Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

PROBLEM 8.1
Retaining Walls

Drawing Reference: Figure P8.1 Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

· Soil Properties
Backfill
-3
γ1 = 16.50kN m Unit weight
-2
c'1 = 0.00kN m Cohesion
ϕ'1 = 32.00deg Angle of friction
α = 10.00deg Slope of backfill

cos( α) - cos( α) - cos( ϕ'1)

2 2
Ka = cos( α) 
cos( α) - cos( ϕ'1)
2 2
cos( α) +

Ka = 0.321 Active earth pressure coefficient

Ground Layer
-3
γ2 = 17.60kN m Unit weight
-2
c'2 = 30.00kN m Cohesion
ϕ'2 = 28.00deg Angle of friction

· Wall Properties
-3
γconcrete = 23.58kN m Unit weight of concrete

H = 8.00m Wall dimensions

(Refer to Drawing Reference)
x1 = 0.40m
x2 = 0.60m
x3 = 1.50m
x4 = 3.50m
x5 = 0.96m
D = 1.75m

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Earth Pressure Calculation

H' = x5 + H + x4 tan( α) = 9.577 m Effective height for earth pressure calculations
2 kN
Pa = 0.50 γ1 H'  Ka = 242.88 Active earth pressure
m
kN
PH = Pa cos( α) = 239.19 Horizontal component of active earth pressure
m
kN
PV = Pa sin( α) = 42.176 Vertical component of active earth pressure
m
· Weight Calculation
Wall
W1 = γconcrete ( x3 + x2 + x4)  x5
kN
W1 = 126.766 Weight of base section
m
kN
W2 = γconcrete x1 H = 75.456 Weight of rectangular section of wall
m
kN
W3 = γconcrete 0.50 ( x2 - x1)  H = 18.864 Weight of triangular section of wall
m

kN
Wtot = W1 + W2 + W3 = 221.086 Weight of wall
m

0.50 ( x3 + x2 + x4)  W1 + x3 + ( x2 - x1) + 0.50 x1  W2 ...

+ x3 +  ( x2 - x1) W3
2

xwall =
 3 
Wtot

xwall = 2.393 m Horizontal distance between toe and wall centroid

Backfill

Wfill = γ1  H x4 + 0.50x4  tan( α) 

2

kN
Wfill = 479.82 Weight of backfill
m

γ1 H x4 ( x3 + x2 + 0.50 x4) + 0.50x4  tan( α)   x3 + x2 +  x4

2 2

xfill =
  3 
Wfill

xfill = 3.872 m Horizontal distance between toe and backfill centroid

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Factor of Safety Against Overturning

H' m
M O = PH = 763.586  kN Overturning moment
3 m
M R = Wtot  xwall + Wfill  xfill + PV ( x3 + x2 + x4)

3 m
M R = 2.623  10  kN Righting moment
m
MR
FSo = Factor of safety against overturning
MO

FSo = 3.435

· Factor of Safety Against Sliding

2 2
k1 = k2 = Coefficient related to friction for sliding
3 3

kN
Pp = 0.00 Passive earth pressure
m
kN
Vtot = Wtot + Wfill + PV = 743.082  Total vertical force
m
Bslab = x3 + x2 + x4 = 5.6 m Width of the base slab

Vtot tan( k1 ϕ'2) + Bslab k2 c'2 + Pp

FSsliding =
PH

FSsliding = 1.518 Factor of safety against sliding

· Factor of Safety with Respect to Bearing Capacity

m
M net = M R - M O = 1859.422 kN Net moment
m
M net
e= e' = 0.50B slab -
Vtot
Bslab
e' if e' <
6
"RECALCULATE e" otherwise
e = 0.298 m Eccentricity of the resultant force acting on the wall

Vtot 6 e
qmax =   1 +  = 175.016  kN
 Maximum pressure under the base slab
Bslab  Bslab  2
m

