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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL


___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)


Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : DR WAN SULAIMAN BIN WAN MOHAMAD
Group : EMD4M3A
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE Beam Bending Test


:

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE


1 NUR AIMAN BIN AMRAN 2018224326
2 NURZUL AIDIL SYAFIQ BIN MOHD ZULKEFLE 2018291988
3 WAN MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN WAN MAZNAN 2018441732
4 WAN MUHAMMAD AIMAN RAIF BIN WAN AZIZ 2018288786
5 ZULHAJJAJ BIN ZARULIS 2018264582

LABORATORY SESSION : 29 /4/ 2019


(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 13 /5/ 2019


(DATE)

*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this submission
is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic misconduct and may
result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

ABSTRACT

1
This experiment was carry out to acquire the value of Modulus of Elasticity for 3 different
beams such as Aluminium, Brass and Mild Steel by following the deflection in beam method.
Different kind of loads were applied on both ends of the beams and also on three different
distances from the center of the beam. Graph of Load (N) versus Deflection of beam (mm)
from three different beams were plotted based on the slope of the graph and also with the use
of the specified formulas. Modulus of Elasticity achieved for each 3 materials were compared
with one another. Based on the results, it can be concluded that when the loads used increase,
the deflection for each materials will also increase.

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 1

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. 4

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... 4

1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 5

2.0 THEORY ....................................................................................................................... 7

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE ........................................ 12

3.1 Experimental equipment: ................................................................................................ 12

3.2 Experimental Procedures: ............................................................................................... 13

4.0 RESULT....................................................................................................................... 14

5.0 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 17

5.1 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 17

5.2 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 18

5.3 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 20

5.4 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 21

5.5 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 22

6.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 23

6.1 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 23

6.2 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 24

6.3 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 25

6.4 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 26

6.5 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 27

7.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 28

3
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: shows the force is applied to the perpendicular of structural beam. ......................... 5
Figure 2: Bending in Beam. ....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Stress through the Centroid. ....................................................................................... 8
Figure 4: Stress-Strain curve graph............................................................................................ 9
Figure 5: Pure Bending of beam. ............................................................................................... 9
Figure 6: Slope of the Pure Bending. ....................................................................................... 10
Figure 7: Radius of Curvature.................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8: Moment of Inertia for Beam. .................................................................................... 11
Figure 9: Apparatus and Material. ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Experiment Setup. .................................................................................................. 13
Figure 11: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Aluminium. ........................................................ 15
Figure 12: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Brass. ................................................................. 15
Figure 13: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Mild Steel. ......................................................... 15

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Tabulated results of Beam Maximum Deflection. ..................................................... 14


Table 2: Error analysis between Theoretical and Experimental value of Modulus of Elasticity,
E. .............................................................................................................................................. 16

4
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Bending is the members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular
to their longitudinal axis of the element. In general, beams are usually long, straight bars and
having a constant cross-sectional area. Beams are considering as the most important in all
structural element such as used to support buildings, the deck of bridge, the boom of crane
and others. Beams can cause an internal shear force and bending moment that vary from point
to point along the axis of beam. The bending usually occurs when the material such as
aluminium, steel and brass can be deformed by changing new shape from it is originally
shape.

In this experiment, the deflection of the beam due to applied load will be measured at two
point along the beam and elastic modulus is calculated by the data obtained which using
different types of material such as brass, aluminium and steel bar. Consider the undeformed
bar which has square cross section and is marked with horizontal lines. When a bending
moment is applied, it tends to distort these line into a pattern. The horizontal lines become
curved. The bending moment caused the material within the bottom portion of bar to stretch
and the material within the top portion to compress as shown in Figure 1.0

Figure 1: shows the force is applied to the perpendicular of structural beam.

