Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and

relay

CHAPTER
1

INTRODUCTION

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept,

which

uses transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light

automatically. By

using this system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON

lights

when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically

switches OFF lights under illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor

called

Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our
eyes By

using this system energy consumption is also reduced because

now-a-days the

manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the
sunlight

comes and also not switched on earlier before

sunset.

In sunny and rainy days, ON time and OFF time differ significantly

which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual . A

street

light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised

source of

light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain

time

every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn
them

on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather The

system itself

detects whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a
certain

valu
e

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

1.1​Proposed method for automatic light intensity

controller using relay and ldr :
There are several ways to turn on the street lights but the following circuit

describes an Automatic Street Light Controller Circuit that uses LDR and
Relay to

perform this job automatically.The circuit employed here is an

uncomplicated

light/dark activated switch and contains a relay at its output, which simply
turns

ON/OFF a street light and further can be extended to control any electrical

appliance in a
household.

This circuit is very easy to work around and also it is battery operated. The
power

consumed by the circuit is very low because of the very few components
used in

the circuit. The whole circuit is based on IC LM358, which is basically an

operational amplifier that is configured in a voltage comparator. LDR (Light

depending resistor), whose resistance is based upon the quantity of the
light falling

on it, is the main component for sensing the light. Along with these, a few
more

components are also

used​.

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

CHAPTER
2

2.1 Components
Used:

• ​IC LM358 – 1

• ​Resistor 10KΩ – 1

• ​Potentiometer 10KΩ –
1

• ​5V Relay Module – 1

• ​Small LED Strip

• ​9V Battery

• ​LDR –1
 • ​Connecting Wires

• ​Breadboard

2.2 Components
Description:

LM358 IC:

The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp
IC. It is

designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two

internally

frequency compensated, high gain, independent op-amps. This IC is

designed for

specially to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of

voltages. The

LM358 IC is available in a chip sized package and ​applications of this op

amp

include ​conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and transducer

amplifiers.

LM358 IC is a good, standard ​operational amplifier ​and it is suitable for

your

needs. It can handle 3-32V DC supply & source up to 20mA per channel.
This op-

amp is apt, if you want to operate two separate op-amps for a single power
supply.

It’s available in an 8-pin DIP

package.

➢ The pin diagram of LM358 IC comprises of 8 pins,

where

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

➢ Pin-1 and pin-8 are o/p of the

comparator

➢ Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting

i/ps

➢ Pin-3 and pin-5 are non inverting

i/ps

➢ Pin-4 is GND
terminal

➢ Pin-8 is
VCC+

• The features of the LM358 IC

are

➢ It consists of two op-amps internally and frequency compensated

for

unity
gain

➢ The large voltage gain is 100

dB
➢ Wide bandwidth is
1MHz

➢ Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power

supplies

➢ Range of Single ​power supply ​is from 3V to

32V

➢ Range of dual power supplies is from + or -1.5V to + or

-16V

➢ The supply current drain is very low, i.e.,

500 μA

➢ 2mV low i/p offset

voltage

➢ Common mode i/p voltage range comprises

ground

➢ The power supply voltage and differential i/p voltages are

similar

➢ o/p voltage swing is

large.

2.2 fig.1 LM IC
35
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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

Resistor(10k): ​A resistor is a ​passive two terminal electrical component

that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to

reduce

current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements,
and

terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that

can

dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of

motor

controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.

Fixed

resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time
or

operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements

(such as

a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light,

humidity, force, or chemical

activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic

circuits and
are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete
components

can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also

implemented

within integrated
circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common

commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine

orders of

magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls within the

manufacturing

tolerance, indicated on the

component.

2.2 fig.2 resistor

10k

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

Potentiometer 10k: ​A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a

sliding or rotating contact that

forms an adjustable voltage divider.​[1] ​If only two terminals are used, one
end and

the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.The measuring

instrument called

a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring

electric

potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same

principle,

hence its
name.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such

as volume

controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism

can be used

as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are

rarely used

to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the power
dissipated

in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the

controlled load.
 2.2 fig.3 potentiometer
10k ​5v Relay Module​:

The isolation relay module is an electrically operated switch that allows you
to turn

on or off a circuit using voltage and/or current much higher than a

microcontroller

could handle. There is no connection between the low voltage circuit

operated by

the microcontroller and the high power circuit. The relay protects each
circuit from

each other. The module has three connections named NC, COM, and NO.

Depending on the input signal trigger mode, the jumper cap can be placed
at high

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

level effective mode which ‘closes’ the normally open (NO) switch at high
level
input and at low level effective mode which operates the same but at low
level

input
.

Specificatio
ns:

➢ Onboard EL817 photoelectric coupler with photoelectric isolating

antiinterference ability
strong.

➢ Onboard 5 v, 10 A / 250 VAC, 10 A / 30 VDC relays, relay long life

can

absorb 100000 times in a

row.

➢ Module can be directly and MCU I/O link, input signal trigger mode
(high

level effective mode and low level effective mode) can be choose by
jumper

cap
.

➢ Module with the instructions and signal output diode current

protection.

➢ PCB size: 46 (mm) x17.6

(mm)​.

➢ The 5v relay has three high voltage terminals (NC, C, and NO)
which

connect to the device you want to control. The other side has
 three low

voltage pins (Ground, Vcc, and Signal) which connect to the

arduino.

➢ Pin
terminals:

➢ NC: Normally closed 120-240V

terminal

➢ NO: Normally open 120-240V

terminal

➢ C: Common
terminal

➢ Ground: Connects to the ground pin on the

Arduino

➢ 5V Vcc: Connects the Arduino’s 5V

pin

➢ Signal: Carries the trigger signal from the Arduino that

activates the

relay
.