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

ϕ'2 = 28 deg Angle of friction of the underlying soil

2
 π ϕ'2 
Nq = tan +   exp( π tan( ϕ'2) ) = 14.72
4 2 
Nc = ( Nq - 1 )  cot( ϕ'2) = 25.803 Bearing capacity factors
Nγ = 2  ( Nq + 1)  tan( ϕ'2) = 16.717

kN
qp = γ2 D = 30.8 Bearing capacity parameters
2
m
B' = Bslab - 2  e = 5.005 m

Fqd = 1 + 2  tan( ϕ'2)  ( 1 - sin( ϕ'2) )  

2 D
 = 1.105
 B' 
1 - Fqd
Fcd = Fqd - = 1.112
Nc tan( ϕ'2)
Fγd = 1.00

 PH 
ψo = atan  = 0.311
 Vtot 
2
 ψo 
Fci =  1 -  = 0.643
 90deg 

Fqi = Fci = 0.643

2
 ψo 
Fγi =  1 -  = 0.132
 ϕ'2 
kN
qu = c'2 Nc Fcd  Fci ... = 972.273 Allowable bearing capacity
2
+ q p Nq Fqd Fqi ... m
+ 0.50 γ2 B' Nγ Fγd Fγi

qu
FSbearing = Factor of safety with respect to
q max bearing capacity
FSbearing = 5.555

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

PROBLEM 8.3
Gravity Retaining Wall

Drawing Reference: Figure P8.3 Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

· Soil Properties
Backfill
-3
γ1 = 16.50kN m Unit weight
-2
c'1 = 0.00kN m Cohesion
ϕ'1 = 32.00deg Angle of friction
2
 π ϕ'1 
Ka = tan -  = 0.307 Active earth pressure coefficient
4 2 

Ground Layer
-3
γ2 = 18.00kN m Unit weight
-2
c'2 = 40.00kN m Cohesion
ϕ'2 = 22.00deg Angle of friction

· Wall Properties
-3
γconcrete = 23.58kN m Unit weight of concrete

H = 6.00m Wall dimensions

(Refer to Drawing Reference)
x1 = 0.60m
x2 = 2.00m
x3 = 2.00m
x4 = 0.50m
x5 = 0.75m
x6 = 0.80m
D = 1.50m

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Earth Pressure Calculation

H' = x6 + H = 6.8 m Effective height for earth pressure calculations
2 kN
Pa = 0.50 γ1 H'  Ka = 117.213 Active earth pressure
m
· Weight Calculation
Wall
W1 = γconcrete ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)  x6
kN
W1 = 110.354 Weight of base section
m
kN
W2 = γconcrete x1 H = 84.888 Weight of rectangular section of wall
m
kN
W3 = γconcrete 0.50 x2 H = 141.48 Weight of left triangular section of wall
m
kN
W4 = γconcrete 0.50 x3 H = 141.48 Weight of right triangular section of wall
m
kN
Wtot = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 = 478.202  Weight of wall
m
0.50 ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)  W1 + ( x4 + x2 + 0.50 x1)  W2 ...

+  x4 +  x2 W3 +  x4 + x2 + x1 +  x3  W4
2 1

xwall =
 3   3 
Wtot

xwall = 2.829 m Horizontal distance between toe and wall centroid

Backfill

Wfill = γ1 ( 0.50 H x3 + H x5)

kN
Wfill = 173.25 Weight of backfill
m

γ1 0.50 H x3  x4 + x2 + x1 +  x3 + H x5 ( x4 + x2 + x1 + x3 + 0.50 x5)

2

xfill =
  3  
Wfill

xfill = 4.88 m Horizontal distance between toe and backfill centroid

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Factor of Safety Against Overturning

H' m
M O = Pa = 265.683 kN Overturning moment
3 m
m
M R = Wtot  xwall + Wfill  xfill = 2198.18 kN Righting moment
m
MR
FSo = Factor of safety against overturning
MO