From in this experiment, the objectives are to determine the elastic modulus (E) of beam by
specimen by method of deflection of Mild Steel, Aluminium and Brass. This is because every
types of specimen will have a different value of Elastic Modulus (E) that can be known
through this experiment. In the Euler- Bernoulli theory, any deformation that occur due to
shear across the section is not accounted for no shear deformation. This linear distribution is

5
only accepted when the maximum stress is less than yield stress value of material. The
maximum stress experienced in the furthest points from natural axis of the beam is define as
the flexural strength. The equation for the bending of slender, isotropic, homogeneous beams
of constant cross-section applied is the Euler-Bernoulli equation that applied under transverse
load is

Where:
E= Young Modulus E.
I =area moment of inertia of the cross-section.
W(x) = the deflection of the neutral axis of the beam.

Besides, the aim of this experiment is to validate the data between experimental and
theoretical value. It is to make sure the data collected are correct and can see the different
value from theoretical and experimental. The data obtained will be compared together to
ensure the truth between theoretical and experimental value

6
2.0 THEORY

Bending in Beam
In general, the experiment conducted is limited to a beam that having a cross sectional area
that is symmetrical with the respect to an axis which the bending moment is applied about an
axis perpendicular to this axis of symmetry. A bending moment is the reaction induced in a
structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element causing the
element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending
moments is the beam. While for bending, it is a process by which metal can be deformed by
deforming the material and changing its shape. To keep the specimens or materials away
from encountering fracture condition, the specimens are stressed beyond the yield strength
but below the ultimate tensile strength. During the experiment, the bending caused by the
load influenced the condition of compress and tension of the materials.

Figure 2: Bending in Beam.

Particularly, figure 2 above shows the material within the top part to be as compression state
while for bottom portion of the bar to be as tension. Indirectly, there is a surface called as
natural surface or neutral plane between these two regions in which longitudinal fibers of the
material will not undergo a change in length. Based on the bending condition, there were
theoretical assumption made depends on the deformation cause of the stress of the materials.

1. Any deformation of the cross section within its own plane will be neglected.
2. All cross sections of the beam remain plane and perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis during the deformation happened.
3. The longitudinal axis X which lies within the natural surface does not experience
any changes in length. The moment will tend to deform the beam so that this line
becomes a curve that situated in x-y plane of symmetry.

7
Theoretically, the longitudinal strain varies linearly from zero at the neutral axis to the
maximum at the outer fibers of the beam due to the deformation induced. When the materials
used are homogenous linear elastic, the stress also varies in a linear fashion over the cross
section.

Figure 3: Stress through the Centroid.


Based on the fact, figure 3 above shows the resultant normal force acting on the cross section
must be zero because the natural axis passes through the centroid of the cross sectional area.
Resultant internal moment on the cross section is equal to the moment produced by the
normal stress distribution about the neutral axis. Fundamentally, the condition can be related
according to the flexure formula. Flexure formula:-
𝝈 (𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔)
𝑬=
𝜺 (𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏)

 𝛔𝐦𝐚𝐱: The maximum normal stress in the member which occur at a point on the
cross sectional area farthest away from the neutral axis.
 M: resultant internal moment.
 C: point where 𝛔𝐦𝐚𝐱 acts from neutral axis.
 I: the cross sectional area about the neutral axis.

Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus)


Modulus of elasticity also known as elastic modulus (E) is a quantity that measure an object
or substance’s resistance to being deformed elastically when a stress applied to it. From
FIGURE 4 below, the elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stressstrain
curve in the deformation region. A material or specimen with high elastic modulus tend to be
stiffer. An elastic modulus has the form of:-

8
𝑬 = 𝝈 (𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔) 𝜺 (𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏)

Figure 4: Stress-Strain curve graph.


Pure Bending
Pure bending is a condition of stress where a bending moment is applied to a beam without
the simultaneous presence of axial, shear or torsional forces. Basically, pure bending only
occur when the prismatic members of beam subjected to equal and opposite couples of
bending moment acting in the same longitudinal plane.

Figure 5: Pure Bending of beam.


