Chapter 8

Steam Turbine

A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into
kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the
turbine shaft. Steam Turbine may also be defined as a device which converts heat energy of the
steam to the mechanical energy which finally converted into electrical energy. Because the
turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical
generator – about 90% of all electricity generation in the United States, is by use of steam
turbines.
The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement
in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam,
which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.
The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by Sir Charles Parsons, whose first model was
connected to a dynamo that generated 7.5 kW (10hp) of electricity. The Parsons turbine also
turned out to be easy to scale up. Parsons had the satisfaction of seeing his invention adopted for
all major world power stations, and the size of generators had increased from his first 7.5 kW set
up to units of 500MW capacity. Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from
small <0.75 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven
equipment, to 1,500 MW turbines used to generate electricity. There are several classifications
for modern steam turbines.
Classification of Steam Turbine
Classification of steam turbines may be done as following:
1. According to action of steam (a) Single stage turbine
(a) Impulse turbine (b) Multi stage turbine
(b) Reaction turbine 4. According to number of cylinders
(c) Combination of both (a) Single cylinder turbine
2. According to direction of flow (b) Double cylinder turbine
(a) Axial flow turbine (c) Three cylinder turbine
(b) Radial flow turbine 5. According to steam pressure at inlet of
3. According to number of stages Turbine
 (a) Low pressure turbine
(b) Medium pressure turbine.
(c) High pressure turbine
(d) Super critical pressure turbine.
6. According to method of governing
(a) Throttle governing turbine.
(b) Nozzle governing turbine.
(c) By pass governing turbine.
7. According to usage in industry:
(a) Stationary turbine with constant
speed.
(b) Stationary turbine with variable
speed.
(c) Non stationary turbines.

Based on the nature of blade profile, the common types of steam turbine are
1. Impulse Turbine.
2. Reaction Turbine.
The main difference between these two turbines lies in the way of expanding the steam while it
moves through them.

Impulse turbines

An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets
contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft
rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary
blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage. As the steam flows through the
nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more
usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the
steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades has a
large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy
due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the "carry over velocity" or "leaving loss".

Reaction turbines

In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This
type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the
nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It
leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes
direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs
across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating
through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in
both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.

Impulse turbine Reaction turbine

The steam completely expands in the The steam expands partially in the nozzle
nozzle and its pressure remains constant and further expansion takes place in the
during its flow through the blade passages rotor blades

The relative velocity of steam passing over The relative velocity of steam passing over
the blade remains constant in the absence
of friction
The blade efficiency curve is less flat
Blades are symmetrical
The pressure on both ends of the moving
blade is same
For the same power developed, as
pressure drop is more, the number of
stages required are less
The steam velocity is very high and
therefore the speed of turbine is high.
the blade increases as the steam expands
while passing over the blade
The blade efficiency curve is more flat
Blades are asymmetrical
The pressure on both ends of the moving
blade is different
For the same power developed, as pressure
drop is small, the number of stages required
are more
The steam velocity is not very high and
therefore the speed of turbine is low.
STEAM NOZZLES

The pressure and volume are related by the simple expression, PV = constant, for a perfect gas.
Steam deviates from the laws of perfect gases. The P-V relationship is given by:

PVn = constant

Where

n=1:135 for saturated steam

n= 1:3 for superheated steam

For wet steam, the Zeuner relation,

𝑥
𝑛 = 1.035 +
10

(where x is the initial dryness fraction of the steam) may be used.

All nozzles consist of an inlet section, a throat, and an exit. The velocity through a nozzle is a
function of the pressure-differential across the nozzle.

Assume that the flow occurs adiabatically under steady conditions. Since no work is transferred,
the velocity of the fluid at the nozzle entry is usually very small and its kinetic energy is
negligible compared with that at the outlet.