FSo = 8.274

· Factor of Safety Against Sliding

2 2
k1 = k2 = Coefficient related to friction for sliding
3 3

kN
Pp = 0.00 Passive earth pressure
m
kN
Vtot = Wtot + Wfill = 651.452  Total vertical force
m
Bslab = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 5.85 m Width of the base slab

Vtot tan( k1 ϕ'2) + Bslab k2 c'2 + Pp

FSsliding =
Pa

FSsliding = 2.786 Factor of safety against sliding

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

PROBLEM 9.1
Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall

Drawing Reference: Figure P9.1 Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

· Soil Properties

Dry Layer
L1 = 4.00m Layer thickness
-3
γ = 16.1kN m Unit weight

c' = 0.00kPa Cohesion

ϕ' = 32.00deg Angle of friction

Saturated Layer
L2 = 8.00m Layer thickness
-3
γsat = 18.20kN m Saturated unit weight
2
Ka = tan
π ϕ' 
-  = 0.307 Active earth pressure coefficient
4 2 
2
Kp = tan
π ϕ' 
+  = 3.255 Passive earth pressure coefficient
4 2 
· Determination of Theoretical Embedment
σ'1 = γ L1 Ka = 19.787 kPa Intesity of active pressure at bottom of dry later

kgf -3
γw = 1000 = 9.807 kN m Unit weight of water
3
m
σ'2 = γ L1 + ( γsat - γw)  L2  Ka

σ'2 = 40.419 kPa Intensity of active pressure at dredge line

σ'2
L3 = = 1.634 m Depth of zero pressure
(γsat - γw) (Kp - Ka)
P = 0.50σ'1 L1 + 0.50 ( σ'1 + σ'2)  L2 + 0.50σ'2 L3
-1
P = 313.42 kN m Total active lateral earth pressure

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

0.50σ'1 L1   L1 + L2 + L3 ...

1
3 
+ σ'1 L2 ( 0.50L2 + L3) + 0.50 ( σ'2 - σ'1)  L2  L3 +  L2 ...
1
 3 
+ 0.50σ'2 L3   L3
2

zbar =
3 
P
zbar = 5.477 m Location of P wrt to zero pressure

σ'5 = γ L1 + ( γsat - γw)  L2  Kp + ( γsat - γw)  L3 ( Kp - Ka)

σ'5 = 468.55 kPa Intensity of net lateral pressure at th

e bottom of the sheet pile
σ'5
A1 = = 18.941 m A-values for the fourth-degree equation
( γsat - γw) (Kp - Ka)
8 P 2
A2 = = 101.357 m
( γsat - γw) (Kp - Ka)
6  P 2  zbar ( γsat - γw)  ( Kp - Ka) + σ'5 3
A3 = = 2272.574 m
(γsat - γw) 2 (Kp - Ka)2
P ( 6  zbar σ'5 + 4  P) 4
A4 = = 8528.553 m
( γsat - γw)  (Kp - Ka)
2 2

Given
L'4 = 0.75 ( L1 + L2) = 9 m Guess value
4 3 2
L'4 + A1 L'4 - A2 L'4 - A3 L'4 - A4 = 0 Fourth-degree equation for finding L4

L4 := Find( L'4) = 11.691 m Depth of bottom of the sheet pile wrt zero pressure

D := L3 + L4 Theoretical embedment depth

D = 13.325 m

· Determination of Sheet Pile Design Length

L1 + L2 = 12 m Length of sheet pile above the dredge line
D = 13.325 m Required embedment depth
Lsheet := L1 + L2 + 1.3 ( D) Design length of the sheet pile
Lsheet = 29.323 m

· Determination of Maximum Moment

0.5
z' =  
2P
 = 5.034 m Location of maximum moment wrt to zero pressure
 ( Kp - Ka)  ( γ sat - γ w) 
M max = P ( zbar + z') - 0.50( Kp - Ka)  ( γsat - γw)  z'  
2 z' 

3
m
M max = 2768.536 kN Maximum moment
m

Page 9 of 23
 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

PROBLEM 9.4
Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall

Drawing Reference: Figure P9.4 Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