There are several assumptions made in the theory of Pure Bending which are:-
1. The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic
2. The value of Young’s Modulus of Elasticity is same in tension and compression
3. The transverse sections which were plane before bending remain plane after bending also.
4. The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into circular arcs with a
common center of curvature.
5. The radius of curvature is large as compared to the dimensions of the cross-section.
6. Each layer of the beam is free to expend or contract, independently of the layer, above or
below it.

9
Formula of Pure Bending:-
𝐿 2
𝑅2 = (𝑅 − 𝑦)2 + ( )
2
𝐿2
𝑅2 = (𝑅2 − 2𝑅𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) +
4
Then we cancel out y2 because it will become smaller. So:
𝐿2
𝑅= ................................................................................................. (1)
8𝑦

Then, general equation:-


𝐸𝐼
𝑅=
𝑀

𝑀 = (𝑥) so,

𝐸𝐼
𝑅= ................................................................................................. (2)
𝑊(𝑥)

Then combine both equation (1) and (2) together:


𝐿2 𝐸𝐼
=
8𝑦 𝑊(𝑥)
𝑊 𝐸𝐼8
∅= = 2
𝑦 𝐿𝑥
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
∅=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
∅𝐿2 𝑥
𝑬𝑒𝑥𝑝 =
𝐼8

Figure 6: Slope of the Pure Bending.

10
Radius of Curvature
The radius of curvature (R) of a curve at a point is a measurement of the radius of the
circular arc which best approximates the curve at that point. It is the inverse of the curvature.
In the case of space curve, the radius of curvature is the length of the curvature vector. In the
case of a plane curve, R is the absolute value of:-
𝐿2
𝑅=
8𝑦

Figure 7: Radius of Curvature.

Moment of Inertia
Area moment of inertia or moment of inertia for an area (I) is a property of shape that is used
to predict deflection, bending and stress in beams. Fundamentally, the moment of inertia
measures the beam’s ability to withstand bending. When the moment of inertia become
larger, the bending occur on the beam become smaller.

Figure 8: Moment of Inertia for Beam.


Moment of Inertia formula for rectangular:

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼=
12

11
3.0 EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE

3.1 Experimental equipment:

1. Weight
2. Load holders
3. Hanger
4. Ruler
5. Beam (mild steel, aluminium, brass) – The beam is rectangular, long and thin. The
exact dimension of the beam should be measured and recorded
6. Vernier caliper – To measure the width of the beam
7. Universal magnetic stand – To hold the gauge
8. Gauge – To read the deflection

Mild steel beam Aluminum beam Brass beam

Dial caliper Gauge


Weight Plier

Screw driver
Weight-hanger

Vernier caliper

Steel rule

Figure 9: Apparatus and Material.

12
3.2 Experimental Procedures:

1. The dimension (length, height and width) of all the beams are measured using the
Vernier calliper and ruler and are recorded.
2. The 2 load holders are placed on the beam (aluminium) at a distance of 10 cm from
each support bars.
3. The beam is placed on the support bars.
4. The gauge is attached to the universal magnetic stand and is positioned at the middle
of the beam.
5. The reading of the gauge is reset to zero.
6. Loads of 2N are added at each of the load holders simultaneously and an increase of
2N is added until a load of 16N is achieved at each load holders.
7. As the loads are added, the deflection reading from the gauge for each of the load is
recorded.
8. Steps 2 to 7 are repeated for the remaining 2 beams (mild steel and brass).
9. The recorded deflections of the beam are then tabulated.

Figure 10: Experiment Setup.

13
4.0 RESULT

Load (N) Beam Maximum Deflection (mm)


Aluminium Brass Mild Steel
0 0 0 0
2 0.200 0.150 0.140
4 0.370 0.270 0.280
6 0.500 0.390 0.410
8 0.620 0.510 0.540
10 0.760 0.610 0.650
12 0.870 0.720 0.740
14 0.980 0.820 0.810
16 1.090 0.910 0.860
Table 1: Tabulated results of Beam Maximum Deflection.