Hence, the equation reduces to:

Where h1 and h2 are the enthalpies at the inlet and outlet of the nozzle, respectively. As the outlet
pressure decreases, the velocity increases. Eventually, a point is reached called the critical
pressure ratio, where the velocity is equal to the velocity of sound in steam. Any further
reduction in pressure will not produce any further increases in the velocity. The temperature,
pressure, and density are called critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical density,
respectively. The ratio between nozzle inlet temperature and critical temperature is given by:

Where Tc is the critical temperature at which section M = 1. Assuming isentropic flow in the
nozzle, the critical pressure ratio is:

Where Tc’ is the temperature, which would have been reached after an isentropic expansion in
the nozzle. When the outlet pressure is designed to be higher than the critical pressure, a simple
convergent nozzle may be used. The temperature at the throat, i.e., the critical temperature, can
be found from steam tables at the value of Pc and Sc = S1. The critical velocity is given by the
equation:

Where hc is read from tables or the h–s chart at Pc and Sc.

The expansion process is irreversible due to friction between the fluid and walls of the nozzle,
and friction within the fluid itself. 1–2’ is the isentropic enthalpy drop and 1–2 is the actual
enthalpy drop in the nozzle. Then the nozzle efficiency is defined as

The Reheat Factor

Consider a multi-stage turbine as shown by the Mollier diagram below

The reheat factor is defined by:

Mollier chart for a multi-stage turbine.

Since the isobars diverge, R.F. > 1. The reheat factor may be used to relate the stage efficiency
and the turbine efficiency. Turbine isentropic efficiency is given by:

Where h is the actual enthalpy drop and h’ is the isentropic enthalpy drop.

Compounding of Impulse Turbine

This is a method of reducing rotational speed of the simple impulse turbine to practical limit.
This also reduces the exit loss. Compounding is done by making use of more than one set of
nozzles and blades in series so that either the steam pressure or the jet velocity is 16 absorbed by
the turbine in stages. There are three main types of compounding:

 Pressure compounded impulse turbine

 Velocity compounded impulse turbine
 Pressure and velocity compounded impulse turbine

Pressure Compounded Impulse Turbine

In this turbine compounding is done for pressure of steam only to reduce the high rotational
speed of the turbine. This is done by arranging a no. of simple impulse turbines in a series on the
same shaft, each having a set of nozzles and a set of moving 17 blades. This results splitting up
the whole pressure drop from the steam chest pressure to the condenser pressure into a series of
smaller pressure drops across the several stages.

Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine

In this turbine compounding is done for velocity of steam only. Velocity drop is arranged in
many small drops through many rows of moving blades. It consists of a set of nozzles and many
rows of moving blades attached to rotor and many rows of fixed blades attached to casing
arranged alternatively. The whole expansion of steam from steam chest pressure to condenser
pressure takes place in nozzles only. No pressure drop takes place either in moving or fixed
blades. Steam velocity drops gradually at every stage of moving blades. There is only a
negligible velocity drop in fixed blades due to friction.

Velocity compounding helps to reduce high rotational speed. Enthalpy drop occurs totally across
nozzles. Stator blades only guide the exhaust steam from one rotor blade to the next.

Pressure and Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine

This is a combination of pressure and velocity compounding. There are two sets of nozzles
where the whole pressure drop takes place. After each set of nozzles, there are more than one
moving and fixed blade rows arranged alternatively. Hence velocity drop also takes place in
steps.
The velocity Triangle

The steam supplied to a single-wheel impulse turbine expands completely in the nozzles and
leaves with absolute velocity C1 at an angle 𝛼1 , and by subtracting the blade velocity vector U,
the relative velocity vector at entry to the rotor 𝑉1 can be determined. The relative velocity V1
makes an angle of 𝛽1 with respect to U. The increase in value of 𝛼1 decreases the value of the
useful component, 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 and increases the value of the axial or flow component 𝐶𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 .
The two points of particular interest are the inlet and exit of the blades. These velocities are V1
and V2, respectively. Vectorially subtracting the blade speed results in absolute velocity C2. The
steam leaves tangentially at an angle 𝛽2 with relative velocity V2. Since the two velocity
triangles have the same common side U, these triangles can be combined to give a single
diagram as shown in Fig
If the blade is symmetrical then 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 and neglecting the friction effects of blades on the
steam, V1 = V2. In the actual case, the relative velocity is reduced by friction and expressed by a
blade velocity coefficient k. That is:

𝑉2
𝑘=
𝑉1

From Euler’s equation, work done by the steam is given by:

𝑊𝑡 = 𝑈(𝐶𝑥1 + 𝐶𝑥2 )

For constant 𝐶𝑎

𝑈
𝑊𝑡 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 )
𝐶𝑎

𝑈
𝑊𝑡 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 )
𝐶𝑎
This Equation is often referred to as the diagram work per unit mass flow and
hence the diagram efficiency is defined as:

Diagram work done per unit mass flow

𝜂𝐷 =
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

Cx is the change in the velocity of whirl. Therefore:

The driving force on the wheel = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑥

The product of the driving force and the blade velocity gives the rate at which work is done on
the wheel.

Power output = 𝑚̇UCx

If Ca1 - Ca2 = Ca, the axial thrust is given by:

Axial thrust: Fa = 𝑚̇Ca

The maximum velocity of the steam striking the blades

Where h0 is the enthalpy at the entry to the nozzle and h1 is the enthalpy at the nozzle exit,
neglecting the velocity at the inlet to the nozzle. The energy supplied to the blades is the kinetic
energy of the jet, C21/2 and the blading efficiency
 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜂=
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

2 2𝑈∆𝐶𝑥
𝜂𝑜 = (𝑈𝐶𝑥 ) × 2 =
𝐶1 𝐶12

Using the blade velocity coefficient k =V2/V1 and symmetrical blades (i.e., β1 = β2), then:

And the rate of work performed per unit mass = 2(C1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 - U)U Therefore:

Where U/C1 is called the blade speed ratio. Differentiating Equation above and equating it to
zero provides the maximum blade efficiency:

But the maximum diagram efficiency is

𝜂𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼1

Substituting this value into the power output per unit mass flow rate at the maximum blade
efficiency:

Axial Flow Steam Turbines

Sir Charles Parsons invented the reaction steam turbine. The reaction turbine stage consists of a
fixed row of blades and an equal number of moving blades fixed on a wheel. In this turbine
pressure drop or expansion takes place both in the fixed blades (or nozzles) as well as in the
moving blades. Because the pressure drop from inlet to exhaust is divided into many steps
through use of alternate rows of fixed and moving blades, reaction turbines that have more than
one stage. In a reaction turbine, a reactive force is produced on the moving blades when the
steam increases in velocity and when the steam changes direction. Reaction turbines are
normally used as low-pressure turbines.

Degree of Reaction

The degree of reaction or reaction ratio (Λ) is a parameter that describes the relation between the
energy transfer due to static pressure change and the energy transfer due to dynamic pressure
change. The degree of reaction is defined as the ratio of the static pressure drop in the rotor to the
static pressure drop in the stage. It is also defined as the ratio of the static enthalpy drop in the
rotor to the static enthalpy drop in the stage.

If h0, h1, and h2 are the enthalpies at the inlet due to the fixed blades, at the entry to the moving
blades and at the exit from the moving blades, respectively, then the static enthalpy at the inlet to
the fixed blades in terms of stagnation enthalpy and velocity at the inlet to the fixed blades is
given by

ℎ1 − ℎ2
Λ=
ℎ01 − ℎ2

The static enthalpy at the inlet to the fixed blades in terms of stagnation enthalpy and velocity at
the inlet to the fixed blades is given by
Blade Height in Axial Flow Machines

The continuity equation, 𝑚̇ = AC, may be used to find the blade height h. The annular area of
flow = πDh. Thus, the mass flow rate through an axial flow compressor or turbine is:
 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝜋𝐷ℎ 𝐶𝑎

Blade height will increase in the direction of flow in a turbine and decrease in the direction of
flow in a compressor.