· Soil Properties
Dry Layer
L1 = 2.40m Layer thickness
-3
γ = 15.70kN m Unit weight

c' = 0.00kPa Cohesion

ϕ' = 30.00deg Angle of friction

Saturated Layer
L2 = 4.60m Layer thickness
-3
γsat = 17.30kN m Saturated unit weight
2
Ka = tan -  = 0.333
π ϕ'
Active earth pressure coefficient
4 2
2
Kp = tan +
π ϕ' 
 = 3.000 Passive earth pressure coefficient
4 2
Underlying Clay
Layer
cclay = 29.00kPa Cohesion

ϕ'clay = 0.00deg Angle of friction

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Determination of Theoretical Embedment

σ'1 = γ L1 Ka = 12.56 kPa Intesity of active pressure at bottom of dry later

kgf -3
γw = 1000 = 9.807 kN m Unit weight of water
3
m
σ'2 = γ L1 + ( γsat - γw)  L2  Ka = 24.05 kPa

σ'2 = 24.05 kPa Intensity of active pressure at dredge line

P = 0.50σ'1 L1 + 0.50 ( σ'1 + σ'2)  L2
-1
P = 99.275 kN m Total active lateral earth pressure

0.50σ'1 L1   L1 + L2 ...

1
3 
+ σ'1 L2 ( 0.50L2) + 0.50 ( σ'2 - σ'1)  L2   L2
1

zbar =
3 
P
zbar = 2.567 m Location of P wrt dredge line

Given
D' = 1.00 ( L1 + L2) = 7 m Guess value

D'  4  cclay - γ L1 + ( γsat - γw)  L2 ...

2
=0
P ( P + 12 cclay zbar)
+ -2  D'  P - Second-degree equation for finding D
γ L1 + ( γsat - γw)  L2 + 2  cclay

D := Find( D') = 6.996 m

D = 6.996 m
Theoretical embedment depth
· Determination of Sheet Pile Design Length
L1 + L2 = 7 m Length of sheet pile above the dredge line
D = 6.996 m Required embedment depth
Lsheet := L1 + L2 + 1.4 ( D) Design length of the sheet pile
Lsheet = 16.794 m

· Determination of Maximum Moment

σ'6 = 4  cclay - γ L1 + ( γsat - γw)  L2

σ'6 = 43.851 kPa Net pressure at depth L3

P
z' = = 2.264 m Location of maximum moment wrt dredge line
σ'6

M max = P ( zbar + z') - 0.50 σ'6 z'

2

m
M max = 367.169 kN Maximum moment
m

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

PROBLEM 9.6 & 9.7

Anchored Sheet Pile Wall

Drawing Reference: Figure P9.6 Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

· Soil Properties
Dry Layer
L1 = 4.00m Layer thickness
-3
γ = 17.00kN m Unit weight

c' = 0.00kPa Cohesion

ϕ' = 34.00deg Angle of friction
l 1 = 2.00m Anchor location from top of backfill

Saturated Layer
L2 = 9.00m Layer thickness
-3
γsat = 19.00kN m Saturated unit weight
2
Ka = tan -  = 0.283
π ϕ'
Active earth pressure coefficient
4 2
2
Kp = tan +
π ϕ' 
 = 3.537 Passive earth pressure coefficient
4 2

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Determination of Theoretical Embedment

σ'1 = γ L1 Ka = 19.225 kPa Intesity of active pressure at bottom of dry later

kgf -3
γw = 1000 = 9.807 kN m Unit weight of water
3
m
σ'2 = γ L1 + ( γsat - γw)  L2  Ka

σ'2 = 42.616 kPa Intensity of active pressure at dredge line

σ'2
L3 = = 1.424 m Depth of zero pressure
(γsat - γw) (Kp - Ka)
P = 0.50σ'1 L1 + 0.50 ( σ'1 + σ'2)  L2 + 0.50σ'2 L3
-1
P = 347.086  kN m Total active lateral earth pressure

0.50σ'1 L1   L1 + L2 + L3 ...