14
Result graph:

Load (N) vs Deflection (mm) for Aluminium


20

Load (N) 15

10

0
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Deflection (mm)

Figure 11: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Aluminium.

Load(N) vs Deflection (mm) for Brass


20

15
Load (N)

10

0
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Deflection (mm)

Figure 12: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Brass.

Load (N) vs Deflection (mm) for Mild Steel


20

15
Load (N)

10

0
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Deflection (mm)

Figure 13: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Mild Steel.

15
*Refer Appendices for the Area under the graph

Sample of Calculation

Calculation of Modulus of Elasticity (E) of:


Aluminium
L= 0.4 m (Distance between two support stands)
X= 0.15m (Distance between supports stand and load hangers)
Slope of the Graph,
𝒚 𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
∅=
𝒙 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
10 − 8
∅= = 14.29𝑁/𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 14290𝑁/𝑚
0.76 − 0.62
Moment of Inertia, I,
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼=
12
b= 0.019m, h=0.006m
(0.019)(0.006)3
𝐼= = 3.42 × 10−10 𝑚4
12
EI8
Using slope= L2 x equation, Elastic Modulus, E can be obtained,
(𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆)𝑳𝟐 𝒙
𝑬=
𝑰𝟖
2
(14290)(0. 4) (0.15)
𝐸= = 125.4𝐺𝑃𝑎
(3.42 × 10−10 )(8)

Error Analysis
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 − 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
Aluminium:
Experimental Modulus of Elasticity= 125.4GPa
Theoretical Modulus of Elasticity= 70GPa
|70𝐺𝑃𝑎 − 94.83𝐺𝑃𝑎|
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = −39.75%
70𝐺𝑃𝑎
Specimens Modulus of Elasticity, E
Moment of Theoretical Value Experimental Value Error Analysis
Inertia (𝑚4 ) (GPa) (GPa) (%)
Aluminium 3.42 × 10−10 70 94.83 39.75

Brass 1.98 × 10−10 97 129.95 34

Mild Steel 4.5 × 10−11 200 128.37 35

Table 2: Error analysis between Theoretical and Experimental value of Modulus of


Elasticity, E.

16
5.0 DISCUSSION

5.1 DISCUSSION

WAN MUHAMMAD AIMAN RAIF BIN WAN AZIZ

2018288786

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the elastic modulus of the beams
specimen by method of deflection. The value for modulus of elasticity can either be obtained
by means of obtaining the slope of graph of load versus deflection and the general formula
shown under the theory section.

From the result obtained, it shown that the maximum beam deflection for all two beams are
increase as the load applied increase. The relationship between the load and the maximum
beam deflection is directly proportional.

Theoretical modulus elasticity for each beams are 70 GPa, 97 GPa and 200GPa for
aluminium, brass and mild steel respectively. The slope of the graph can be obtained by
finding the different of load divided by the different of maximum deflection. When the slope
is obtained, the experimental data for elastic modulus can be obtained. Then the experimental
data can be compared with theoretical data to get the percentage error. The percentage error is
39.75% for aluminium, 34% for brass and -35 % for mild steel.

There is a mistake occur during the experiment that resulting error. The load must be applied
simultaneously for both sides to prevent one side deflection. While taking the reading, all
members must be cautious not to shake or lean table. This situation can disturb reading on the
deflection gauge due to its sensitivity. The reader eye also need to perpendicular to the gauge
so that the error while taking the reading can be avoided.

17
5.2 DISCUSSION

NURZUL AIDIL SYAFIQ BIN MOHD ZULKEFLE


201891988

For this experiment, the bending test have been done to determine which material was easy to
bending. This experiment have been done with three type of material, which is aluminium,
brass and mild steel. The deflection will increase for all type of the specimen that the
relationship was the higher load will make higher deflection as we can see in the graph. From
the calculations and data obtained, we can clearly that all Young Modulous theoretical and
experimental are different. This shown that the material has their own properties during
receiving reaction force and bending.

