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ABSTRACT
1
This experiment was carry out to acquire the value of Modulus of Elasticity for 3 different
beams such as Aluminium, Brass and Mild Steel by following the deflection in beam method.
Different kind of loads were applied on both ends of the beams and also on three different
distances from the center of the beam. Graph of Load (N) versus Deflection of beam (mm)
from three different beams were plotted based on the slope of the graph and also with the use
of the specified formulas. Modulus of Elasticity achieved for each 3 materials were compared
with one another. Based on the results, it can be concluded that when the loads used increase,
the deflection for each materials will also increase.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 5
4.0 RESULT....................................................................................................................... 14
3
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: shows the force is applied to the perpendicular of structural beam. ......................... 5
Figure 2: Bending in Beam. ....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Stress through the Centroid. ....................................................................................... 8
Figure 4: Stress-Strain curve graph............................................................................................ 9
Figure 5: Pure Bending of beam. ............................................................................................... 9
Figure 6: Slope of the Pure Bending. ....................................................................................... 10
Figure 7: Radius of Curvature.................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8: Moment of Inertia for Beam. .................................................................................... 11
Figure 9: Apparatus and Material. ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Experiment Setup. .................................................................................................. 13
Figure 11: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Aluminium. ........................................................ 15
Figure 12: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Brass. ................................................................. 15
Figure 13: Graph of Load VS Deflection of Mild Steel. ......................................................... 15
LIST OF TABLES
4
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Bending is the members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular
to their longitudinal axis of the element. In general, beams are usually long, straight bars and
having a constant cross-sectional area. Beams are considering as the most important in all
structural element such as used to support buildings, the deck of bridge, the boom of crane
and others. Beams can cause an internal shear force and bending moment that vary from point
to point along the axis of beam. The bending usually occurs when the material such as
aluminium, steel and brass can be deformed by changing new shape from it is originally
shape.
In this experiment, the deflection of the beam due to applied load will be measured at two
point along the beam and elastic modulus is calculated by the data obtained which using
different types of material such as brass, aluminium and steel bar. Consider the undeformed
bar which has square cross section and is marked with horizontal lines. When a bending
moment is applied, it tends to distort these line into a pattern. The horizontal lines become
curved. The bending moment caused the material within the bottom portion of bar to stretch
and the material within the top portion to compress as shown in Figure 1.0
From in this experiment, the objectives are to determine the elastic modulus (E) of beam by
specimen by method of deflection of Mild Steel, Aluminium and Brass. This is because every
types of specimen will have a different value of Elastic Modulus (E) that can be known
through this experiment. In the Euler- Bernoulli theory, any deformation that occur due to
shear across the section is not accounted for no shear deformation. This linear distribution is
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only accepted when the maximum stress is less than yield stress value of material. The
maximum stress experienced in the furthest points from natural axis of the beam is define as
the flexural strength. The equation for the bending of slender, isotropic, homogeneous beams
of constant cross-section applied is the Euler-Bernoulli equation that applied under transverse
load is
Where:
E= Young Modulus E.
I =area moment of inertia of the cross-section.
W(x) = the deflection of the neutral axis of the beam.
Besides, the aim of this experiment is to validate the data between experimental and
theoretical value. It is to make sure the data collected are correct and can see the different
value from theoretical and experimental. The data obtained will be compared together to
ensure the truth between theoretical and experimental value
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2.0 THEORY
Bending in Beam
In general, the experiment conducted is limited to a beam that having a cross sectional area
that is symmetrical with the respect to an axis which the bending moment is applied about an
axis perpendicular to this axis of symmetry. A bending moment is the reaction induced in a
structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element causing the
element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending
moments is the beam. While for bending, it is a process by which metal can be deformed by
deforming the material and changing its shape. To keep the specimens or materials away
from encountering fracture condition, the specimens are stressed beyond the yield strength
but below the ultimate tensile strength. During the experiment, the bending caused by the
load influenced the condition of compress and tension of the materials.
Particularly, figure 2 above shows the material within the top part to be as compression state
while for bottom portion of the bar to be as tension. Indirectly, there is a surface called as
natural surface or neutral plane between these two regions in which longitudinal fibers of the
material will not undergo a change in length. Based on the bending condition, there were
theoretical assumption made depends on the deformation cause of the stress of the materials.
1. Any deformation of the cross section within its own plane will be neglected.
2. All cross sections of the beam remain plane and perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis during the deformation happened.
3. The longitudinal axis X which lies within the natural surface does not experience
any changes in length. The moment will tend to deform the beam so that this line
becomes a curve that situated in x-y plane of symmetry.
7
Theoretically, the longitudinal strain varies linearly from zero at the neutral axis to the
maximum at the outer fibers of the beam due to the deformation induced. When the materials
used are homogenous linear elastic, the stress also varies in a linear fashion over the cross
section.
𝛔𝐦𝐚𝐱: The maximum normal stress in the member which occur at a point on the
cross sectional area farthest away from the neutral axis.
M: resultant internal moment.
C: point where 𝛔𝐦𝐚𝐱 acts from neutral axis.