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay
 2.2 fig.4 5v relay
module

Inside the relay is a 120-240V switch that’s connected to an

electromagnet. When

the relay receives a HIGH signal at the signal pin, the electromagnet
becomes

charged and moves the contacts of the switch open or

closed.

Small led
strip:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light

when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine

with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is

called electroluminescence. The color of the light (corresponding to the

energy of

the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the
band

gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple

semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor
device.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including

lower

energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller

size,

and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as

diverse

as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting,

traffic

signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper and medical devices.Unlike a

laser, the

color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor monochromatic,

but the

spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and functionally

monochromatic.

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

2.2 fig.5 small led

strip
9v
Battery:

The nine​-​volt battery, or 9​-​volt battery, is a common size of battery that was

introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape
with

rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. This type is
commonly

used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke

detectors.

The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc

and

alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable

form in

nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide

batteries of

this format, once common, have not been manufactured in many years due
to their

mercury content. .Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six

individual

1.5 V LR61 cells enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller
than

LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used in their place for some devices,
even

though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat
cells in a

stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent drying. Primary

lithium

types are made with three cells in

series.

In 2007, 9-volt batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales

in the

United States. In Switzerland in 2008, 9-volt batteries total 2% of primary

battery

sales and 2% of secondary battery

sales.

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

2.2 fig.6 9v
battery

LDR: ​A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a component that is

sensitive to light.

When light falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the
resistance of the
LDR may change over many orders of magnitude the value of the
resistance falling

as the level of light increases. LDRs are made from semiconductor

materials to

enable them to have their light sensitive

properties.

Many materials can be used, but one popular material for these
photoresistors is

cadmium sulphide, CdS. It is relatively easy to understand the basics of

how an

LDR works without delving into complicated explanations. It is first

necessary to

understand that an electrical current consists of the movement of electrons

within a

material. Good conductors have a large number of free electrons that can
drift in a

given direction under the action of a potential difference. Insulators with a

high

resistance have very few free electrons, and therefore it is hard to make
the them

move and hence a current to

flow.

An LDR or photoresistor is made any semiconductor material with a high

resistance. It has a high resistance because there are very few electrons
that are free
and able to move - the vast majority of the electrons are locked into the
crystal

lattice and unable to move. Therefore in this state there is a high LDR
resistance.

2.2 fig.7
LDR

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

CHAPTER
3

3.1 circuit
Diagram:
 3.1.1 circuit diagram of automatic light intensity controller using ldr and 5v relay
module

3.2 working
principle:

The working of circuit is very much easy to understand. In this circuit, we

used IC

LM358,which is basically an operational amplifier. Pins 2 and 3 of these

IC are

used to compare thevoltage and give us an output as high or low

depending on the

voltages at the input

pins.
In this circuit, LDR and 10KΩ Resistor form one potential divider pair,
which is

used toprovide a variable voltage at the non-inverting input (that is Pin

3). The

second potentialdivider is built around inverting input (Pin 2) with the

help of

10KΩ Potentiometer, whichwill supply half of the supply voltage to

inverting pin.

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

3.2.1 At low resistance,relay is off and led not

glow

As we know the property of LDR that during the day time, its resistance is
low, the

voltage atthe non-inverting input (i.e. pin 3) is higher than the

voltage at the
inverting input (pin 2).Hence, the output at the pin 1 is high. As a result,
the relay

is OFF and the LED (or the bulb)will not

glow.

3.2.2 At high resistance,relay is on and led had

glow

But in dimness or at night time, we know that resistance of LDR is high.

Hence,

the voltageat non-inverting input pin 3 of the IC LM358 decreases

than the

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

inverting input pin 2. As aresult, the output pin 1 moves to low state, which
further

makes the relay to activate and theLED or bulb associated to it

will glow.
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 Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

CHAPTER
4

Simulation results: ​4.1At low resistance,relay is off and

led not glow

4.2 At high resistance,relay is on and led had

glow

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay
 CHAPTER
5

Advantages and
Disadvantages:

By using this automatic system for street light controlling ,we can reduce
energy

consumption because the manually operated street lights are not

switch off

properly even the sun light comes and Also not switched on earlier
before sunset

• Low
cost

• Automated
operation

• Low power
consumption

• Very
flexible

• Easy to
manufactured

In sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ notice which is one of
the major
disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for switching
the street

light
system.

Application
s:

1. Used in street light

applications.

2. Used in Domestic
applications.

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

Conclusio
n:

The Streetlight controller using ldr based Light intensity & traffic density, in
the
todays up growing countries will be more effective in case of cost,
manpower and

security as compare with today's running complicated and complex light

controlling systems. Automatic Street Light Controlling System puts up a

very user

friendly approach and could increase the power This paper elaborates the
design

and construction of automatic street control system circuit. Circuit works

properly

to turn street lamp ON/OFF. After designing the circuit which controls the
light of

the street as illustrated in the previous sections. LDR sensor and the
photoelectric

sensors are the two main conditions in working the circuit. If the two
conditions

have been satisfied the circuit will do the desired work according to specific

program. Each sensor controls the turning ON or OFF the lighting column.
The

street lights has been successfully controlled by microcontroller. With

commands

from the controller the lights will be ON in the places of the movement
when it's

dark. furthermore the drawback of the street light system using timer
controller has

been overcome, where the system depends on photoelectric sensor.

Finally this
control circuit can be used in a long
roadways.

Future
scope:

We can save the energy for the future use and we can control the losses of
the

power . We can implemnted this project for the home lamp or night lamp of
the

room. This is also used for the

signals.

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Automatic light intensity controller using ldr and
relay

REFERENCE
S

➢ ​www.electronicsforu.com ​➢
www.electonicshub.org ​➢
www.circuitstoday.com ​➢
www.electronicstechnology.com
Dept. of ECE Page 17