
(1 − ν 2 ) ⎝ D ⎠
where Pc is the critical collapse pressure, E is Young’ modulus of steel, ν is Poisson’s

ratio, t is wall thickness and D is diameter. For a steel pipe, in FPS units, the formula is
reduced to
3
⎛ t ⎞
Pc = 66 x10 ⎜ ⎟6
(2)
⎝D⎠
where Pc is in psi. In order to account for wall thickness variations, out-of roundness and
other manufacturing tolerances, AWWA M11 recommends the use of the more
conservative formula as follows,
3
⎛ t ⎞
Pc = 50.2 x10 ⎜ ⎟ 6
(3)
⎝D⎠
where, again Pc is in psi.
Based on eqn. (2), minimum thickness of 6 mm is required for 1000 mm diameter
steel pipe, for the pipe to withstand just about vapor pressure, while as per eqn. (3) the
minimum thickness required is 6.6 mm for 1000 mm diameter steel pipe in the exposed
reaches of pipe. In buried pipe, the backfill provides additional stiffness due to passive
resistance, though there is the additional load of backfill.
2.5 Design Considerations and Methodology
The design of surge protection system is an iterative process in which a particular
protection is proposed, waterhammer analysis is made for that choice for power failure
condition, the resulting surge pressures are evaluated, the protection system is modified
based on the evaluation and the process is repeated until an adequate and economical
protection system is arrived at. Surge or waterhammer analysis is made for each option by
numerical analysis using the method of characteristics. The analysis involves the solution
of a system of two nonlinear, first order partial differential equations in two unknowns -
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piezometric head and flow velocity, in two independent variables - distance along the pipe
and time. The solution requires specification of initial condition at time t = 0 before the
surge condition, and boundary conditions at external boundaries such as pumps and
reservoir and internal boundaries such as air vessel and one way surge tank. The theory
and computational methodology for solution by the method of characteristics are
available in standard references (Wylie, E.B and Streeter, V.L., Fluid Transients, McGraw
Hill International book Co., 1978). The computer program used in the present study has
been developed at the Indian Institute of Science and has been applied in more than 400
projects.
The design criteria for the surge protection system for a pumping main are stated in
terms of limits on allowable down surge and upsurge for the critical design condition of
power failure. The limits on allowable down surge and upsurge in the transmission main
may vary from system to system. Generally, if conservative design criterion is used, sub-
atmospheric pressures are not allowed and the maximum pressures may be restricted to
1.25 to 1.5 times the pump head or working pressures. Alternatively one may allow sub-
atmospheric pressures, but not vapour pressures. In some designs, vapour pressure may
also be allowed, but limitations may be placed on the pressure rise following the rejoining
of separated water columns. There are situations wherein the design of surge protection
system is reduced to the art of selecting a feasible alternative taking into consideration the
pipe strength and different alternative design criteria. For example, the pipe line
alignment and other hydraulic parameters may be such that complete elimination of sub-
atmospheric pressures may be impossible or too costly. Hence specification of uniform
design criteria for all projects may not be a desirable practice. It is necessary to consider
the type of pipe, the pipe strength, the values of relevant hydraulic parameters, the
possible operating conditions and the nature of the pipe line alignment while deciding on
the design criteria.
The design of the surge protection system is normally based on surge analysis for
the power failure condition. Surge analysis for single pump failure condition plays a
secondary role in finalising the required surge protection measures, and its importance
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lies particularly in relation to deciding the test pressure for the pipes and valves in the
pump house.
3. OPTIONS OF SURGE PROTECTION DEVICES
Following are the usual surge protection devices used for pumping mains.
• Air vessel
• One way surge tank
• Zero velocity valve
• Surge relief (anticipating) valve
• Dual plate check valve
• Intermediate non-return valve
• Stand pipe
• Air valve
• Air cushion valve
Primary surge immediately following power failure is down surge or pressure drop,
which occurs due to reduction of flow velocity. If some stored water can be supplied into
the rising main immediately after power failure, the down surge intensity will reduce.
This is the concept used in air vessel and one way surge tank protection devices.
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of Air Vessel (Vertical orientation)
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3.1 Air Vessel

