Chapter 25 Lecture In this lecture you’ll learn

• To read electric-circuit
diagrams
• To analyze simple circuits
with series and parallel
resistor combinations
• To analyze more complex
Electric Circuits circuits using loop and node
laws
• To use electrical measuring
instruments
• To understand and analyze
the RC circuit

Slide 25-1 Slide 25-2

Electric Circuit and EMF Resistors in Series

• An electric circuit is a closed loop
p consisting
g of circuit elements • Since charge
g is conserved, the current
and conducting wires through which an electric current flows. through each resistor must be the
• In order to sustain the current, there must be a source of emf same.
(electromotive force) which supplies electrical energy
energy. • The total potential difference is split
• An ideal emf provides constant potential difference. between the resistors:
• Sources of emf include: E  V1  V2  I  R1  R2 
– Batteries
B tt i (chemical
( h i l energy))
I  E  R1  R2 
– Generators (mechanical energy)
– Photovoltaic cells (light)
( g ) • Thus the equivalent resistance is
R1 R2
− It is always greater than any of the
individual resistances
• Series circuit is a voltage divider: IR1

R1 R2
V1  E V2  E IR2
R1  R2 R1  R2
Slide 25-3 Slide 25-4
 Internal Resistance Clicker Question
• A real batteryy can be modeled as an
ideal emf source in series with an
internal resistance r.
In the circuit below,, what is the voltage
g across R1?
• The emf corresponds to the open open-circuit
circuit
voltage or the terminal voltage when no
current is in the circuit.
• The actual terminal voltage Vab 1) 12 V
depends on the current in the circuit R1= 4  R2= 2 
2) zero
and also equals to the voltage across
the external load: 3) 6 V
E
E  Ir  IR  Vab  E  Ir  E  r
rR 4) 8 V 12 V
− For r << R, Vab  E 5) 4 V
• Energy is dissipated in both the internal
and external resistances:
I E  I 2r  I 2 R Slide 25-5 Slide 25-6

Clicker Question Resistors in Parallel

• The p
potential difference across all resistors is the same.
How does brightness of bulb B compare to that of A? • The current through individual resistors
is given by:
I1  E R1 I 2  E R2
• Since charge is conserved, I = I1 + I2
E E  1 1 
I   E  
1. B is brighter than A R1 R2  R1 R2 
2 B iis di
2. dimmer than
th A • Thus the equivalent resistance is:
3. Both are the same

− It is always less than the smallest resistance in the

combination
• Household circuits are always wired so that the electrical
devices are connected in parallel
Slide 25-7 Slide 25-8
Clicker Question Clicker Question

In the circuit below, what is the current through R1? What is the maximum number of 100 Watt lightbulbs
you can connect in parallel in a 120 V circuit without
tripping the 20 A circuit breaker?

1) 10 A R2= 2 
A. 11
2) zero
B
B. 17
3) 5 A R1= 5 
C. 23
4) 2 A D
D. 29

5) 7 A
10 V

Slide 25-9 Slide 25-10

Clicker Question Clicker Question

Two lightbulbs A and B are connected in series to a constant Three identical light bulbs are connected in two ways as shown.
voltage source. When a wire is connected across B, bulb A Determine PII/PI, where PII and PI are the power per bulb in case
will:
ill II and
d I,
I respectively.
ti l

1) glow brighter than before

A. 9
2) glow just the same as before B. 3
3) glow dimmer than before C
C. 1
D. 1/3
4) go out completely
E
E. 1/9
5) explode

Slide 25-11 Slide 25-12

Analyzing Resistor Circuits Clicker Question

When the switch is open, what is the resistance RAB?

I battery  I1.0   I 3.0 
 2.25 A
1. RAB = 0.25 
2 2. RAB = 0.5 
I 2.0   I battery  1.50 A
3 3. RAB = 1 
4. RAB = 2 
1 Req 
R
I 4.0   I battery  0.75 A 5. RAB = 4 
3 4
Slide 25-13 Slide 25-14

Clicker Question Clicker Question

Rank in order, from brightest to dimmest, the identical bulbs

A to D.
D

When the switch is closed, what is the resistance RAB? 1) A=B=C=D

2) A>B>C=D
3) A>C>B>D
1. RAB = 0.25  4) A>C=D>B
2. RAB = 0.5  5) C=D>B>A
3. RAB = 1 
4. RAB = 2 
5. RAB = 4 
Slide 25-15 Slide 25-16
 Clicker Question Clicker Question

What happens to the brightness of the bulbs A and B when Consider the circuit shown in the figure. What power is
the switch is closed? dissipated by the entire circuit?

