1. What is Death?

In the legal sense, Death means the cessation of life; permanent

cessation of all vital bodily functions. For legal and medical purposes, the
following definition of death has been proposed-the irreversible cessation
of all of the following: (1) total cerebral function, usually assessed by EEG
as flat-line (2) spontaneous function of the respiratory system, and (3)
spontaneous function of the circulatory system.

What is the difference between somatic and cellular death?

The key difference between somatic death and molecular death is

that the somatic death (also known as clinical death) refers to the complete
and irreversible cessation of the function of the brain followed by the
cessation of the function of the heart and the lungs while molecular death
(also known as cell death) refers to the cessation of the individual tissues
and the cells.

2. What happens when a man dies?

Human decomposition is a natural process involving the breakdown of

organic tissue after death. . While the rate of human decomposition varies
due to several factors, including weather, temperature, moisture, pH and
oxygen levels, cause of death and body position, all human bodies follow
the same four stages of human decomposition.

Human decomposition begins around four minutes after a person

dies and follows four stages: autolysis, bloat, active decay, and
skeletonization. Keep in mind, this process is what happens as long as the
body remains undisturbed. Embalming and/or being sealed in a coffin can
delay the decay process for years or even decades.

STAGES OF DECOMPOSITION: BODY DECOMPOSITION TIMELINE

 24-72 hours after death — the internal organs decompose.

 3-5 days after death — the body starts to bloat and blood-containing
foam leaks from the mouth and nose.
 8-10 days after death — the body turns from green to red as the blood
decomposes and the organs in the abdomen accumulate gas.
 Several weeks after death — nails and teeth fall out.
 1 month after death — the body starts to liquify.

Stage One: Autolysis (aka The “Fresh” Stage)

The first stage of human decomposition is called cellular autolysis, or self-

digestion, and begins immediately after death. As soon as blood
circulation and respiration stop, the body has no way of getting oxygen or
removing wastes. Excess carbon dioxide creates an acidic environment,
causing membranes in cells to rupture. The membranes then release
enzymes that begin eating the cells from the inside out.

Pallor mortis (“stiffness of death”) causes muscle stiffening 3-6 hours after
death, reaching its peak in around 12 hours. Small blisters filled with
nutrient-rich fluid begin appearing on internal organs and the skin’s surface.
The body will appear to have a sheen due to ruptured blisters, and the skin’s
top layer will begin to loosen. After 3 days, the body begins to loosen back
up as bloat and decay begin.

Stage Two: Bloat

Leaked enzymes from the first stages of autolysis begin producing many
gases. The sulfur within the compounds that the bacteria release also
causes skin discoloration. Due to the gases, the human body can
actually double in size. In addition, insect activity will likely be present.
The microorganisms and bacteria produce extremely unpleasant odors
called putrefaction. These odors often alert others that a person has died,
and can linger long after a body has been removed.

Stage Three: Active Decay

Active decay is the stage after death in which a cadaver loses the majority
of its body mass. Fluids released through orifices indicate that it has started.
Organs, muscles, and skin become liquefied. When all of the body’s soft
tissue decomposes, hair, bones, cartilage, and other byproducts of decay
remain. On top of this, Active Decay is also the stage of death that a body is
consumed by maggots.
Advanced Decay – During advanced decay, the rate of decay decreases
due to lack of left-over cadaveric materials & fluids. Because of this, maggot
and insect activity greatly reduces.
 Stage Four: Skeletonization & Decomposition

Finally, during skeletonization, all the tissues and muscles in the cadaver
have decayed, leaving behind only a dry skeleton. Because the skeleton has
a decomposition rate based on the loss of organic (collagen) and inorganic
components, there is no set time frame when skeletonization occurs. This
also is heavily dependent on the environment in which the skeleton remains.
Air, water, and multiple other conditions all play a role in how long the
skeletonization and decomposition stage last.

3. What is asphyxiation, its different types and description of each.

Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to

the body that arises from abnormal breathing. An example of asphyxia
is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which affects primarily
the tissues and organs. There are many circumstances that can induce
asphyxia, all of which are characterized by an inability of an individual to
acquire sufficient oxygen through breathing for an extended period of time.
Asphyxia can cause coma or death.