Pressure vessel fabricated out of boiler quality steel plate. Upper part of vessel
contains compressed air under working pressure and lower part of vessel contains water
which will discharge into the pumping main on power failure. When power fails, the
pressure on the pump house side drops rapidly, but pressure on the air vessel side drops
more gradually, as compressed air expands as pressure drops. NRV on the pump side
closes isolating the pump house pipe & transmission main pipe. Water from the air vessel
discharges into the transmission main as compressed air expands and controls the rate of
drop in velocity and hence pressure in the pipe. When the return or upsurge comes to the
pump end, water enters the air vessel, compressing the air again with associated pressure
rise in the rising main. The design is such that at the instant of maximum expansion of air,
there is still some water left in the air vessel. Hence, when pumps are restarted on power
supply resumption, the air gets compressed to working pressure and water level in air
vessel reaches normal level. The design is such that there is adequate compressed air
volume in the vessel to control the surges and adequate water to retain some water in the
vessel at the instant of maximum down surge (hence maximum air expansion). The
outflow from the vessel must be free immediately on power failure to control pressure
drop or down surge. The inflow into the vessel on return surge must be inhibited to
control pressure rise or upsurge. This is achieved by a special type of arrangement on
connecting pipe between air vessel and rising main.
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of Air Vessel (Horizontal orientation)
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Fig. 3 Schematic Diagram of pneumatic plumbing for air vessel

Suitability of air vessel
• Large projects with significant cost of rising main;
• Pipe strength is relatively less (ex: PSC pipe);
• Control of down surge is also important;
• Suitable locations for OSTs not available;
• Skilled maintenance staff available at pump house;
• Air vessel size parameter required is neither too small (less than 0.75) nor too large
(more than 8); KAV =
2C o a where Co = air volume under working condition, Qo =
Qo L
design discharge, L = length of the transmission main, and a = pressure wave

velocity
• Ratio of vessel size to compressed air volume not too large (more than 4).
Air vessel may not be required or suitable if:
• Pipe strength is very good to sustain full vacuum;
• Very long pipe lengths with low static lift;
• Pump house pipes relatively weak;
• Protection against down surge by elevated OST near pump house feasible;
• Control of upsurge only is important;
• Rate of pressure drop after power failure gradual so that air valve function as
vacuum breaker is reliable;
• Small pumping stations.
Additional points of attention in air vessel design
• Air vessel always located near the pump house;
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• Transmission main upto air vessel not protected by air vessel;

• Pressure rating of NRV upstream of air vessel should consider possible small delay
in closure (say, 0.5 sec);
• Surge inside pump house due to single pump failure may worsen with provision of
air vessel
3.2 One Way Surge Tank (OST)
OST filled with water upto FTL, NRV stays closed, valve on filling pipe is closed.
When pressure in rising main drops below the water level in OST due to power failure,
water from OST starts draining into the rising main, controlling further down surge.
When return surge comes and pressure rises, water does not enter OST due to NRV on
connecting pipe. Control of down surge avoids column separation and resulting upsurge.
When pumps restarted, OST filled up through float valve or bypass pipe. Bypass filling
line is provided when the OST is near pump house, while OST is enroute, the filling is
through a float valve. Float valve also functions as air valve for vacuum breaking during
power failure.
Design parameters for OST
• Number of OSTs (more than 2 OSTs likely to be costly compared to alternatives);
• Location of each OST;
• Staging height of each OST;
• Diameter of each OST;
• Storage depth in each OST;
• Connecting pipe size for each OST;
• Filling pipe size and arrangement (bypass or float valve).
Suitability of OST protection
• Low or moderate pump head (In high head scheme, may occasionally serve as
local protection, in combination with air vessel)
• Pronounced peaks along the first half of alignment;
• Ground level outside or near pump house relatively high compared to LWL in
sump;
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• Alignments with early pick-up in static lift;

• Schemes with pronounced friction loss.
Free
Float
Overflow
pipe
Storage
height Scour
Connecting
Staging i
height Valve
Valve
GL
Elevation
One way surge
Non-return valve
Butterfly valve
Plan
Transmission main
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of one way surge tank
OST may not be required or suitable if:
• Pipe is quite strong to withstand full vacuum;
• Upsurge is the major concern;
• Alignment is such that on the upstream half of alignment, no suitable location is
available for OST;
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• Staging height works out to be too large (more than 25 m);