I: the cross sectional area about the neutral axis.
8
𝑬 = 𝝈 (𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔) 𝜺 (𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏)
9
Formula of Pure Bending:-
𝐿 2
𝑅2 = (𝑅 − 𝑦)2 + ( )
2
𝐿2
𝑅2 = (𝑅2 − 2𝑅𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) +
4
Then we cancel out y2 because it will become smaller. So:
𝐿2
𝑅= ................................................................................................. (1)
8𝑦
𝑀 = (𝑥) so,
𝐸𝐼
𝑅= ................................................................................................. (2)
𝑊(𝑥)
10
Radius of Curvature
The radius of curvature (R) of a curve at a point is a measurement of the radius of the
circular arc which best approximates the curve at that point. It is the inverse of the curvature.
In the case of space curve, the radius of curvature is the length of the curvature vector. In the
case of a plane curve, R is the absolute value of:-
𝐿2
𝑅=
8𝑦
Moment of Inertia
Area moment of inertia or moment of inertia for an area (I) is a property of shape that is used
to predict deflection, bending and stress in beams. Fundamentally, the moment of inertia
measures the beam’s ability to withstand bending. When the moment of inertia become
larger, the bending occur on the beam become smaller.
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼=
12
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3.0 EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE
1. Weight
2. Load holders
3. Hanger
4. Ruler
5. Beam (mild steel, aluminium, brass) – The beam is rectangular, long and thin. The
exact dimension of the beam should be measured and recorded
6. Vernier caliper – To measure the width of the beam
7. Universal magnetic stand – To hold the gauge
8. Gauge – To read the deflection
Screw driver
Weight-hanger
Vernier caliper
Steel rule
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3.2 Experimental Procedures:
1. The dimension (length, height and width) of all the beams are measured using the
Vernier calliper and ruler and are recorded.
2. The 2 load holders are placed on the beam (aluminium) at a distance of 10 cm from
each support bars.
3. The beam is placed on the support bars.
4. The gauge is attached to the universal magnetic stand and is positioned at the middle
of the beam.
5. The reading of the gauge is reset to zero.
6. Loads of 2N are added at each of the load holders simultaneously and an increase of
2N is added until a load of 16N is achieved at each load holders.
7. As the loads are added, the deflection reading from the gauge for each of the load is
recorded.
8. Steps 2 to 7 are repeated for the remaining 2 beams (mild steel and brass).
9. The recorded deflections of the beam are then tabulated.
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4.0 RESULT
14
Result graph:
Load (N) 15
10
0
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Deflection (mm)
15
Load (N)
10
0
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Deflection (mm)
15
Load (N)
10
0
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Deflection (mm)
15
*Refer Appendices for the Area under the graph
Sample of Calculation
Error Analysis
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 − 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
Aluminium:
Experimental Modulus of Elasticity= 125.4GPa
Theoretical Modulus of Elasticity= 70GPa
|70𝐺𝑃𝑎 − 94.83𝐺𝑃𝑎|
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = −39.75%
70𝐺𝑃𝑎
Specimens Modulus of Elasticity, E
Moment of Theoretical Value Experimental Value Error Analysis
Inertia (𝑚4 ) (GPa) (GPa) (%)
Aluminium 3.42 × 10−10 70 94.83 39.75
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5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 DISCUSSION
2018288786
The main objective of this experiment is to determine the elastic modulus of the beams
specimen by method of deflection. The value for modulus of elasticity can either be obtained
by means of obtaining the slope of graph of load versus deflection and the general formula
shown under the theory section.
From the result obtained, it shown that the maximum beam deflection for all two beams are
increase as the load applied increase. The relationship between the load and the maximum
beam deflection is directly proportional.
Theoretical modulus elasticity for each beams are 70 GPa, 97 GPa and 200GPa for
aluminium, brass and mild steel respectively. The slope of the graph can be obtained by
finding the different of load divided by the different of maximum deflection. When the slope
is obtained, the experimental data for elastic modulus can be obtained. Then the experimental
data can be compared with theoretical data to get the percentage error. The percentage error is
39.75% for aluminium, 34% for brass and -35 % for mild steel.
There is a mistake occur during the experiment that resulting error. The load must be applied
simultaneously for both sides to prevent one side deflection. While taking the reading, all
members must be cautious not to shake or lean table. This situation can disturb reading on the
deflection gauge due to its sensitivity. The reader eye also need to perpendicular to the gauge
so that the error while taking the reading can be avoided.
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5.2 DISCUSSION
For this experiment, the bending test have been done to determine which material was easy to
bending. This experiment have been done with three type of material, which is aluminium,
brass and mild steel. The deflection will increase for all type of the specimen that the
relationship was the higher load will make higher deflection as we can see in the graph. From
the calculations and data obtained, we can clearly that all Young Modulous theoretical and
experimental are different. This shown that the material has their own properties during
receiving reaction force and bending.
From the bending beam experiment aluminium beam is used, the data is being collected and
theoretical value of young modulus is being calculated. The result of calculation had showed
that the value of young modulus of experiment is lower than the theoretical value.
