1- did you take any courses before related to mechatronics ?

2- what was your graduation project about ?

3-what are the components of any mechatron...ic system ?

4- give 3 examples for mechatronic systems

5-what programing languages u studied before ?

6-what will u do if the program u wrote contained error ?

7-which operating systems you worked with ? ( on your computer)

8- Difference between electromechanical system & mechatronics system? (Examples)

A mechatronic system: is not just a marriage of electrical and mechanical systems and is more than just a control
system; it is a complete integration of all of them.

Ex: mechatronic motion generator, mechatronic power consuming machine, mechatronic automobiles.

Electromechanical systems or devices: convert electrical energy into mechanical movement and sometimes vice
versa.

Ex: disk drive, motors.

9- What are the components of any mechatronic system? Give 3 examples for mechatronic
systems?
Actuators ,sensors ,signal input ,digital controller ,output signals and graphical display.

Ex. (elevators, cnc product machines ,helicopter ,anti-lock braking system)

10- Different actuators & sensors classifications? Give examples for actuators?

Classification of actuators: Actuators are available in various forms to suit the particular requirement of
process control. It can be classified into three main categories:

1. Pneumatic actuators

2. Hydraulic actuators

3. Electrical actuators.

Sensors might be categorized in two types:

1. Discrete.

2. Continuous.

11-Give examples for actuators?

An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.

• Comb drive
• Digital micromirror device
• Electric motor
• Electroactive polymer
• Hydraulic piston
• Piezoelectric actuator
• Pneumatic actuator
• Relay
• Servomechanism
• Thermal bimorph

12- How can I change a circulating motion to linear and frequent motion? What’s the name
of this mechanism and show me some of them?
Actuators (the name of mechanism) and Conversion between circular and linear motion is commonly made
via a few simple types of mechanism including:

• Screw: Screw jack, ball screw and roller screw actuators all operate on the principle of the simple
machine known as the screw. By rotating the actuator's nut, the screw shaft moves in a line. By
moving the screw shaft, the nut rotates.
• Wheel and axle: Hoist, winch, rack and pinion, chain drive, belt drive, rigid chain and rigid
belt actuators operate on the principle of the wheel and axle. By rotating a wheel/axle
(e.g. drum, gear, pulley or shaft) a linear member (e.g. cable, rack, chain or belt) moves. By moving
the linear member, the wheel/axle rotates.[1]

13-What is the servomechanism? Does it necessarily include servomotor And when I use
it?
Servomechanism: is an automatic device that uses error-sensing negative feedback to correct the performance of a
mechanism.

A servomechanism may or may not use a servomotor. For example, a household furnace controlled by a thermostat
is a servomechanism, because of the feedback and resulting error signal, yet there is no motor being controlled
directly by the servomechanism.

14- What’s servo motor? Can we use servomotor to control the "Position"?
A servomotor is a motor which forms part of a servomechanism. The servomotor is paired with some type of
encoder to provide position/speed feedback.

15- What’s stepper motor?

 A stepper motor is actually built to move angular positions based upon each possible step around the entire
rotation.

16- Does it’s better than dc motor or not? And why?

DC motors are best used when heavy loads need to be driven, a load needs to be accelerated rapidly or
short response times are needed. Stepper motors are better for all other applications, especially digital
applications.
………………………………………………………………….

17- Control theory?

Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of
dynamical systems with inputs, and how their behavior is modified by feedback

18-What are the types of controlling system?

There are two basic types of control( feedback and feed-forward.)

19- Types of feedback?

Positive Feedback Systems: “increase” the systems gain

Negative Feedback Systems: “reduce” the gain.

An example of a positive & negative feedback system is an electronic amplifier

20-Give example for an open loop control system and a closed loop control system?
Open loop:

1. Light switch --> light

2. Toaster --> toast (For timer-based toasters, only -- see below)
3. Water faucet --> water flow amount
4. Water faucets (hot/cold) --> water temperature in the sink or shower.
5. Temperature setting for the stovetop --> heat to cook food
6. TV remote control
7. Clothes dryer (timer based)
8. Volume on a stereo / home entertainment system

Closed loop:
1. Thermostat --> furnace (constant temperature)
2. Toaster setting (light/dark) --> toast (IF the toaster has heat sensors)
3. Refrigerator cold/hot setting --> refrigerator inside temperature (constant)
4. Temperature setting for oven (not stovetop) --> oven temperature constant
5. Clothes dryer with moisture sensor
6. Washing machine water level

21- Controllers and What are the types of controllers?