1
3 
+ σ'1 L2 ( 0.50L2 + L3) + 0.50 ( σ'2 - σ'1)  L2  L3 +  L2 ...
1
 3 
+ 0.50σ'2 L3   L3
2

zbar =
3 
P
zbar = 5.681 m Location of P wrt to zero pressure
Given
L'4 = 0.50 ( L1 + L2) = 6.5 m Guess value

L'4 + 1.5 L'4  ( L1 - l 1 + L2 + L3) ...

3 2
=0
-3 P ( L1 + L2 + L3) - ( zbar + l 1) Third-degree equation for finding L4
+
(γsat - γw) (Kp - Ka)
L4 := Find( L'4) = 3.273 m Depth of bottom of the sheet pile wrt zero pressure

D := L3 + L4 Theoretical embedment depth

D = 4.697 m

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Pressure Distribution Diagram

where:
σ'1 = 19.225 kPa
σ'2 = 42.616 kPa
σ'8 := ( γsat - γw)  ( Kp - Ka)  L4 = 97.923 kPa

L1 = 4 m L3 = 1.424 m
L2 = 9 m D = 4.697 m

· Determination of Anchor Force

Fanchor := P - 0.50 ( γsat - γw)  ( Kp - Ka)  L4

2
Anchor force per unit length of the wall

kN
Fanchor = 186.836
m

· Determination of Sheet Pile Design

Length
L1 + L2 = 13 m Length of sheet pile above the dredge line
D = 4.697 m Required embedment depth
Lsheet := L1 + L2 + 1.3 ( D) Design length of the sheet pile
Lsheet = 19.107 m

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Determination of Maximum Moment

Given
z' = 0.50 L1 + ( L1 + L2) = 8.5 m Guess value

0.50 σ'1 L1 - Fanchor + σ'1 ( z' - L1) ... = 0 Equation for zero shear determination

+ 0.50 Ka ( γsat - γw)  ( z' - L1)

2

zm := Find( z') = 9.599 m Location of zero shear

σ'2 - σ'1
σ'z :=  ( zm - L1) + σ'1 = 33.778 kPa Intensity of active pressure at zero shear
L2

M max := -0.50 σ'1 L1  zm -  L1 ...

2
 3 
 z m - L1 
+ -σ'1 ( zm - L1)    ...
 2 
+ -0.50( σ'z - σ'1)  ( zm - L1)    ( zm - L1) ...
1
3 
+ Fanchor  ( zm - l 1)

m
M max = 775.86 kN Maximum moment
m

· Determination of Sheet Pile Section

3 -2
E = 210 10 MN m Modulus of elasticity
-2
σall = 210000kN m Allowable stress

Trial Section #1
Designation = "PZ-22" Section designation
3
-5m
Spz22 = 97.00 10 Section modulus
m
4
-6 m
Ipz22 = 115.20 10  Moment of inertia
m
4 -1
-7  Lsheet   E Ipz22  -3
ρpz22 := 10.91 10     = 6.01  10
 m  -2 3 
 MN m m 
log( ρpz22) = -2.221
m
M d.pz22 = Spz22 σall = 203.7 kN
m
M d.pz22
= 0.263
M max

Unsafe section!

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 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

Trial Section #2

Designation = "PZ-27" Section designation

3
-5m
Spz27 = 162.30 10 Section modulus
m
4
-6 m
Ipz27 = 251.50 10  Moment of inertia
m
4 -1
-7  Lsheet   E Ipz27  -3
ρpz27 := 10.91 10     = 2.753  10
 m  -2 3 
 MN m m 
log( ρpz27) = -2.56

m
M d.pz27 = Spz27 σall = 340.83 kN
m
M d.pz27
= 0.439
M max

Unsafe section!
Trial Section #3

Designation = "PZ-35" Section designation

3
-5m
Spz35 = 260.50 10 Section modulus
m
4
-6 m
Ipz35 = 493.40 10  Moment of inertia
m
4 -1
-7  Lsheet   E Ipz35  -3
ρpz35 := 10.91 10     = 1.403  10
 m  -2 3 
 MN m m 
log( ρpz35) = -2.853

m
M d.pz35 = Spz35 σall = 547.05 kN
m
M d.pz35
= 0.705
M max

Safe section!
Thus, use PZ-35.