Exercise

1. Steam flows from nozzles at the rate of 0.2 kg/s and speed 900 m/s. It then enters the rotor of
single stage impulse turbine with symmetric blades. The flow leaves the nozzles at an angle
of 20°, the mean radius of the blades is 120 mm, and the rotor speed is 18000 rpm. Due to the
frictional loss in the rotor blades, kinetic energy of relative flow at rotor exit is 85% of
kinetic energy of relative flow entering the rotor. Determine
a. the relative inlet flow angle
b. the absolute velocity of steam leaving the rotor
c. power delivered by the turbine
Given:

ṁ = 0.2 kg/s; C2 = 900 m/s; α2 = 200 ; rm =120 mm = 0.12 m; N = 18000 rpm

πdm N π×(2×0.12)×18000
4Um = = = 226.2 m/
60 60

C2u = C2 cos (α2 ) = 900 cos (20) = 845.72 m/s

C2
C2m

C2m = C2 sin (α2 ) = 900 sin (20) = 307.82 m/s W2

β2
C2m 307.82 α2
tan (180 - β2 ) = C = 845.72−226.2 = 0.4969
2u − 𝑈2
U
180 − β2 = 26.42 0 C2u

β2 = 153.580 (1400 − 1600 )

W2u = C2u − U2 = 845.72 – 226.2 = 619.52 m/s

W2 = √W2u 2 + C2m 2 = √619.522 + 307.822 = 691.78 m/s

As 15 % of the kinetic energy of the relative velocity is lost, at the exit the kinetic energy of the
relative flow,
1 1
W 2 = (0.85) 2 W22 ; W1 = √0.85 W2
2 1

W1 = √0.85 × 691.78 = 637.79 m/s

As blade is symmetric,
β2 + β1= π

β1 = 1800 − 153.580 = 26.420

W1u = W1 cos (β1 ) = 637.79 cos (26.42) = 571.18 m/s

−W1u = - U + C1u

C1u = −W1u + U = -571.18 + 226.2

= -344.98 m/s
C1m
Sin (β1) = W1

C1m = W1 Sin (β1) = 637.79 sin (26.42)

= 283.78 m/s

C1 = √C1u 2 + C1m 2 = √344.982 + 283.782 = 446.7 m/s (430 m/s – 460 m/s)

Power developed, P = 𝑚̇W = 𝑚̇U ( C2u − C1u )

= 0.2 × 226.2 × [845.72 – (-344.98)]

= 53867.27 W

= 53.87 kW (45 kW – 60 kW)

2. At the nozzle exit of the certain stage in a steam turbine, absolute velocity is 300 m/s. Rotor
speed is 150 m/s and the nozzle angle is 18. The sum of rotor blade inlet angle and rotor
outlet blade angle is 176.5. Assume the relative velocity at inlet and exit of the rotor are
same, determine for a steam flow rate of 8.5 kg/s,
a. the relative exit angle of the blade ……… ()
b. the power output from the stage ……… (kW)
Given:

C2 = 300 m/s; β2 + β1= 176.50 ; U = 150 m/s; ṁ = 8.5 kg/s; α2 = 180 ; W1 = W2

From inlet velocity triangle,

c2u = c2 cos (α2 ) = 300 cos (18) = 285.3 m/s C2

𝐂𝟐𝐦

c2m = c2 sin (α2 ) = 300 sin (18) = 92.7 m/s W2

β2
α2
U
C2u
W2 = √c2m 2 + (c2u − U)2

= √92.72 + (285.3 − 150)2 = 164.01 m/s

W1 = W2 =164.01 m/s
c2m 92.7
Sin (180 - β2 ) = = 164.01 = 0.565
w2

β2 = 145.580

β2 + β1= 176.50

β1 = 30.920 (280 − 340 )