In control theory controller is a device, historically using mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or
electronic techniques often in combination, but more recently in the form of a microprocessor or
computer. Applications of controllers are to hold settings for temperature, pressure, flow or speed.

1. Electronic analog controller.

2. Industrial controller.
3. proportional controller
4. proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller)

22- What do you know about PID control, which of them is the best, which is the fastest?
A proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) is a control loop feedback
mechanism (controller) used in industrial control systems. A PID controller calculates an error value as the
difference between a measured process variable and a desired set point. The controller attempts to minimize
the error by adjusting the process through use of a manipulated variable.

used to adjust the process via a control element such as the position of a control valve, a damper, or the power
supplied to a heating element.

23-what is the difference between microcontroller & PLC?

PLC is special micro controller designed for industrial
applications. A micro controller is a microprocessor that
can be used for any type of application
the basic difference between PLC & U. Controller is the way
of programming languages

24-what is DCS system ?

A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system of a process plant and industrial process
wherein control elements are not only located in central location (like the brain) but are also distributed
throughout the system

25-what is the idea of Robots ? (idea of their work)

A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, usually an electro-mechanical machine that is guided by a
computer program or electronic circuitry.

26-What is the difference between Robot & CNC machine ?

1. CNC machines generally have a smaller number of degrees of freedom or axis of movement. Basic
CNC lathes have 3 degrees of freedom. CNC mills have three or four degrees of freedom. Robots
typically have more than 7 degrees of freedom. Some robots may have more than 12.

2.The language used to create their movements is different. The one of the most common languages for
CNC machines is called G-code. Robots have an entirely different language structure based on vectors.

2b. Because of the differences in the languages CNC machines can be programmed from a keyboard.
Robots in the past have been programmed by manually moving the robot through the steps or
movements that are required.

2c.Yes, there are robots that will train themselves just like people learn how to move as we grow up, or
learn a new activity. Just as with us it is a trial and error process. A trainer must help the robot or
person learn by correcting errors.
3. Because of their structure CNC machines very good at fabrication functions and cutting materials.
They are very stiff and allow lots of force to be used to remove material using cutters. Because of their
structure Robots are better at assembly functions or putting parts together.

27-What is "AI"?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software.

28- What is "deadlock"?

A deadlock is a situation in which two or more competing actions are each waiting for the other to
finish. In an operating system, a deadlock is a situation which occurs when a process or thread enters a waiting
state because a resource requested is being held by another waiting process.

29- CHAOS?
Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, with applications in meteorology, sociology, physics, engineering,
economics, biology, and philosophy. Chaos theory studies the behavior of dynamical systems

30- Particle swarm optimization?

Is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with
regard to a given measure of quality.

31- Expert system?

An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems
are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge.

32- Digital control?

A digital computer the use of digital or discrete technology to maintain conditions in operating systems
as close as possible to desired values despite changes in the operating environment

33- What’s the difference between hydraulic and pneumatic systems? What’s the faster?
Pneumatic Systems - These systems have two main features:
a) Pneumatic systems use compressed gas such as air or nitrogen to perform work processes.
b) Pneumatic systems are open systems, exhausting the compressed air to atmosphere after use.

Hydraulic Systems - These systems also have two main features:

a) Hydraulic systems use liquids such as oil and water to perform work processes.
b) Hydraulic systems are closed systems, recirculating the oil or water after use.

Pneumatic systems are relatively clean and operate at high speed

34- Embedded control systems? (Examples)
Embedded system is a special purpose system used to perform one or few dedicated function.

Simply, we can call any computer system embedded inside an electronic device in embedded system.

EX: digital and analog television, cameras, refrigerators, microwave, MP3, I pods, global positioning system

35- Different bet. C language & C embedded?