Page 16 of 23
 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

PROBLEM 10.1 & 10.2

Braced Excavation in Sand

Drawing Reference: Figure P10.1 Princip les of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

· Soil Properties
L1 = 1.00m Depth of first strut
L2 = 2.50m Distance between topmost struts
L3 = 3.00m Distance between bottom struts
L4 = 1.50m Depth of excavation wrt bottom strut
Sstrut = 3.50m Distance of struts (plan)
-3
γ = 16.00kN m Unit weight

c' = 0.00kPa Cohesion

ϕ' = 38.00deg Angle of friction
2
Ka = tan
π ϕ' 
-  = 0.238 Active earth pressure coefficient
4 2 

Page 17 of 23
 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Determination of Strut Loads

Pressure Envelope

where
:
H = L1 + L 2 + L 3 + L 4 = 8 m
σa = 0.65 γ Ka H = 19.792 kPa

Strut Loads
Note: To simplify analysis, strut B is assu med to be hing ed.

 L1 + L2 
σa ( L1 + L2)   
RA =
 2  S
strut
L2

RA = 169.715  kN Load at Strut A

 L3 + L4 
σa ( L3 + L4)   
RC =
 2  S
strut
L3

RC = 233.791  kN Load at Strut C

RB = σa H Sstrut - RA - R C

RB = 150.666  kN Load at Strut B

· Design of Sheet-Pile and Wales

Maximum Moment from A to B
RA
xmax.a.1 = = 2.45 m Location of maximum moment (Location 1)
σa Sstrut
RA
 ( xmax.a.1 - L1)
2
M max.a.1 = 0.50 σa xmax.a.1 -
Sstrut
m
M max.a.1 = 10.91 kN Maximum moment (Location 1)
m
xmax.a.2 = L1 = 1 m Location of maximum moment (Location 2)
2 m
M max.a.2 = 0.50 σa xmax.a.2 = 9.896 kN Maximum moment (Location 2)
m

Page 18 of 23
 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

Maximum Moment from B to C

RC
xmax.b.1 = = 3.375 m Location of maximum moment (Location 3)
σa Sstrut
RC
 ( xmax.b.1 - L4)
2
M max.b.1 = 0.50 σa xmax.b.1 -
Sstrut
m
M max.b.1 = 12.525 kN Maximum moment (Location 3)
m
xmax.b.2 = L4 = 1.5 m Location of maximum moment (Location 4)
2 m
M max.b.2 = 0.50 σa xmax.b.2 = 22.266 kN Maximum moment (Location 4)
m
Section Modulus of Sheet Piles

M max = max( Mmax.a.1 , M max.a.2 , M max.b.1 , M max.b.2)

m
M max = 22.266 kN Design moment
m
-2
σall = 170MN m Allowable stress

M max 3
-4 m
Spile = = 1.310  10  Section modulus per unit meter of wall
σall m

Section Modulus of Wales (at Strut B)

RB Sstrut -4 3
Swale = 0.125 = 3.877  10 m Section modulus for wales
σall

Page 19 of 23
 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

PROBLEM 10.7, 10.8 & 10.10

Braced Excavation in Clay

Drawing Reference: Figure P15.7 Princip les of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das 8th Edit io n (Simila r to Figure P10.7 of 7th Ed)