Types of Asphyxia

Smothering

Smothering is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the

environment into the mouth and/or nostrils, for instance, by covering the
mouth and nose with a hand, pillow, or a plastic bag. Smothering can be
either partial or complete, where partial indicates that the person being
smothered is able to inhale some air, although less than required. In a
normal situation, smothering requires at least partial obstruction of both the
nasal cavities and the mouth to lead to asphyxia. Smothering with the hands
or chest is used in some combat sports to distract the opponent, and create
openings for transitions, as the opponent is forced to react to the
smothering.

In some cases, when performing certain routines, smothering is combined

with simultaneous compressive asphyxia. One example is overlay, in which
an adult accidentally rolls over onto an infant during co-sleeping, an accident
that often goes unnoticed and is mistakenly thought to be sudden infant
death syndrome. Other accidents involving a similar mechanism are cave-
ins or when an individual is buried in sand or grain.

In homicidal cases, the term burking is often ascribed to a killing method that
involves simultaneous smothering and compression of the torso. The term
"burking" comes from the method William Burke and William Hare used to
kill their victims during the West Port murders. They killed the usually
intoxicated victims by sitting on their chests and suffocating them by putting
a hand over their nose and mouth, while using the other hand to push the
victim's jaw up. The corpses had no visible injuries, and were supplied to
medical schools for money.

Compressive asphyxia

Compressive asphyxia (also called chest compression) is mechanically

limiting expansion of the lungs by compressing the torso, hence interfering
with breathing. Compressive asphyxia occurs when the chest or abdomen
is compressed posteriorly. "Traumatic asphyxia" or "crush asphyxia" usually
refers to compressive asphyxia resulting from being crushed or pinned
under a large weight or force. An example of traumatic asphyxia includes
cases where an individual has been using a car-jack to repair a car from
below, and is crushed under the weight of the vehicle. Pythons, anacondas,
and other constrictor snakes kill through compressive asphyxia. In cases of
co-sleeping ("overlay"), the weight of an adult or large child may compress
an infant's chest, preventing proper expansion of the chest. Risk factors
include large or obese adults, parental fatigue or impairment (sedation by
drugs or alcohol) of the co-sleeping adult and a small shared sleeping space
(for example, both adult and infant sharing a couch).

Perinatal asphyxia

Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation

of oxygen (hypoxia) to a newborn infant long enough to cause apparent
harm. It results most commonly from a drop in maternal blood pressure or
interference during delivery with blood flow to the infant's brain. This can
occur as a result of inadequate circulation or perfusion, impaired respiratory
effort, or inadequate ventilation. There has long been a scientific debate
over whether newborn infants with asphyxia should be resuscitated with
100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high
 concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen free radicals, which
have a role in reperfusion injury after asphyxia.[15] Research by Ola Didrik
Saugstad and others led to new international guidelines on newborn
resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100%
oxygen.

4. Medical Negligence

The term "medical negligence" is often used synonymously with "medical

malpractice." Strictly speaking though, medical negligence is only one required
legal element of a medical malpractice claim.

An act or omission (failure to act) by a medical professional that deviates from the
accepted medical standard of care.

While medical negligence is usually the legal concept upon which theses kinds of
medical malpractice cases hinge (at least from a "legal fault" perspective),
negligence on its own isn't enough to form a valid claim. But when the negligence
is the cause of harm to a patient, there may be a good case.

In the given example, the 1st surgeon is NOT guilty of medical negligence as
he was only the one who made the diagnosis. The cause of the pain,
discomfort and jaundice on the patient is not his diagnosis but the negligent
cutting of the bile duct of the patient by the second surgeon. Therefore, the
second surgeon is the one who is guilty of medical negligence.

5. What are the elements of rape of a female?

According to Article 266-A of the Revised Penal Code, Rape is Committed When

1) By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the
following circumstances:

a) Through force, threat, or intimidation;

b) When the offended party is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious;

c) By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority; and

d) When the offended party is under twelve (12) years of age or is demented, even
though none of the circumstances mentioned above be present; and
2) By any person who, under any of the circumstances mentioned in paragraph 1
hereof, shall commit an act of sexual assault by inserting his penis into another
person's mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into the genital or anal
orifice of another person.