• More than two OSTs are required for control of surge;
• Land acquisition difficulties prohibit location of OSTs away from the pump house.
3.3 Zero velocity valve (ZVV)
Zero velocity valve is a special type spring loaded NRV with integral bypass and
used for control of upsurge. It controls upsurge by inhibiting development of reverse
flow. The response of the springs initiate closure even as the flow velocity reduces, with
full closure occurring at zero velocity. Bypass has an important role and must be kept
open under normal operation and not suited for down surge control.
Design variables: number and location of valves; bypass size (valve size same as
transmission main size). Normally, standard bypass size provided by the manufacturer
may be OK. The number of valves depends on the length of the rising main, the nature of
alignment, the magnitude of static lift and an assessment of upsurge vis-à-vis pipe
strength. Normally, the best locations for ZVV is downstream of a peak point along the
alignment where water column separation is likely. ZVV is also usually located along a
rising gradient. It may be verified that the provision of ZVVs does not result in
deterioration of down surge significantly. The ZVVs are generally more effective in
controlling global maximum pressure, particularly near the pump house; Relatively, there
may be some upsurge in downstream reaches (LP reaches) and if pipe pressure class is
reduced in such reaches, care must be taken in design that all reaches are safe. With above
guidelines, the decision on number & location of ZVVs to be decided based on a number
of analysis considering different options.
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of Zero velocity valve
Page 13 of 42
Suitability of ZVV
• High head schemes with significant reverse flow development potential;
• Pressure rise due to column separation pronounced, particularly due to local
vulnerable peaks;
• Pipe strength good to withstand vacuum or down surge not severe;
• Under down surge, pressure drop rate is such that air valve or Air cushion valve
can control vacuum reliably.
3.4 Air Valves
Air valves are always very useful as supplementary surge control devices along with
some other devices. Their principal merit is the low cost and also the fact that air valves
are, in any case, provided for filling & draining purposes. Air valves for surge control
must be distinguished from air valves required for normal pipe filling & draining
purposes. Air cushion valves are special type of air valves with separate inflow port &
controlled outflow rate. Size of the air valves may be decided based on IS:14845-2000.
Uncertainties of analysis for air valve
1. Time lag in the vacuum breaker function of air valve;
2. Inlet capacity of air valve;
3. Air exhaust characteristics of air valve;
4. Movement of air introduced along the pipe;
5. Two phase flow effects.
Items 1, 4 and 5 cause maximum uncertainty in analysis. Hence analysis for air valves
is approximate.
Air valve role – Points of attention
• Surge protection based on only air valves may be suitable only if the pipe strength
is good for both upsurge & down surge;
• If all air valves in a rising main are considered as ideal vacuum breaker, there will
be no severe down surge, which may not be true;
• Reliability of air valve function as vacuum breaker may be dependent on the rate
of pressure drop following power failure, in the absence of air valve;
Page 14 of 42
• If the rate of pressure drop is too rapid, less reliability
Air valve
Flow direction
Fig. 6 Type of longitudinal pipe alignment for air valve locations

4. WATER TRANSMISSION MAIN – CASE STUDY 1
This project is on augmentation of drinking water supply to a metropolitan area
from a river through three pumping stations to convey 410 MLD being implemented in
two stages. Though stage 1 (205 MLD) is being implemented usually the surge protection
will be for the stage 2 (410 MLD). Salient features of the project are given below:
PS 1 PS 2 PS 3
Pumping main size 2200 mm MS 14.2 mm thk
Length 33.77 km 23.07 km 19.55 km
Discharge Stage 1 4 x 2230 m3/hr
Head Stage 1 140.5 m 152.5 m 138.5 m
Discharge Stage 2 8 x 2230 m3/hr
Head Stage 2 157.5 m 164.5 m 148.5 m
Page 15 of 42
624 m
495 m
491 m
PS 3
353 m
349 m
PS 2
220.5 m
PS 1
PS 1
Page 16 of 42
PS 2
PS 3
Hoop stress = 39*2200/(2*14.2)

= 3021 kgf/cm2
610 - 220 = 390 m
PS 1 – Stage 2 Discharge
Page 17 of 42
PS 1 – Stage 1 Discharge
PS 1
Protection provided: Six air vessels of 97 m3 each with air volume of 44 m3 with
connections shown as above
Page 18 of 42
PS 1 – Type 1 design
PS 1 – Type 1 design
Enhanced Discharge due to

a) over estimation of pump head
b) maximum water level in sump
c) frequency variations
PS 1 – Type 1 design – Enhanced Discharge
Page 19 of 42
PS 1 – Type 1 design – Stage 1 Discharge
Page 20 of 42
PS 1
PS 1 – Type 2 Design
Page 21 of 42
PS 1 – Type 2 Design – Delayed opening of NRV
Page 22 of 42
PS 2
PS 2
Page 23 of 42
PS 2
PS 3
Page 24 of 42
PS 3
PS 3
Page 25 of 42
PS 3
PS 3
Page 26 of 42

This project is drinking water supply to a metropolitan area from a river through
multiple pumping stations.
504 m lift in 186 km
One intermediate pumping reach is discussed here to demonstrate the multiple one way
surge tanks protection. Salient features of the project are given below:
Note the minimum thickness as

discussed before as per AWWA M11
Page 27 of 42
Proposed protection
OST 1 OST 2 OST 3
Location Ch. 5300 Ch. 9875 Ch. 14750
Diameter 5m 8m 12.5 m
Storage height 3m 4m 4m
Staging height 18 m 8m 2m
Connecting pipe size 2 x 800 mm 2 x 1100 mm 2 x 1000 mm
Filling pipe size 2 x 200 mm 2 x 200 mm 2 x 300 mm
Page 28 of 42
Page 29 of 42
Page 30 of 42