· Soil Properties
L1 = 1.00m Depth of first strut
L2 = 3.00m Distance between topmost struts
L3 = 2.00m Distance between bottom struts
L4 = 1.00m Depth of excavation wrt bottom strut
Sstrut = 5.00m Distance of struts (plan)
-3
γ = 17.50kN m Unit weight

c = 30.00kPa Cohesion
ϕ' = 0.00deg Angle of friction
2
Ka = tan
π ϕ' 
-  = 1.000 Active earth pressure coefficient
4 2 
H = L1 + L 2 + L 3 + L 4 = 7 m Total height

γ H
= 4.083
c
γ H
Classification = "Medium Clay" if >4
c
"Stiff Clay" otherwise

Classification = "Medium Clay" Clay classification

Page 20 of 23
 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Determination of Strut Loads

Pressure Envelope

where
:
H = L1 + L 2 + L 3 + L 4 = 7 m
0.25H = 1.75 m
0.75 H = 5.25 m
4 c
σa.1 = γ H  1 -  = 2.5 kPa

 γ H 
σa.2 = 0.30 γ H = 36.75 kPa
σa = max( σa.1 , σa.2) = 36.75 kPa

Strut Loads
Note: To simplify analysis, strut B is assu med to be hing ed.

0.50 σa ( 0.25 H)   + ( L1 + L2 - 0.25 H) ...

0.25 H
 3 
+ 0.50σa ( L1 + L2 - 0.25 H)
2
RA =  Sstrut
L2

RA = 306.888  kN Load at Strut A

 L3 + L4 
σa ( L3 + L4)   
RC =
 2  S
strut
L3

RC = 413.438  kN Load at Strut C

RB = σa 0.75H + 0.50 σa ( 0.25H)  Sstrut - RA - RC

RB = 405.143  kN Load at Strut B

Page 21 of 23
 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Design of Sheet-Pile and Wales

Maximum Moment from A to B
R A - 0.50 σa ( 0.25H)  Sstrut
xmax.a.1 = 0.25H +
σa Sstrut

xmax.a.1 = 2.545 m Location of maximum moment (Location 1)

M max.a.1 = 0.50 σa ( 0.25H)   + ( xmax.a.1 - 0.25H) ...

0.25H
 3 
+ 0.50σa ( xmax.a.1 - 0.25H) ...
2

-RA
+  ( xmax.a.1 - L1)
Sstrut
m
M max.a.1 = 38.893 kN Maximum moment (Location 1)
m
xmax.a.2 = L1 = 1 m
1 2 m
M max.a.2 =  σa xmax.a.2 = 6.125 kN Maximum moment (Location 2)
6 m
Maximum Moment from B to C
RC
xmax.b.1 = = 2.25 m Location of maximum moment (Location 3)
σa Sstrut
RC
 ( xmax.b.1 - L4)
2
M max.b.1 = 0.50 σa xmax.b.1 -
Sstrut
m
M max.b.1 = 10.336 kN Maximum moment (Location 3)
m
xmax.b.2 = L4 = 1 m Location of maximum moment (Location 4)
2 m
M max.b.2 = 0.50 σa xmax.b.2 = 18.375 kN Maximum moment (Location 4)
m
Section Modulus of Sheet Piles

M max = max( Mmax.a.1 , M max.a.2 , M max.b.1 , M max.b.2)

m
M max = 38.893 kN Design moment
m
-2
σall = 170MN m Allowable stress

M max 3
-4 m
Spile = = 2.288  10  Section modulus per unit meter of wall
σall m

Section Modulus of Wales (at Strut B)

RB Sstrut -3 3
Swale = 0.125 = 1.489  10 m Section modulus for wales
σall

Page 22 of 23
 Torre, Alain Caesar N | 2012-63370 | CE 264 PS4

· Factor of Safety Against Bottom Heave

Lcut = 18.00m Length of cut

qs = 0.00 Surcharge load

B = 6.00m Width of cut
B
B' = = 4.243 m B-values for factor of safety determination
2

B'' = 2  B' = 6 m
c H
5.14 c  1 +
0.2B'' 
Lcut
 + B'
FS =
 
γ H + q s

FS = 1.747 Factor of safety against bottom heave

Page 23 of 23