From outlet velocity triangle,

C1

𝐂𝟏𝐦
C1u = U - W1 cos(β1 ) = 150 – 164.01×cos (30.92) W1

= 9.3 m/s α1 β1

C1m = W1 sin(β1 ) = 164.01×sin (30.92) C1u U

= 84.28 m/s

C1 = √C1u 2 + C1m 2 = √9.32 + 84.282 = 84.79 m/s

P = 𝑚̇U (C2u − C1u ) = 8.5 × 150 (285.3 – 9.3) = 351900 W

= 351.9 kW (340 kW – 370 kW)

3. Steam at a velocity of 457 m/s enters an impulse wheel having a nozzle angle of 25. The
exit angle of the moving blade is 20 and the relative velocity may be assumed to remain
constant over the moving blade. If the blade speed is 183 m/s, find
a. moving blade angle at the inlet ……… ()
b. the absolute exit velocity ……… (m/s)
c. the blade efficiency ……….. (%)

C2 = 457 m/s; α2 = 250 ; β1 = 200 ; W1 = W2 ; U =183 m/s

C2m = C2 sin(α2 ) = 457 × sin (25) = 193.14 m/s

C2
C2m

C2u = C2 cos(α2 ) = 457 × cos (25) = 414.18 m/s

W2 β2
α2
 C2m 193.14
tan (180 - β2 ) = C =
2u −U 414.18−183

180 - β2 = 39.890 C2u U

β2 = 140.110 (1300 − 1500 )

W2u = C2u − U = 414.18 − 183 = 231.8 m/s

W2 = √W2u 2 + C2m 2 = √231.82 + 193.142

= 301.24 m/s

W1 = W2 = 301.24 m/s

C1m = W1 Sin (β1 ) = 301.24 sin (20) = 103.03 m/s

W1u = C1u + U
W1

C1m
C1u = −W1 cos (β1) + U = -301.24 × cos (20) +183
C1
α1
= -100.07 m/s β1
U C1u
C1 = √C1u 2 + C1m 2 = √100.072 + 103.032

= 143.63 m/s (130 m/s – 150 m/s)

Specific work, Wbl = U (C2u − C1u ) = 183 × (414.18 + 100.07)

= 94107.75 m2 /s 2
Wbl 2 ×94107.75
𝜂𝑏𝑙 = C 2 = = 0.9012 = 90.12% (87% - 93%)
2 /2 4572

4. A Curtis (velocity compounded impulse) turbine has two rows of moving blades with a mean
diameter of 70 Cm. The speed of rotation is 3000 rpm, the nozzle angle is 16 and the steam
velocity at the nozzle outlet is 610 m/s. Assume that the energy loss in each row of blades
(moving and fixed) is 24% of the kinetic energy of the steam entering the blades. Outlet
angles of the blade are as follows: a) First row of moving blades is 18; b) intermediate guide
blades 22 and c) second row of moving blades 38. Estimate
a. inlet blade angle of first moving blade ……… ()
b. Inlet blade angle of second moving blade ………. ()
Given:

dm = 70 cm = 0.7 m; N = 300rpm; 1 2 = 160 ; 1 C 2 =610 m/s

1 C2
1 1 = 180 ; 2  2 =220 ; 2 1 = 380

πdm N π ×0.7 ×300

U= 60
= 60
= 109.96 m/s W2
1 1 2 
1 2
C2u = 1 C 2 cos ( 1 2 ) = 610 × cos (16) = 586.37 m/s
1
U
1 C 2u
1 C2m = 1 C 2 sin ( 1 2 ) = 610 × sin (16) = 168.14 m/s

C2m 168.14
tan (180 - 1  2 ) =
1
= 586.37−109.96
1 C2u −U

180 - 1  2 = 19.440

1  2 = 160.560 (1500 − 1700 )

2
W2 = √ 1 C2m
1 + ( 1 C2u − U)2 = √168.142 + (586.37 − 109.96)2

= 505.21 m/s

As energy loss in each row of blades (moving and fixed) is 24% of kinetic energy of steam
entering the blades.