From the bending beam experiment aluminium beam is used, the data is being collected and
theoretical value of young modulus is being calculated. The result of calculation had showed
that the value of young modulus of experiment is lower than the theoretical value.
Aluminium beam’s young modulus of experiment is about 94.83GPa compare to the theory,
70 GPa. The percentage error between the values of aluminium beam’s young modulus of
experiment and theoretical is 39.75%.

Next, from the bending beam experiment brass beam is used, the data is being collected and
theoretical value of young modulus is being calculated. The result of calculation had showed
that the value of young modulus of experiment is also higher than the theoretical value. Brass
beam’s young modulus of experiment is about 129.95GPa compare to the theory, 97 GPa.
The percentage error between the values of brass beam’s young modulus of experiment and
theoretical is 34%.

After that, from the bending beam experiment which mild steel beam is used, the data is
being collected and theoretical value of young modulus is being calculated. The result of
calculation had showed that the value of young modulus of experiment is higher than
theoretical value. Mild steel beam’s young modulus of experiment is about 128.37 GPa
compare to the theory, 200 GPa. The percentage error between the value so mild steel beam’s
young modulus of experiment and theoretical is 35%.

After doing this experiment, the result obtain were so many error that could affect the
election of the material. So, there were other method to determine the modulus of elasticity
such as tension test and natural frequency vibration test. The tension and bending test are

18
based on the principle of Hooke’s Law but measuring of natural frequency of vibration gives
dynamic modulus of elasticity. So that, the appropriate method to determine modulus of
elasticity other than bending test was tension test.

In this experiment other method that can be used to calculated the young modulus by using
the formula:

𝑦2−𝑦1
Slope of graph = 𝑥2−𝑥1

2𝑥
Elastic modulus, =
𝑙8

19
5.3 DISCUSSION

WAN MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN WAN MAZNAN


2018441732

After going through all the procedures for all 3 beams which is Mild Steel , Brass and
aluminium we finally get to know the deflection of the beam after subjecting it to weight
starting from 2 N and ending with 16 N.

Afterwards, we use our data to find the material’s Modulus of elasticity (E) to see if it
matches with the theoretical value of E.
Using formula , we successfully calculate the E for each material which are as below:
(𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆)𝑳𝟐 𝒙
𝑬=
𝑰𝟖

Mild Steel
E =128.7GPa
Brass
E= 129.95GPa
Aluminium
E= 94. GPa

As we know, the theoretical value for elastic modulus of Mild steel , brass and aluminium is
200GPa , 97GPa and 70GPa Although the value is different from the theoretical value, it still
shows that mild steel has the highest modulus of elasticity (E) and aluminium have the lowest
value of E.

20
5.4 DISCUSSION

ZULHAJJAJ BIN ZARULIS


2018264582

A bending moment is a moment that applied to the element and bends. Bending
moment is exist when force is applied by a distance from the end point and the unit is newton
meter (Nm). The bending moment allows to determine internal loading of a specimen under
external forces.
From this experiment, 3 types of different material bar is tested in this experiment to
determine its deflection and the graph load vs deflection is plotted. According to the graph,
the gradient is multiplied by the distance between 2 supports stand and the distance from
support stand to the load hangers and divided by moment of inertia to determine the value of
elastic modulus, E. And the value young modulus from experimental is compared to the
theoretical value to determine the value of error.
In this experiment, all 3 different material error is about 30% to 40% which to be
consider intermediate. The first error might probably happen is due to environmental error,
the surrounding temperature will cause thermal expansion of the specimen which affecting
the internal stress of the beam and will have different deflection compared to theoretically
done experiment. Another possible error might occur is zero error as the weight was not yet
placed the gauge was not set to zero. Apart from that the load need to place cautiously with
simultaneously so that the deflection will be accurate.

