EFFECTIVENESS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SAN VICENTE NORTH, EAST,

WEST, SOUTH AND CENTRAL

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Study

This chapter contains some related studies and related literature having bearing on the

study. This gave important concepts and ideas for the development of the study.

Foreign Literature

The term `solid waste’ is used to include all non-liquid waste generated by human

activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster, such as general

domestic garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging materials, emergency waste

such as plastic water bottles, and packaging from other emergency supplies. Other

specialist wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from the industry

will also need to be dealt urgently. (World Health Organization)

Base on Saley 2012, the local government unit is responsible for collecting reusable,

recyclable, and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery from
facilities; and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material

facility. The collection of segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay. The

ordinance prohibits dumping of garbage anywhere other than those recognized

established garbage facilities; dumping of unclean and unsegregated waste at the

redemption center/facility; discharging of human feces along creeks and rivers; throwing

of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments;

and burning of garbage particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents

to practice segregation of wastes. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles, plastics,

cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the barangay material recovery facility duly

segregated or directly to the agent buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special solid

wastes will be brought to the material recovery facilities, while hazardous wastes or

chemicals will be disposed in coordination with the concerned government agencies

according to the prescribed methods.

According to the local waste ordinance, wastes have to be segregated at source into

biodegradable and residual wastes. There is no house-to-house collection system, unless

private complaints occur and an exceptional collection has to be made. Householders or

domestic helpers have to bring the waste to the local Material Recovery Facilities (MRF)

or the collection points of the community on specific days for each kind of waste. A private

service provider is contracted by the municipal government to collect the waste daily
either from the local MRFs or from the designated collection points and transport the

wastes to the only existing dumpsite of the city, which is located around 5 km from the

city. In past, the municipal waste collection was done by night. Due to low efficiency of

the waste collection and to better control the dumpsite operation, the collection time was

switched to now 5 am to 8 pm.

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined three tiered approach for managing

solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount material headed for

final disposal. Reduce - the best way to manage solid waste. Don`t create waste. Avoid

heavily packaged products. Reuse – the better way to manage solid waste. Reuse items

use over and over until they completely worn out. Recycle – the good way to manage

solid waste. Recycle means taking something old and making it into something new. (

Seminole Country Government, 2012 )

According to Rose (2009) Waste management disposal and treatment can originate from

both domestic and industrial sources. There are many stringent regulations governing

the treatment and disposal of waste onshore and offshore in most of all the country.

Facilities involved in waste transfer and treatment require licenses, and all personnel who

work at such facilities require the proper kind of training that goes with the handling of

waste that can often be dangerous if not handled properly. Waste management facilities

also need to be able to respond quickly to emergency situations.

Related Studies

Foreign studies

According to Healey (2010), Australia may be the large country but they live in a throw-

away society that is rapidly filling it with their waste. Insatiable desire to constantly

upgrade disposable technology and consume over-packaged products has continued

unabated for decades. At the same time however, there has been a trend away from

both burning waste in incinerators and burying it in landfills. Waste management policies

now seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its generation and by reusing and

recycling.

A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with

sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal

of Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning to Solid Waste Management

in Mysore was obtain through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people

and authentic record of municipal corporation (Chandra, et al., 2009)

Another case study across North America conducted by Whoilistic Environmental

Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of all ordinary

garbage we throw away.

Solid waste management is the one thing just about every city government provides for

its residents. While service levels, environmental impacts and costs vary dramatically,

solid waste management is arguably the most important municipal service and serves

as a prerequisite for other municipal action. As the world hurtles toward its urban

future, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), one of the most important by-

products of an urban lifestyle, is growing even faster than the rate of urbanization. Ten

years ago there were 2.9 billion urban residents who generated about 0.64 kg of MSW

per person per day (0.68 billion tons per year). This report estimates that today these

amounts have increased to about 3 billion residents generating 1.2 kg per person per

day (1.3 billion tons per year). By 2025 this will likely increase to 4.3 billion urban

residents generating about 1.42 kg/capita/day of municipal solid waste (2.2 billion tons

per year) “Hoornweg, Daniel; Bhada-Tata, Perinaz. 2012. What a Waste: A Global

Review of Solid Waste Management. Urban development series; knowledge papers no.

15. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank.

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”.

According to (Minghua et al., 2009) Increasing population levels, booming economy,

rapid urbanization and the rise in community living standards have greatly accelerated

the municipal solid waste generation rate in developing countries. (Minghua et al.,
2009) Minghua, Z., Xiumin, F., Rovetta, A., Qichang, H., Vicentini, F., Bingkai, L., Giusti,

A.,Yi, L., 2009. Municipal solid waste management in Pudong New Area, China.Journal

of Waste Management 29, 1227–1233..

Local Studies

Solid waste management remains a major challenge in the Philippines especially in

urban areas. Improper wastes disposal, inefficient wastes collection and lack of disposal

facilities are among the dominant concerns in the country’s solid waste management.

Unless these are addressed, the wastes generated from various sources will continually

lead to health hazards and serious environmental impacts such as ground and surface

water contamination, flooding, air pollution and spread of diseases.

The Republic Act 9003, also known as the ‘‘Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

the Philippines’’ that came into effect in the year 2001, promotes the paradigm that waste

is a resource that can be recovered. It determines that the local government units are

the primary institutions to implement this act, and promotes active collaboration with the

private sector and associations working on Solid Waste Management. It encourages

reduction of waste at source, recovery, recycling and reuse of wastes, creating mandatory

targets.

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any

solid waste into water or in a land.

 Sec. 25 of R.A 9003 (Guidelines for Transfer Stations).Transfer stations are designed

and operated for efficient handling capacity and in compliance with environmental

standards and guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other regulations. Provided that no

waste shall be stored in such in such station beyond twenty-four hours.