So,

1 2 1 2
1W1 = 0.76 × W2
1
2 2

W1 = √0.76 × 1W2 = √0.76 × 505.21

1

= 440.43 m/s
W
1 C1m = 1W1 sin ( 1 1 ) = 440.43 × sin (18) = 136.1 m/s 1 1

1 1 C1
1 C1u = 1W1 cos ( 1 1 ) - U = 440.43 × cos (18) – 109.96 = 308.91 m/s 1 1 1

2 2
U 1 C1u
1 C1 =
√ 1 C1u + 1 C1m = √308.912 + 136.12 = 337.57 m/s

In fixed blade also there is 24% loss of kinetic energy of steam entering the blades

2 C2 = √0.76 × 1 C1 = √0.76 × 337.57 = 294.28 m/s

2 C2u = 2 C2 cos ( 2  2 ) = 294.28 × cos (22) = 272.85 m/s

2 C2
 C2m = 2 C2 sin ( 2  2 ) = 294.28 × sin (22) = 110.24 m/s
2
W2
2 2 2 
2 2
C2m 110.24
tan (180 - 2  2 ) = = 272.85−109.96180 - 2  2 = 34.10
2
U
2 C2u −U
2 C2u

2  2 = 145.90 (1350 − 1550 )

Exercises

1. The nozzles receive steam at 1.75 MPa, 3008C, and exit pressure of steam is 1.05 MPa. If
there are 16 nozzles, find the cross-sectional area of the exit of each nozzle for a total
discharge to be 280 kg/min. Assume nozzle efficiency of 90%. If the steam has velocity of
120 m/s at the entry to the nozzles, by how much would the discharge be increased?
2. Steam is supplied from the nozzle with velocity 400 m/s at an angle of 200 with the direction
of motion of moving blades. If the speed of the blade is 200 m/s and there is no thrust on the
blades, determine the inlet and outlet blade angles, and the power developed by the turbine.
Assume velocity coefficient = 0.86, and mass flow rate of steam is 14 kg/s
3. Consider one stage of an impulse turbine consisting of a converging nozzle and one ring of
moving blades. The nozzles are inclined at 200 to the blades, whose tip angles are both 330. If
the velocity of the steam at the exit from the nozzle is 650 m/s, find the blade speed so that
steam passes through without shock and find the diagram efficiency, neglecting losses.
4. One stage of an impulse turbine consists of a converging nozzle and one ring of moving
blades. The nozzle angles are 220 and the blade angles are 350. The velocity of steam at the
exit from the nozzle is 650 m/s. If the relative velocity of steam to the blades is reduced by
14% in passing through the blade ring, find the diagram efficiency and the end thrust on the
shaft when the blade ring develops 1650 kW.
5. In an impulse turbine designed for free vortex flow at the rotor inlet, the blade root radius is
25 cm and the blade height is 6.3 cm. The absolute steam velocity at the rotor inlet is 450
m/s, the fluid being directed so as to make an angle of 15° with the wheel tangent at the blade
root. If the speed ratio is 0.4 at the lip, the blade velocity coefficient is 0,97 and the
difference between the rotor inlet and outlet angles is 30 all over the rotor, draw the velocity
triangles for the blade tip and find the degree of reaction at the same position
6. The velocity of steam leaving a nozzle is 925 m/s and the nozzle angle is 200. The blade
speed is 250 m/s. The mass flow through the turbine nozzles and blading is 0.182 kg/s and
the blade velocity coefficient is 0.7. Calculate the following:
a) Velocity of whirl. f) Inlet angle of blades for
b) Tangential force on blades. shockless inflow of steam.
c) Axial force on blades. g) Assume that the inlet and outlet
d) Work done on blades. blade angles are equal.
e) Efficiency of blading.