This project is drinking water supply to a town through two sources. This is an
example of Zero velocity valve and Air cushion valve protection.
Note adequate thickness to

withstand vapour pressure
Page 31 of 42
Five Zero velocity valves at

Ch. 21090 m
Ch. 27900 m
Ch. 36930 m
Ch. 48990 m
Ch. 55570 m
Five Air cushion valves

of 300 mm size at
Ch. 3300 m
Ch. 12900 m
Ch. 33750 m
Ch. 44100 m
Ch. 54690 m
Page 32 of 42
7. LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME – CASE STUDY

This is a lift irrigation scheme to pump excess water from river to multiple
irrigation tanks during rainy season for about 200 km with a lift of about 500 m. Case
study of first reach is discussed here has multiple protection devices.
Page 33 of 42
Page 34 of 42
• Four air vessels of 99 m3 volume each with air volume of 27 m3.

• OST at Ch. 5986 m, 20 m diameter, 5.25 m storage with 5 m staging, 2 x 1400 mm
connecting pipes and 2 x 600 mm filling pipes.
• Stand pipes of 600 mm size at Ch. 26352 about 17 above GL, 300 mm size at Ch.
27780 m about 8 m above GL and 300 mm size at Ch. 29152 about 2 m above GL.
Page 35 of 42
Page 36 of 42
8. COOLING WATER SYSTEM FOR THERMAL AND NUCLEAR POWER

PLANTS – CASE STUDY
This is an example of a typical cooling water system for a thermal power plant
where the length of ducts and the pump head are low but the discharges are very high.
Page 37 of 42
Page 38 of 42
Page 39 of 42
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9. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Surge analysis and design of surge protection systems is very important for safe
and reliable functioning of water transmission systems. Though software can be used for
analysis of surge pressures, it is the intuition and experience with the pumping and
protection systems makes one decide on a suitable surge protection system and fine
tuning of the design.
10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author acknowledges Late Prof. K Sridharan for introducing the subject of pipeline
engineering in general and surge analysis in particular. The author acknowledges the
project managers/ engineers/ technicians from various client organizations which
consulted him, from whom he learnt several practical aspects of surge protection systems.
11. REFERENCES
1. AWWA M11 (2004) Steel pipe – A guide for design and installation, Manual for
water supply practices – 4th edition, American Water Works Association, Denver,
CO, USA.
2. IS:14845-2000 (Reaffirmed in 2005) Resilient seated cast iron air release valves
for water works purposes – specification, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
3. IS:3589-2001 Steel pipes for water and sewage – specification (third revision),
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
4. IS:8329-2000 (Reaffirmed in 2005) Centrifugally cast ductile iron pressure pipes
for water, gas and sewage – specification (third revision), Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
5. Sridharan K and Raghuveer Rao P (2007) Surge Analysis Program Version 2
(SAP2) User manual and Design guidelines manual (Available on request).
6. Wylie EB and Streeter VL (1978) Fluid Transients, FEB Press, Ann Arbor, Mich.
USA.
7. IS:784-2001 (Reaffirmed in 2005) Prestressed concrete pipes (including specials) –
specification (second revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
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Seminar on Water Hammer Surge Analysis of Piping System (WHSAPS) Trichur 18th December 2012

SURGE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

Raghuveer Rao Pallepati

downsurge and (b) is associated with upsurge.

where Pc is the critical collapse pressure, E is Young’ modulus of steel, ν is Poisson’s

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of Air Vessel (Vertical orientation)

3.1 Air Vessel

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of Air Vessel (Horizontal orientation)

Fig. 3 Schematic Diagram of pneumatic plumbing for air vessel

design discharge, L = length of the transmission main, and a = pressure wave

• Transmission main upto air vessel not protected by air vessel;

• Alignments with early pick-up in static lift;

• Staging height works out to be too large (more than 25 m);

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of Zero velocity valve

• If the rate of pressure drop is too rapid, less reliability

Fig. 6 Type of longitudinal pipe alignment for air valve locations

Hoop stress = 39*2200/(2*14.2)

610 - 220 = 390 m

Enhanced Discharge due to

PS 1 – Type 1 design – Enhanced Discharge

PS 1 – Type 1 design – Stage 1 Discharge

PS 1 – Type 2 Design – Delayed opening of NRV

5. WATER TRANSMISSION MAIN – CASE STUDY 2

504 m lift in 186 km

Note the minimum thickness as

6. WATER TRANSMISSION MAIN – CASE STUDY 3

Note adequate thickness to

Five Zero velocity valves at

Five Air cushion valves

7. LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME – CASE STUDY

• Four air vessels of 99 m3 volume each with air volume of 27 m3.

8. COOLING WATER SYSTEM FOR THERMAL AND NUCLEAR POWER

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Hoop stress = 392200/(214.2)