21
5.5 DISCUSSION

22
6.0 CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION

WAN MUHAMMAD AIMAN RAIF BIN WAN AZIZ


2018288786

After performing this experiment, we can understand and determine the elastic modulus of
the beams specimen which is aluminium, mild steel and brass by method of deflection. We
can relate that the relationship between the load and the maximum beam deflection are
directly proportional. Where when the load increase, the maximum deflection also increases.
As a recommendation, for future study, this experiment need to be done in the room that are
prevented with other external forces and to be done with extra cautious to obtain better result.

In addition, others factors like the type of material and dimension of material will also affect
the reaction. As the conclusion, this experiment had been carried out successfully as the
objectives were achieved.

23
6.2 CONCLUSION

NURZUL AIDIL SYAFIQ BIN MOHD ZULKEFLE


201891988

In conclusion, the objective to determine the elastic modulus (E) of beam specimen by method of
deflection of Mild Steel, Aluminium and Brass and to validate the data between experimental and
theoretical values were achieved. From this experiment also show that the modulus of elasticity for
three material were different. After doing this experiment, the importance of modulus of elasticity in
engineering properties were identified. Modulus of elasticity represents a material's resistance to
being deformed. It shows that low value of modulus elasticity means low resistance and makes the
material flexible. For the high value of modulus elasticity means high resistance that make the
material stiff. From the result obtain the lower value of the deflection was mild steel and this material
was the most suitable to be used in engineering properties.

24
6.3 CONCLUSION

WAN MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN WAN MAZNAN


2018441732

The objective of this experiment is achieved in a successful manner. We successfully


calculate the Modulus of elasticity (E) of the material that made up our beams using the data
collected from the experiment. When comparing it to the theoretical value, our values are
slightly different but it serve the purpose of showing that Mild steel has the highest value of
E, and aluminum has the lowest value of E.

25
6.4 CONCLUSION

ZULHAJJAJ BIN ZARULIS

2018264582

As a conclusion for this experiment, we can determined the modulus of elasticity by


obtaining the gradient between loads and deflection. Greater value of young modulus, greater
the force to resist the bending moment and will have smaller deflection. Every material have
different value of young modulus and engineer need to know for them to build a structure like
crane, bridges and more. It is important to use the right material so that the structure will be
safe after allowable loading is applied. The existence of error is normal and the way to reduce
error is to repeat the experiment to get the average results. Thus the objective of this
experiment is aachieved.

26
6.5 CONCLUSION

27
7.0 REFERENCES

i. D.Clark, “scribd.” 20 10 2006. [Online]. Available:


https://www.scribd.com/doc/136561/Mechanics-of-Materials-Beam-Deflection-
Test. [Accessed 22 3 2019].

ii. “Technical teaching equipment for engineering,” [Online]. Available:


https://www.scienticolabequipments.com/technical-teaching-equipment-for-
engineering.html. [Accessed 22 3 2019].

iii. “Deflections and Slopes of Beams,” [Online]. Available:


https://mechanicalc.com/reference/beam-deflection-tables.[Accessed 22 3 2019]

iv. Shear Force, Bending Moment, Deflection Beams, Strut Apparatus Test by Hamza
Momade, UTM. [Online accessed 8th May 2019] :
https://www.academia.edu/3671106/Shear_Force_Bending_Moment_Deflection_B
eams_Strut_Apparatus_Test

v. ESTIMATION OF ERROR IN DEFLECTION OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED


BEAM, NIKHIL SHARMA, SAKET SAURABH, VISHNU JOSHI & A. S.
SANTHI School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Vellore,
Tamil Nadu, India, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and
Development (IJCSEIERD) ISSN 2249-6866.
[Online accessed 8th May 2019] :
http://www.tjprc.org/publishpapers/2-11-1375529247-
12.Estimation%20of%20error.full.pdf

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