1. Bulb A brightens; bulb B dims.

1. 14 W
2. Bulb B brightens; bulb A dims.
2. 28 W
3. Bulbs A and B both dim.
3. 56 W
4. Bulbs A and B both brighten.
4. 112 W

Slide 25-17 Slide 25-18

Kirchhoff’s Rules Example

• Complicated circuits can be analyzed • Node
ode A:
using Kirchhoff’s rules I1  I 2  I 3
• Loop 1:
• Loop Rule: E1  I1R1  I3 R3  0
– The sum of potential differences 6  2 I1  I3  0
around any circuit loop is zero.
zero • Loop
L 2
2:
− This is a statement of conservation of E2  I 2 R2  I3 R3  0
energy. 9  4 I 2  I3  0
• Solutions:
• Node Rule:
I1  1.5
15A I 2  1.5
15A
− The sum of currents at any circuit
node is zero. I1  I 2  I 3 I3  3.0 A
− This is a statement of conservation of • Wh
Whatt d
does negative
ti currentt mean? ?
charge.  I in   I out − It means that the actual current flows downward across R2
Slide 25-19 Slide 25-20
 Clicker Question Clicker Question

The lightbulbs in the circuit are identical. When the switch is

Which of the equations is valid for the circuit below?
closed, what happens?

1
A.
A 2 – I1 – 2I2 = 0 1. Both bulbs go out
B. 2 – 2I1 – 2I2 – 4I3 = 0 I2 2 2. Intensity of both bulbs increases
C. 2 – I1 – 4 – 2I2 = 0 2V 6V 3 Intensity of both bulbs decreases
3.
D. I3 – 4 – 2I2 + 6 = 0 4V I3 4. A gets brighter and B gets dimmer
E. 2 – I1 – 3I3 – 6 = 0 I1
5 Nothing changes
5.
1 3

Extra: What happens if the bottom battery is replaced by a

24 V battery?
Slide 25-21 Slide 25-22

Electrical Measurements Clicker Question

• Current is measured with an
An ammeter is connected between points a and b in the
ammeter.
circuit below, in which the four resistors are identical.
− It is placed in series with a circuit
The current through the ammeter is:
component.
− An ammeter has low internal
resistance.
1) I
• A voltmeter is used to measure the
2) I/2
potential difference across a circuit
element. 3) I/3
I
− It is placed in parallel with the 4) I/4
component. 5) zero
− A voltmeter
lt t has
h hi
high
h iinternal
t l V
resistance.
Slide 25-23 Slide 25-24
 RC Circuit: Charging Analyzing the RC Circuit
Q
• A
Applying
l i ththe lloop rule
l tto th
the circuit
i it E  IR  0
C
after the switch is closed: • Taking the derivative with respect to
E  IR  VC  0 time: dI 1 dQ dQ
R  0 I
E  VC E  Q C dt C dt dt
I  I t
R R dI I dI t
     
• At time t = 0: Q  0  VC  0  I  E R dt RC I0 I 0 RC
E
− Looks like the circuit has resistor and battery only  I  I 0 e  t   e t 
− Thus uncharged capacitor acts like short circuit (i.e., a wire) R
• The voltage across the capacitor is
• As time increases, VC increases, so VR decreases and
current decreases 
given by: VC  E  IR  E 1  et 
• The time constant,  = RC, represents the time required for the
• At time t = :
charge to increase from zero to 63.2% of its maximum.
VC  E  VR  0  I  0 • A large time constant means the capacitor charges slowly
− Fully charged capacitor acts like open circuit • After t = 5, the capacitor is over 99% charged.
Slide 25-25 • After t = 10, the capacitor is over 99.99% charged. Slide 25-26

RC Circuit: Discharging Clicker Question

• The
e capac
capacitor
o iss initially
a y charged:
c a ged
VC  V0 The time constant for the discharge of this capacitor is
• At time t = 0, I  V0 R
• Applying loop rule:
Q dQ
VC  IR  0   IR  0 I  
C dt
dI 1 dQ I
  
dt RC dt RC
I dI t t
   A. 1 s.
I0 I 0 RC
B
B. 2 s.
s
V0 t  C. 4 s.
 I  I 0et   e
R D. 5 s.
• The voltage across the capacitor is given by: E. The capacitor doesn’t discharge because
the resistors cancel each other.
VC  IR  V0 e t  Slide 25-27 Slide 25-28
Clicker Question Short- and Long-term Behavior

• For times short or long

A voltage source of 10 V is connected to a series RC compared with the time constant
circuit where R = 2 x 106  and C = 3 µF. µF Find the time RC a circuit with a capacitor can
RC,
required for the current in the circuit to decay to 5% of be analyzed in simple terms:
its original value.
– For times short compared E
A. 3s with RC, an uncharged I
R1
B
B. 6s capacitor acts like a short
C. 9s circuit (e.g., a wire).
D
D. 18 s E
I
– For times long compared with R1  R2
RC, a capacitor acts like an E
open circuit.
circuit VC  R2
R1  R2

Slide 25-29 Slide 25-30

Clicker Question Summary

• Simple
p resistive circuits can be analyzed
y by
y identifying
y g series
and parallel combinations:
The circuit contains three identical light bulbs and an – Resistors in series add:
initially uncharged capacitor.
capacitor Which is brightest at the Req  R1  R2  
beginning?
– Resistors in parallel add reciprocally:
1 1 1
1. A   
Req R1 R2
2. B
• More complicated circuits can be analyzed using Kirchhoff’s
Kirchhoff s
3. C loop and node rules
4. A&B
5
5. All equally bright • Measuring
g voltage
g and current requires
q
– Connecting voltmeters in parallel
– Connecting ammeters in series
• RC circuit exhibits exponential behavior characterized by a
Slide 25-31
time constant Slide 25-32