Aluminium beam’s young modulus of experiment is about 94.83GPa compare to the theory,
70 GPa. The percentage error between the values of aluminium beam’s young modulus of
experiment and theoretical is 39.75%.
Next, from the bending beam experiment brass beam is used, the data is being collected and
theoretical value of young modulus is being calculated. The result of calculation had showed
that the value of young modulus of experiment is also higher than the theoretical value. Brass
beam’s young modulus of experiment is about 129.95GPa compare to the theory, 97 GPa.
The percentage error between the values of brass beam’s young modulus of experiment and
theoretical is 34%.
After that, from the bending beam experiment which mild steel beam is used, the data is
being collected and theoretical value of young modulus is being calculated. The result of
calculation had showed that the value of young modulus of experiment is higher than
theoretical value. Mild steel beam’s young modulus of experiment is about 128.37 GPa
compare to the theory, 200 GPa. The percentage error between the value so mild steel beam’s
young modulus of experiment and theoretical is 35%.
After doing this experiment, the result obtain were so many error that could affect the
election of the material. So, there were other method to determine the modulus of elasticity
such as tension test and natural frequency vibration test. The tension and bending test are
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based on the principle of Hooke’s Law but measuring of natural frequency of vibration gives
dynamic modulus of elasticity. So that, the appropriate method to determine modulus of
elasticity other than bending test was tension test.
In this experiment other method that can be used to calculated the young modulus by using
the formula:
𝑦2−𝑦1
Slope of graph = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2𝑥
Elastic modulus, =
𝑙8
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5.3 DISCUSSION
After going through all the procedures for all 3 beams which is Mild Steel , Brass and
aluminium we finally get to know the deflection of the beam after subjecting it to weight
starting from 2 N and ending with 16 N.
Afterwards, we use our data to find the material’s Modulus of elasticity (E) to see if it
matches with the theoretical value of E.
Using formula , we successfully calculate the E for each material which are as below:
(𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆)𝑳𝟐 𝒙
𝑬=
𝑰𝟖
Mild Steel
E =128.7GPa
Brass
E= 129.95GPa
Aluminium
E= 94. GPa
As we know, the theoretical value for elastic modulus of Mild steel , brass and aluminium is
200GPa , 97GPa and 70GPa Although the value is different from the theoretical value, it still
shows that mild steel has the highest modulus of elasticity (E) and aluminium have the lowest
value of E.
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5.4 DISCUSSION
A bending moment is a moment that applied to the element and bends. Bending
moment is exist when force is applied by a distance from the end point and the unit is newton
meter (Nm). The bending moment allows to determine internal loading of a specimen under
external forces.
From this experiment, 3 types of different material bar is tested in this experiment to
determine its deflection and the graph load vs deflection is plotted. According to the graph,
the gradient is multiplied by the distance between 2 supports stand and the distance from
support stand to the load hangers and divided by moment of inertia to determine the value of
elastic modulus, E. And the value young modulus from experimental is compared to the
theoretical value to determine the value of error.
In this experiment, all 3 different material error is about 30% to 40% which to be
consider intermediate. The first error might probably happen is due to environmental error,
the surrounding temperature will cause thermal expansion of the specimen which affecting
the internal stress of the beam and will have different deflection compared to theoretically
done experiment. Another possible error might occur is zero error as the weight was not yet
placed the gauge was not set to zero. Apart from that the load need to place cautiously with
simultaneously so that the deflection will be accurate.
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5.5 DISCUSSION
22
6.0 CONCLUSION
6.1 CONCLUSION
After performing this experiment, we can understand and determine the elastic modulus of
the beams specimen which is aluminium, mild steel and brass by method of deflection. We
can relate that the relationship between the load and the maximum beam deflection are
directly proportional. Where when the load increase, the maximum deflection also increases.
As a recommendation, for future study, this experiment need to be done in the room that are
prevented with other external forces and to be done with extra cautious to obtain better result.
In addition, others factors like the type of material and dimension of material will also affect
the reaction. As the conclusion, this experiment had been carried out successfully as the
objectives were achieved.
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6.2 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objective to determine the elastic modulus (E) of beam specimen by method of
deflection of Mild Steel, Aluminium and Brass and to validate the data between experimental and
theoretical values were achieved. From this experiment also show that the modulus of elasticity for
three material were different. After doing this experiment, the importance of modulus of elasticity in
engineering properties were identified. Modulus of elasticity represents a material's resistance to
being deformed. It shows that low value of modulus elasticity means low resistance and makes the
material flexible. For the high value of modulus elasticity means high resistance that make the
material stiff. From the result obtain the lower value of the deflection was mild steel and this material
was the most suitable to be used in engineering properties.
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6.3 CONCLUSION
25
6.4 CONCLUSION
2018264582
26
6.5 CONCLUSION
27
7.0 REFERENCES
iv. Shear Force, Bending Moment, Deflection Beams, Strut Apparatus Test by Hamza
Momade, UTM. [Online accessed 8th May 2019] :
https://www.academia.edu/3671106/Shear_Force_Bending_Moment_Deflection_B
eams_Strut_Apparatus_Test
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