As, embedded C is generally an extension of the C language, they are more or less similar. However,
some differences do exist, such as:
• C is generally used for desktop computers, while embedded C is for microcontroller based
applications.
• C can use the resources of a desktop PC like memory, OS, etc. While, embedded C has to use with
the limited resources, such as RAM, ROM, I/Os on an embedded processor.
• Embedded C includes extra features over C, such as fixed point types, multiple memory areas, and
I/O register mapping.
• Compilers for C (ANSI C) typically generate OS dependant executables. Embedded C requires
compilers to create files to be downloaded to the microcontrollers/microprocessors where it
needs to run.

36- What’s real time control and (real time embedded control sys)?
Closed loop control system, which have tight time window to gather data, process data, and then update the system.
If miss the time window system become unstable. Its application power conversion and advanced motor control.

Real time embedded control system: ………………………..

37- Physical definition of transfer function? What’s the transfer function?

Transfer function is telling you what kind of an OUTPUT the system produces to a given INPUT

Transfer function: is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the

relation between the input and output of a linear time-constant system with zero initial conditions and
zero-point equilibrium.
38- What’s Object oriented programming (OOP)? What do you know about (class-object)
and what is the different between them?
Object Oriented Programming, or OOP, is a very popular style of programming, due to its ability
to handle more complex applications with a lot more code. This is because it organizes
the data into objects that are comparable to real life objects.

A class is a blueprint or template or set of instructions to build a specific type of object. Every object is
built from a class.

Different between Them:

1. An object is an instance of a class.

2. You define all the properties and functions in a class, while you use them in an object.

3. Classes do not hold any information, while an object does.

4. You can create subclasses, but not sub-objects.

39- Different between Interface and abstract database?

Interfaces provide definitions of methods that must be implemented by a class. The purpose of
interfaces is to allow you to generalize specific functionality regardless of implementation. You may
have an I Database interface that has an Open/Close method. The class that implements that interface
may be connecting to a MySQL database or MS Access database. Irrespective of how it accomplishes
this task, the goal is still the same...Open database, close database.

Abstract classes are base classes that contain some abstract methods. They cannot be instantiated
they are to be derived from. The purpose of an Abstract class is to allow you to define some generic
functionality and sub-class to implement more specific functionality where appropriate.

So in summary, you should use interfaces when the implementation of each class differs completely.
Use abstract classes when you have some similar behavior but need to implement parts differently.

40 -what's (Neural network) & fuzzy logic?

A neural network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and represent complex input/output
relationships. it learns through examples on a trial and error basis. The goal of this type network to create a model
that correctly maps an input to the desired output using historical data.

Fuzzy logic is a mathematical method for answering questions with imprecise information. It deals with reasoning,
that is approximate rather than fixed and precise. In contrast to traditional logic theory where there is only true or
false fuzzy logic deals what's in-between. The basic approach is to assign a value between zero and one to describe
the area between upper and lower limit.

Fuzzy logic product: automotive companies, petro physics, deep water drilling,

air conditioners' elevators, anti-lock brake system, banking systems

41- Logic control systems& automation technology?
Logic control systems for industrial and commercial machinery were historically implemented at mains
voltage using interconnected relays, designed using ladder logic. Today, most such systems are
constructed with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or microcontrollers. The notation of ladder
logic is still in use as a programming idiom for PLCs.

Examples include elevators, washing machines and other systems with interrelated stop-go operations.

Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching in telephone networks,
steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human
intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.

42-What is V-cycle?
The V-model represents a software development process (also applicable to hardware development) which may be
considered an extension of the waterfall model. Instead of moving down in a linear way, the process steps are bent
upwards after the coding phase, to form the typical V shape.

System identify: uses statistical methods to build mathematical models of dynamical systems from
measured data. System identification also includes the optimal design of experiments for efficiently
generating informative data for fitting such models as well as model reduction.

Rapid prototyping: is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical
part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data.[1][2] Construction of the
part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology.[3]

Backlash: clearance between mating components

dynamic system initial "what`s the error"?

Measurement Instrumentation?

Turbo machine control:

Structure & Mechanism:

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http://www.mediafire.com/download/7chib42x7b5bfa2/Technical.zip